JPH1198963A - Raw materials for aquatic animal feed - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject raw material that can replace fish meal without impairment of digestion and feed efficiency by treating farm products or processed farm products with heat at elevated temperature and pressure to lower the amount of antigens. SOLUTION: The objective starting feed material is obtained by treating farm products or their processed products with elevated temperature and pressure to adjust the amount of antigens to <=100 U/10 mg. The farm products or their processed products are, for example, soybean, soybean processed products, rape processed products or corn, corn-processed product or their mixture. The elevated temperature and pressure treatment is preferably carried out with a twine shaft extruder. In a preferred embodiment, a farm product or a processed farm product is treated in a twine shaft extruder, as water is added thereto in an amount of 5-50 wt.%, at the barrel temperature of 100-300 deg.C for 10-180 second residence time.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a feed material for marine animals characterized by reducing the amount of antigen by appropriately treating agricultural products and processed agricultural products. Agricultural products or processed agricultural products as used herein means soybeans, rapeseed, corn or those processed by physical and / or chemical methods. Specifically, selected soybeans, whole fat soybean crushed products, defatted products Soy products, soy protein extract,
Rapeseed, defatted rapeseed products, corn, corn gluten and the like can be exemplified.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art At present, a large amount of raw food such as sardines, anchovy, mackerel, saury, and horse mackerel is used for fish cultivation. In recent years, however, the amount of raw food caught has decreased. Demand for compound feeds tends to increase. on the other hand,
Conventionally, in the case of a mixed feed for aquatic animals, fish meal of coastal fish is often used as a protein source in terms of price and similarity to raw feed, but these are difficult in terms of price and supply. Therefore, there is a strong demand for replacing fish meal with vegetable protein raw materials. However, in reality, the use of alternative proteins has not been advanced due to the track record of use and the inherent problems of vegetable protein raw materials.

[0003]

[0005] Plant-derived protein raw materials that can replace fish meal in the mixed feed for marine animals include defatted soybeans, rapeseed oil cake, corn gluten meal, etc. Above all, defatted soybeans have an amino acid composition and protein It is used as an inexpensive raw material with an excellent content. However, compared to fish meal, defatted soybeans are inferior in digestibility and feed efficiency due to the presence of trypsin inhibitor and antinutrients such as phytic acid, so that only about 10 to 30% can be used as a substitute for fish meal.

On the other hand, in the case of the same feed material for terrestrial animals, particularly when soybean protein is used as a feed for young animals, the problem of antigenicity has been widely recognized in recent years, and appropriate treatment has been carried out. If soybeans with high antigen content and their processed products are used as feed ingredients, not only will the antigenicity cause a decrease in protein availability and feed efficiency, or physiological disorders, causing poor growth,
It has been shown that very severe cases can lead to death. Therefore, in the case of soybeans, as a method of removing antigenicity, a method of heating or alcohol treatment, or a method of using both in combination (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 60-164441), a high-temperature, high-pressure treatment method, particularly a biaxial extruder method A method for reducing the amount of antigen in a processed soybean product and improving feed efficiency (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-184308) is disclosed. In other words, it is clear that when soybeans and processed soybeans are used as raw materials for terrestrial animals, these raw materials are appropriately treated to reduce the amount of antigens. The essence of the point has not been revealed,
Therefore, the use of soybean-related products as a substitute protein is not so common. In particular, among the crustaceans represented by prawns, prawns, crayfish, crayfish, lobsters, prawns, and giant freshwater prawns, for prawns for which research on compound feed is progressing, soybean oil cake as an alternative protein source for fish meal The compounding ratio is about 14%, which is known to be lower than that of other cultured fish, but the cause has not been clarified yet.

