JPS5841810B2 - Plant growing method - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed Description of the Invention] The present invention utilizes plants such as rice husks and sawdust, which have not only had little utility value but have been considered to be harmful if mixed with the soil of rice fields and fields, and which have been incinerated or discarded. This invention relates to a method of making a fibrous material effective for growing plants and mixing it with the soil of rice fields and fields to suitably grow plants.

In recent years, changes in the agricultural structure have led to intensive farming, which has led to increased use of chemical fertilizers due to labor shortages and labor cost savings, resulting in a decline in soil fertility.

For this reason, in order to improve the soil fertility of farmland,
The benefits of organic fertilizers, especially compost, have been reaffirmed,
Attempts are being made in various places to compost plant fibrous materials such as rice husks, which are produced in large amounts as by-products in agriculture, and sawdust and wood chips, which are produced in the lumber industry, as they need to be applied to farmland.

However, among plant fibrous materials, rice husks contain organic substances such as cellulose and hemicellulose that are strongly protected by the large amount of silicic acid present in the rice husks, making them difficult to ferment and decompose by microorganisms, and the amount of water required for composting is However, it has the disadvantage that it has poor absorption of various nutrients such as nitrogen sources and trace elements, and that it takes an extremely long time to obtain fully ripened compost.

Furthermore, if the rice husks are applied to farmland in their raw form or as unripe compost without being composted, the rice husks will contain harmful substances such as lignin and silicic acid, and soil microorganisms will cause humus in the soil. This has the disadvantage of causing harm to plants, such as root rot, nitrogen starvation, disease outbreaks, poor growth, and germination problems.

Additionally, sawdust from pine, cedar, cypress, etc. has a high content of resins and essential oils that are harmful to plant growth. Similarly, they have the disadvantage of seriously hindering plant growth.

Therefore, these plant fibrous materials such as rice husk and sawdust,
If it is piled and fermented for a long time and turned into fully ripened compost, it cannot be applied to farmland, but as mentioned above, this material requires an extremely long time to be fully matured, and it is difficult to develop industrialization. Due to the accompanying decline in the agricultural population, the lack of labor on the part of farmers, and the need to save on labor costs, it has become extremely difficult or even impossible to compost, and the application of these plant fibrous materials to farmland has been shown to improve the soil fertility of farmland. Despite the fact that it is becoming necessary to improve the environment, the current situation is that it is incinerated or discarded without being used.

Therefore, in view of the current situation, the present inventors have investigated various types of rice husks and sawdust that have been incinerated or discarded because they have almost no utility value and are harmful to plant growth if applied. As a result of various studies in order to effectively utilize plant fibrous materials such as If the material is heated under pressure with saturated steam, superheated steam, or other high-pressure heated gas at a temperature of about 130°C or higher and then instantly returned to normal pressure to swell and destroy, the material will cause root rot and nitrogen starvation to plants. , the occurrence of diseases, poor growth, germination problems, etc. are all eliminated, and the plant's roots are kept well supplied with oxygen, and the area around the roots is always kept at an appropriate temperature and humidity, resulting in very good plant growth. Based on this discovery, the present invention was completed.

That is, the present invention places a plant fibrous material in a sealed container,
Saturated steam at a gauge pressure of 2 kg/crrt and a temperature of about 130°C or higher, without compressing the material to make it into a dense body,
A plant growing method characterized by heating under pressure using superheated steam or other high-pressure heating gas, then instantly returning the pressure to normal pressure to swell and destroy the product, which is then mixed directly into the soil of a rice field or field to grow plants. It is.

The present invention will be explained in detail below.

The plant fiber materials used in the present invention include rice husks, wheat husks, buckwheat husks, etc., which are by-products in agriculture, grain husks, rice straw,
Medicines such as wheat straw, residual culms of tobacco and corn, pods and stems of soybeans and peas, squeezed lees of sugar cane,
Examples include peanut husk, sawdust, chip waste, planer waste, and tree husk produced as by-products in the lumber industry.

It is preferable to use these coarse particles by pulverizing them to a size of 1 c/rL square or less.

In the present invention, the plant fibrous material is first placed in a hollow airtight container, and the material is heated under pressure without being compressed and steamed to form a compact, and then instantaneously released under normal pressure.

This is extremely important, as when the material is compression steamed to form a compact body and then cut while the material is being cut to release the flakes more rapidly than the compression, the material is Since it is a dense body and hardly comes into contact with a large amount of high-pressure heated gas, it is not possible to sufficiently evaporate or volatilize plant growth inhibiting components such as resins and essential oils contained in the material. This is not preferable because plant growth inhibiting components remain in the material after decompression.

On the other hand, while the material is in direct contact with a large amount of high-pressure heated gas such as saturated steam or superheated steam in a hollow closed container,
When the material is pressurized and heated by the high-pressure heating gas, plant growth inhibiting components contained in the material can be evaporated or volatilized well during the pressurization and heating, so that after the pressure is released, the material contains plant growth inhibitors. Almost no inhibitory components remain.

The pressure heating device used here may be either a batch type or a continuous type.

That is, examples of the batch type include a device that can place a plant fiber material in a hollow airtight container, pressurize and heat the airtight container with high-pressure heating gas, and then rapidly release the pressure;
Continuous types include a hollow airtight container with an appropriate transfer means inside, an introduction device that continuously introduces the solid raw material to be steamed into the container, and a continuous discharge device that continuously discharges the steamed solid raw material. A continuous pressurized heating steaming device having a discharge device is mentioned.

As for the above-mentioned continuous type device, for example,
Examples include an apparatus for producing a puffed food described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 95 and an apparatus for producing a puffed food using an air current heating method described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 46-34747.

The gases used for the pressurized heat treatment of the plant fiber material introduced into the airtight container include saturated steam, superheated steam, or other high-pressure heated gases, such as heated carbon dioxide gas, nitrogen gas, freon gas, Examples include alcohol gas, but saturated steam and superheated steam are particularly preferred because they more effectively remove plant growth-inhibiting components.

The pressure heating conditions vary depending on the type, shape, size, etc. of the vegetable fiber material, but usually the gauge pressure is 2k.
g/cst or more, especially 4 to 14 kg/cta, is preferred, and the temperature is preferably about 130°C or more, especially 160 to 300°C.

Moreover, the time is preferably within 30 minutes, particularly within 15 minutes.

The relationship between the temperature and time of the pressurized heating is inversely proportional, and it is preferable to shorten the time when the temperature is high, and to lengthen the time when the temperature is low. For example, rice husks are heated with saturated steam. When pressure heating, 2 kg7c4 (1
32℃) for 15 minutes, 4ky/c4 (151℃) for 8 minutes,
6kg/cd (164℃) for 5 minutes, 8ky/c4 (1
74° C.) for about 2 minutes.

In this way, the pressurized and heated material is instantaneously released to a lower pressure, for example, normal pressure.

When heating plant fibrous materials under pressure conditions in this way,
The moisture in the raw material that should naturally evaporate when heated under normal pressure is suppressed from evaporating and becomes compressed water at high temperature and high pressure.
When this material is suddenly released from high pressure to lower pressure, such as normal pressure, the compressed water in the material expands explosively, the structure of the material expands and is destroyed, and the material remains with voids where steam has escaped. It becomes porous.

The expanded debris obtained in this way is mixed directly into the soil of fields and fields where plants are to be grown, without being turned into compost, and then used to sow crop seeds or plant crop seedlings. Then, the plants are grown according to the usual cultivation method.

The method of mixing is to spread it evenly over the soil surface of rice fields or fields and then use a tiller to mix it evenly with the surface soil, or to mix it locally into the soil where plant seeds are grown. Mix by hand or with a shovel, or into the soil near the roots of the plant.

The mixing ratio is not limited in any way and can be varied depending on the type of soil to be mixed and the type of plants to be cultivated, but the effect of application can usually be expected at 3% (by weight) or more. Yes, particularly preferably 5 to 30%.

Here, the effect of the present invention will be explained by giving an experimental example.