[0005] In addition, although the amino acid balance of soybeans is very excellent, amino acids that are slightly insufficient depending on the type of fish may occur when used alone, and the amino acid balance is adjusted by mixing with other protein raw materials. Things are also desired. Another agricultural product that can be an inexpensive protein material is corn gluten meal generated in the corn processing process. Corn gluten meal is considered to be highly useful as a protein source for various feeds because it is inexpensive despite having a protein content of 60% or more, but it is unique in that it is essentially insoluble in water It has been known that growth inhibition occurs when the amino acid composition of the product is mixed with fish animal feed at a high content, and the actual mixing ratio as a raw material for fish animal feed is currently low. It is. The details of the cause of the growth inhibition of corn gluten meal have not been clarified at present. Protein sources other than corn gluten meal include rapeseed, especially defatted rapeseed.However, due to the unique bitterness derived from trace components and the presence of fiber that is difficult to digest, fishery products have an excellent amino acid composition. In fact, it is rarely used as a feed material for animals. An object of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned problems in compound feeds using agricultural products or processed products thereof as raw materials, and to provide a raw material useful for compound feeds for marine animals.

[0006]

Means for Solving the Problems The inventors of the present invention have been working diligently to achieve this object. However, in the treatment of processed soybean products, inactive enzymes such as trypsin inhibitor are inactivated. Is not sufficient, the antigen content by high temperature, high pressure treatment, especially biaxial extruder treatment 100U / 10mg or less, preferably 50U / 10mg or less,
More preferably, it becomes the raw material suitable for mixed feed for aquatic animals only by reducing it to 20 U / 10 mg or less, and furthermore, the raw material is a processed agricultural product other than soybean, such as rapeseed or its processed product or corn gluten meal. When the same processing was applied in combination, they were found to be effective as feed materials for marine animals, including the availability of proteins, and completed the present invention. That is, the present invention
It is a feed material for marine animals in which the amount of antigen is adjusted to 100 U / 10 mg or less by subjecting agricultural products or processed agricultural products to high temperature and high pressure. Further, the present invention is characterized in that a twin-screw extruder is used as a means for high-temperature, high-pressure processing.

It has been practiced to use a twin-screw extruder as a method of processing animal feed and raw materials thereof. This is because multiple processes such as grinding, weighing, mixing, molding, drying, etc., which are solid feed production processes, can be performed without being divided by the twin-screw extruder,
It has a strong meaning of shortening and increasing the efficiency of the manufacturing process, and is not intended to inactivate the antinutritional factor of the raw material. On the other hand, since soybean trypsin inhibitor and urease, etc., which are famous as antinutritional factors, are proteins, it is already known that inactivation is caused by heat treatment. Rudering has been performed to inactivate these anti-nutritional factors without any intention.

[0008] However, there are many cases in which the growth of marine animals is unsatisfactory even when a raw material in which trypsin inhibitor, which is a typical antinutritional factor of soybeans, is inactivated, and an evaluation method other than trypsin inhibitor activity is required. there were. The present inventors have previously found that for feed materials for young terrestrial animals, it is effective to reduce the antigenicity of soybean, and a method by which the processing degree of soybean can be evaluated from the viewpoint of antigenicity. It has been established (JP-A-5-184308).
In marine animals, the elucidation of the immune system is inadequate, and it has not been clarified whether or not soybean proteins act as antigens to cause pathological symptoms such as allergies. However, from the viewpoint of phenomena, it is obvious that inactivating the soybean trypsin inhibitor is not enough to prepare a feed for marine animals, and that further processing is required. The present inventors have found that a twin-screw extruder treatment is desirable in terms of cost and equipment as a treatment method for obtaining a feed material meeting such a purpose, and furthermore, a soybean treatment suitable as a feed for marine animals. It was confirmed that the same evaluation method as in the case of land young animals described above can be used for selecting the conditions.