Experimental Example 1 Four types of sawdust were obtained by sawing cedar wood, pine wood, cypress wood, and beech wood using an electric saw.
Heat under pressure for 5 minutes, then rapidly release to atmospheric pressure,
Swollen sawdust was obtained under different pressure and heat treatment conditions.

As a result of measuring the component scattering rate of the thus obtained expanded sawdust, the results shown in Table 1 were obtained.

The component scattering rate of the expanded sawdust was calculated using the following formula.

In the formula, the solid weight before pressure and heat treatment is the weight of sawdust dried in a thermostatic chamber at 60°C for 48 hours, and the solid weight after pressure and heat treatment is the solid weight after pressure and heat treatment, The weight value of the sawdust after the pressure heating treatment is dried in a thermostatic chamber at 60° C. for 48 hours.

From this result, we found that 2 kg/crA of various types of sawdust, approximately 1
It can be seen that the component scattering rate increases significantly by performing pressure heat treatment at 30° C. or higher.

Experimental Example 2 The component scattering rate obtained in Experimental Example 1 above was 0.01%, and 4
．． Add 10 times the weight of water to 60% swollen cedar sawdust, boil for 4 hours, filter, dissolve 2% agar in the resulting filtrate, pour into a petri dish with a diameter of 15 crrL, and prepare two types of agar media. It was created.

For comparison, an agar medium was prepared in the same manner by dissolving 2% agar in water.

Next, 20 Komatsuna seeds were sown on each agar medium, covered with a lid, and placed in a thermostatic chamber at 25°C. After 24 hours, the germination rate and root length were measured. is 80%, root length is 12 degrees, and component scattering rate is 0.
．． 01% sawdust extraction filtrate has a germination rate of 20%,
Root length is 5m71L and component scattering rate is 4.60%
The germination rate of the sawdust extracted filtrate section was 80%, and the root length was 13 mm.

From this result, the category with a component scattering rate of 0.01% has a remarkable effect of inhibiting germination and growth, but the category with a component scattering rate of 4.60% shows no germination inhibiting effect and a good effect after germination. It can be seen that it shows growth.

It can also be seen that the higher the component scattering rate, the more plant growth inhibiting components such as resins and essential oils present in sawdust are removed.

Experimental example 3 Rice husks were placed in a hollow airtight container and the gauge pressure was 6 kg/ctA.
The rice husks were heated under pressure for 2 minutes using saturated steam at 164°C, and then the pressure was released instantly to obtain expanded rice husks.

As a result of investigating the water retention and wettability properties of this expanded rice husk,
The results shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively, were obtained.

The properties of water retention and wettability were measured by the methods shown below.

Water retention: Cover the bottom of a cylinder with a capacity of 100 yards (inner diameter 2 inches) with a cloth, fill it with 81 rice husks, sprinkle water Loom over the entire surface, leave it for 10 minutes, and calculate the weight from the change in the weight of the rice husks before and after watering. The rate of increase was measured.

Properties of wettability: Fill a glass tube with an inner diameter of 10 mm with rice husk crushed into 8 to 12 meshes, compressed to the extent that capillary adsorption occurs (packing density: 20 ft 7100 m1),
This was placed upright in water at a depth of 10 mm, and the height of the water adsorbed was measured after 24 hours.

From the results in Tables 2 and 3, it can be seen that the expanded rice husk of the present invention has significantly better water retention and wettability than the control untreated rice husk.

As is clear from the above explanation, the present invention involves placing a plant fibrous material in a closed container, compressing the material to produce a mass, without compressing the material into a mass, at a gauge pressure of 2 9/ca, and at a temperature of approximately 13
After being pressurized and heated with saturated steam, superheated steam, or other high-pressure heating gases at temperatures above 0°C, the material is instantly returned to normal pressure to swell and destroy, and then it is mixed directly into the soil of fields and fields without being composted. Since it is used for growing plants, it has the following advantages.

In other words, not only does it have almost no utility value, but if it is mixed into the soil of rice fields or fields, it can cause root rot, nitrogen starvation, and
It is possible to eliminate all the harmful effects of plant fibrous materials such as rice husks and sawdust, which have been incinerated or discarded because of their harmful effects such as the occurrence of diseases, poor growth, and germination problems.

Furthermore, in order to improve the soil fertility of farmland, it has traditionally been believed that when applying plant fiber materials to farmland, it is necessary to turn the material into fully ripened compost before throwing it away. However, it required a lot of effort, time, and labor costs.
The present invention can immediately apply the material to farmland without converting it into compost, returning organic matter to the farmland and significantly improving soil fertility.
It is very economical as no equipment costs are required.

In addition, the present invention can impart most of the desirable properties that the soil of rice fields and fields should originally have, and therefore can improve the properties of any type of soil. be able to.

For example, make heavy soil such as clay soil a soil that has good air permeability and water permeability and is difficult to consolidate, and make soil that does not have water retention property such as sandy soil have good water retention property. be able to.

In addition, all soils are soils that are prevented from increasing in hardness, and furthermore, have heat insulating properties, which can prevent the formation of frost columns in the winter.

That is, in the present invention, the supply of oxygen to the roots of the plants is good, and it is possible to grow the plants in a state where the vicinity of the roots always has appropriate temperature and humidity, so that the growth of the plants is promoted and the yield is increased. The effect of increasing the amount of energy can also be obtained.

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, examples will be shown to demonstrate the effects of the present invention in comparison with conventional methods of applying compost.

Incidentally, the abbreviations for the expanded material and compost used in the Examples are those produced and obtained by the method shown below.

A (expanded rice husk): Rice husk (moisture 6.7%) is placed in a hollow high-pressure airtight container, and saturated steam is pressurized to a gauge pressure of 7 kg.
/cd, rice husk (moisture 40%) obtained by heating under pressure at a temperature of 169° C. for 5 minutes and then instantly releasing the pressure.

B (expanded cedar sawdust): Cedar sawdust (moisture 9.2%) is placed inside a hollow closed container equipped with a screw conveyor and configured to allow saturated steam to flow through it through a steam communication pipe. The sawdust was introduced continuously through the input rotary valve in an airtight manner, and while moving the sawdust in the closed container without making it into a compact, the gauge pressure was 7 kg/c.
This is cedar sawdust (moisture 37%) obtained by pressurizing and heating at rA and a temperature of 169° C. for 4 minutes, and then instantaneously releasing it into the atmosphere through a discharge rotary valve.

C (expanded pine sawdust): Pine sawdust (moisture 10.7%)
is continuously introduced in an airtight manner through an input rotary valve into a hollow, elongated sealed container through which superheated steam flows continuously in a fixed direction, and the sawdust is carried on the airflow of superheated steam to the raw material introduction side. While transferring from the raw material discharge side to the raw material discharge side,
Pine sawdust (moisture content: 1.8%) was obtained by pressurizing and heating at a gauge pressure of 6 kg/cyst and a temperature of 260° C. for 10 seconds, and then instantaneously releasing it into the atmosphere through a discharge rotary valve.

D (rice straw compost): To 100 parts (weight) of rice straw, 1 lime nitrogen, 0.5 urea, 2 ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulfate), 3 lime superphosphate, and 200 water are added, mixed and deposited,
After 5 days have passed and the temperature of the deposit has risen to 60°C or higher, it is cut back.
It is a fully ripened compost of rice straw obtained after several months.

E (cedar sawdust compost): To 100 parts (weight) of cedar sawdust, add 10 parts of dried chicken manure, 10 parts of rice bran, and 110 parts of water, mix and deposit, and after 4 to 5 days, when the temperature of the deposit rises to 60°C or higher, This is a fully ripened compost of cedar sawdust obtained after 6 months from the start of accumulation, after which the compost is cut and turned over from time to time in a conventional manner.

F (pine sawdust compost): This is a fully ripened pine sawdust compost obtained in exactly the same manner as in the method for producing cedar sawdust compost in category E above, except that 100 parts of pine sawdust is used instead of 100 parts of cedar sawdust.

Example 1 A total of 10% of A (swollen rice husk) was added to the collected soil from a normal field.
% (all percentages by weight), fertilize as usual, fill four R.000 Hugner pots with this, plant two upland rice seedlings per pot, and cultivate upland rice as usual while watering occasionally. This was carried out for four months and the rice was harvested.