[0009] A specific method for evaluating antigenicity is the following method by ELISA. That is, the standard antigen solution was diluted 100-fold with a 10 mM phosphate buffer solution, immobilized on a microtiter plate by a conventional method, and a sample solution and calf antiserum were added to the plate to perform an antigen-antibody reaction.
Thereafter, the plate was washed with 10 mM PBS containing 0.05% Tween 80, and a peroxidase-labeled anti-calf antibody (DAKO Code) was used as a secondary antibody.
P-159) was added to carry out the reaction. This was washed with the same washing solution as before, and the color was developed by adding 8 mM o-phenylenediamine containing 0.008% hydrogen peroxide. After about 30 minutes, the reaction was stopped with 100 ml of 4N sulfuric acid, and the reaction was stopped using a microplate reader at 492 nm.
Was measured. In this measurement, the unit indicating the content of the antigen substance is the antigen value of the standard antigen solution of 10,000 U / 10 mg, and the value of each antigen sample is the log dilution factor and the absorbance log of the standard antigen solution.
The it-converted value was obtained from a standard line on the X and Y axes. In addition,
The absorbance logit conversion value is obtained by the following equation. logit = l
n [(ABS / cont.ABS) / (1-ABS / cont.ABS)]: However, ABS is the color development when adding a standard antigen solution at each dilution, and cont.ABS is the color development when adding a phosphate buffer. Every time.

[0010] By using this method, it is possible to evaluate the difference in the processing degree of soybean even in a state where the trypsin inhibitor or the like is inactivated. In the twin-screw extruder treatment, a number of items were examined in order to find appropriate treatment conditions. Among them, it became clear that the residence time was a very important item in achieving the purpose. This will be described with reference to Test Example 1 below.

[0011]

[Test Example 1] The residence time of a defatted soybean for feed was changed in a twin-screw extruder by changing a screw rotation speed and a raw material input amount using a twin-screw extruder (manufactured by Kowa Kogyo Co., Ltd.). After heating and pressurizing, the mixture was extruded into the atmosphere, dried so as to have a water content of 10%, and pulverized to produce six kinds of feed materials. In each case, the barrel temperature is 1
40 ° C, 15% by weight of water based on raw material, pressure is 30 ~ 54kg /
Adjusted to cm2. The urease activity, TI (trypsin inhibitor) activity, and the amount of antigen were measured for the obtained six types of products, and their suitability for molding as a solid feed was observed. As shown in Table 1, when the residence time was less than 10 seconds, the enzyme activity was inactivated, but the antigen amount was high. When the time exceeds 180 seconds, the enzyme activity was inactivated and the amount of the antigen was reduced, but it became carbonized and became completely unsuitable as a feed material. That is, in addition to the inactivation of the enzyme activity and the reduction of the amount of antigen, the production conditions selected are necessary for producing a feed material having extremely high moldability suitable as a feed material. Further, under these production conditions, the obtained product exhibits a fragrant scent, which is also suitable for feed.

[0012]

[Table 1]

On the other hand, considering the nutritional aspect of the feed material for aquatic animals of the present invention, methionine, tyrosine, and valine are less in essential amino acids in soybeans than in fish meal, but rapeseed meal has a higher content of these amino acids. Is higher than soybean, and by adding it as a raw material, it is possible to adjust the amino acid balance and further improve feed efficiency. Furthermore, high-temperature, high-pressure treatment under conditions that reduce the amount of antigen in soybeans to 100 U / 10 mg or less can also solve the growth inhibition caused by anti-nutritional factors such as myrosinase, which is a problem when rapeseed meal is used as a feed for marine animals. Is done.

In addition, when a processed agricultural product is subjected to a twin-screw extruder process, a combination of a plurality of processed agricultural products provides advantages in processing. For example, when soybean is used as a raw material, if the twin-screw extruder treatment is performed under such conditions as to obtain low antigenicity, oil contained in the raw soybean oozes out of the twin-screw extruder machine body. In addition to the phenomenon that the obtained processed product becomes sticky, this problem can be solved, and this point will be described by Test Example 2.