For comparison, untreated rice husks and D (rice straw compost), which are not subjected to pressure and heat treatment, were also cultivated in the same manner as above. (No fertilizer was applied) and the rice was harvested.

The results are shown in Table 4 in terms of yield increase rate.

As is clear from the results in Table 4, the present invention allows harvesting of approximately the same amount of paddy as compared to the case of using fully ripened rice straw compost, which requires a great deal of labor and a long period of 6 months.

In other words, since the present invention mixes (applies) rice husks directly to the soil without composting them, a great deal of labor and time for composting rice husks is omitted, and all the equipment necessary for composting is required. **Not only is this unnecessary, but it also promotes plant growth and increases yield.

Example 2 Weighed 1500 kg of A (expanded rice husk) in terms of anhydride in a normal vegetable garden 10a, spread it uniformly, and mixed it uniformly into the soil with a depth of 30 crrL using a tiller. After that, the amount of fertilizer applied was 18 kg of nitrogen, 10 kg of phosphoric acid, and 14 kg of potassium.
1 kg of chemical fertilizer, and then directly sowing "Aki Makiyama Tosai" and cultivating it according to the conventional Aki Makiyama Tosai cultivation method. The average fresh weight of 20 plants was measured.

For comparison, untreated rice husks and D (rice straw compost) that are not subjected to pressure and heat treatment were also cultivated in the same manner as above. (not applied) and germination rate and fresh weight were measured.

The results are shown in Table 5.

Example 3 Weighed 10aKB (swollen cedar sawdust) of a normal vegetable garden to 200kg in terms of anhydride, spread it evenly, and mixed it uniformly into the soil with a depth of 30cIfL using a tiller. , Apply chemical fertilizer so that the fertilizer is 18 kg of nitrogen, 10 kg of phosphoric acid, and 14 kg of potassium, and then directly sow ``autumn turnip'', and from then on, cultivate it according to the conventional method of ``autumn turnip'', 15 days after sowing. Oral germination rate, 30 days arbitrary strain 2
The average fresh weight of 0 strains and the average fresh weight of 20 arbitrary strains on the 90th day were measured.

For comparison, untreated cedar sawdust and E (cedar sawdust compost) without pressure and heat treatment were also cultivated in the same manner as above. (Do not apply chemical fertilizers), germination rate,
Live weight was measured.

The results are shown in Table 6.

Example 4 C (expanded pine sawdust) was weighed and uniformly sprinkled in an amount of 2000 kg in anhydrous terms on a normal vegetable field 10a.
After uniformly mixing the soil with a tiller to a depth of 30 cIfL, the applied fertilizer was 18 kg of nitrogen, 10 kg of phosphoric acid, and a weight of 1.
Apply chemical fertilizer to 4 kg, and then directly sow "spring-sown komatsuna" and cultivate it according to the conventional method of cultivating spring-sown komatsuna. The average fresh weight of 20 arbitrary strains* was measured.

For comparison, untreated pine sawdust and F (pine sawdust compost) without pressure and heat treatment were also cultivated in the same manner as above. No chemical fertilizers were applied), and the germination rate and fresh weight were measured.

The results are shown in Table 7.

From the results in Table 5.6.7, if rice husk, cedar sawdust, and pine sawdust are applied to the soil of rice fields and fields without treatment,
Although the germination and growth of plants are significantly inhibited, when the products obtained by treating them according to the present invention are applied to soil, the germination inhibiting effect disappears and it is found that they show good growth after germination.

Furthermore, the classification of the present invention yields comparable results compared to the respective classifications in which rice husks, cedar sawdust, and pine sawdust are composted. It has the advantage that it saves a lot of effort and time, and its equipment is completely unnecessary.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. Place a plant fiber material in a hollow airtight container and heat the material to a gauge pressure of 2 kg without compressing and steaming the material to make a compact.
/crA, heated under pressure with saturated steam, superheated steam, or other high-pressure heated gas at a temperature of about 130°C or higher, and then instantly returned to normal pressure to swell and destroy the product, which is mixed directly into the soil of rice fields and fields, A plant growing method characterized by growing plants.