[0015]

[Test Example 2] That is, soybean and corn gluten meal were 0 to 5
Using the mixture mixed at a ratio of 0% as a raw material, processing was performed under the conditions of the biaxial extruder treatment obtained above, and the urease activity, antigen amount, protein content, and oil bleeding property were measured.

[0016]

[Table 2]

As is clear from Table 2, the addition of corn gluten meal not only suppressed the oil bleeding property, but also the obtained processed product had low antigenicity and was not sticky. In the present invention, in order to reduce the antigen content to 100 U / 10 mg or less using a high heat, high pressure treatment, particularly using a twin-screw extruder, soybeans or processed soybeans are charged into the machine by a feeder, and the feeder or other It is possible by adding water from the injection port and performing high-pressure heat treatment. The amount of water is preferably 5 to 50% (weight ratio) based on the raw material. Processing conditions are: barrel temperature 100-300 ° C, preferably 120-200 ° C, pressure 10-100 kg / cm2, screw rotation 2
After heating and pressurizing for a short time under the setting conditions of 00 to 300 rpm, the mixture is extruded into the atmosphere to expand and denature, and then this is 2 to 10 m
Cut to about m, moisture 12% or less (preferably 10% or less)
And pulverize as necessary to obtain the target sample material. The residence time of the barrel portion is usually about 10 to 180 seconds, preferably about 30 to 60 seconds, although it depends on the type of soybean or processed soybean to be treated and the amount of antigen. The amount of antigen reduction can be arbitrarily adjusted by changing the amount of water, the pressure, the barrel temperature, the amount of raw material charged, and the number of rotations of the screw according to the material to be treated.

[0018]

EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples of prawns, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The test was performed using only fish powder, squid powder, and krill powder as the protein source as a control group. In the test group, 16% and 32% of the treated soybean oil lees prepared by the above-described method were used as a substitute for fish meal. The treatment was carried out in a total of 5 sections: a section in which 16% of treated soybean meal and 20% of rapeseed meal were mixed, and a section in which 16% of treated soybean meal and 10% of treated corn gluten meal were mixed. Table 3 shows the feed composition. Average weight for test shrimp
Twenty 0.4 g of juvenile prawns (Penaeus japonicus) were used and housed in a 54-liter square water tank filled with about 50 liters of filtered seawater and fed for 40 days. As a result of breeding for 40 days, the survival rate was 80% or more in all the test plots, and no statistically significant difference was detected in the test plots. There was no statistically significant difference between the test intervals for the body weights after 20 days and 30 days (FIG. 1). From these results, the processed low-antigenic soybean product of the present invention is useful as a feed material for marine animals that can achieve the same growth as fish meal.

[0019]

[Table 3]

[0020]

[Effects of the Invention] Agricultural products or processed agricultural products containing soybean-related products are subjected to high-temperature and high-pressure treatment in a short time by a biaxial extruder to reduce the amount of antigen to 100 U / 10 mg or less, which is equivalent to fish meal. Thus, a feed material for a marine animal having a feed efficiency of?

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a graph showing changes in the average body weight of prawns in a control section and each test section in Examples.

Claims (5)

[Claims] 1. A feed material for marine animals, wherein the amount of antigen is adjusted to 100 U / 10 mg or less by subjecting agricultural products or processed agricultural products to high temperature and high pressure. 2. The feed material for marine animals according to claim 1, wherein the agricultural product or processed agricultural product is soybean, processed soybean, rapeseed, processed rapeseed, corn, processed corn, or a mixture thereof. . 3. The high-temperature, high-pressure treatment is a treatment by a twin-screw extruder.
The feed material for a marine animal according to the above. 4. The processing by a twin-screw extruder,
Water content of agricultural products and processed agricultural products is 5-50% by weight
At a barrel temperature of 100 to 300 ° C and a residence time of 10 to
The feed material for marine animals according to claim 3, wherein the time is 180 seconds. 5. The feed material for a marine animal according to claim 1, wherein the marine animal is a crustacean.