JPH1147945A - Method and device for monitoring welding quality - Google Patents
Method and device for monitoring welding qualityInfo
- Publication number
- JPH1147945A JPH1147945A JP9207497A JP20749797A JPH1147945A JP H1147945 A JPH1147945 A JP H1147945A JP 9207497 A JP9207497 A JP 9207497A JP 20749797 A JP20749797 A JP 20749797A JP H1147945 A JPH1147945 A JP H1147945A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- nugget diameter
- estimated
- diameter
- nugget
- welding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Resistance Welding (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】この発明は、抵抗溶接、特に
スポット溶接の溶接品質監視方法および装置に関するも
のである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for monitoring the quality of resistance welding, particularly spot welding.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来の溶接品質監視装置においては、溶
接現場における溶接チップの交換や補修の時期などのメ
ンテナンス時期を知らせるために次のような溶接品質監
視装置があった。以下、図面を用いて説明する。図７に
おいて、６は溶接電流および溶接電圧を検出する検出部
であり、溶接電流は電極３に取り付けられたトロイダル
コイル２を用いて検出した溶接電流信号を積分すること
により測定し、電極間電圧は電極３、４に取り付けた電
圧検出線１を用いて測定している。７は検出部６の測定
結果を受けて熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度分布を数値演
算する数値計算シミュレータにより、単位時間毎に被溶
接材５と溶接電極３、４の温度分布を推定し、温度分布
により生成していくナゲット径（以下、推定ナゲット
径）を推定する演算部である。なお、数値計算シミュレ
ータについては、測定した溶接電流と溶接電圧を用い、
熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度分布および通電径を数値解
析演算する数値計算シミュレータが、溶接学会抵抗溶接
研究委員会編：「抵抗溶接現象とその応用（１）」、社
団法人溶接学会（昭５７）Ｐ．１２〜Ｐ．５２に掲載さ
れている。2. Description of the Related Art Conventional welding quality monitoring devices include the following welding quality monitoring devices in order to notify maintenance timing such as replacement or repair of welding tips at a welding site. This will be described below with reference to the drawings. In FIG. 7, reference numeral 6 denotes a detector for detecting a welding current and a welding voltage. The welding current is measured by integrating a welding current signal detected by using the toroidal coil 2 attached to the electrode 3, and a voltage between the electrodes is obtained. Are measured using the voltage detection line 1 attached to the electrodes 3 and 4. Numeral 7 is a numerical calculation simulator for numerically calculating the temperature distribution based on the heat conduction model based on the measurement result of the detecting unit 6, and estimates the temperature distribution of the workpiece 5 and the welding electrodes 3 and 4 for each unit time. This is a calculation unit for estimating a nugget diameter (hereinafter referred to as an estimated nugget diameter) generated by distribution. The numerical calculation simulator uses the measured welding current and welding voltage,
A numerical simulation simulator that numerically calculates the temperature distribution and the conduction diameter based on the heat conduction model is published by the Japan Welding Society Resistance Welding Research Committee, “Resistance Welding Phenomena and Its Application (1)”, Japan Welding Society (Showa 57) P. 12-P. 52.
【０００３】９はあらかじめ基準となるナゲット径の設
定値（以下、設定ナゲット径）を設定するナゲット径設
定部、８は演算部７の算出した推定ナゲット径と、ナゲ
ット径設定部９に入力された設定ナゲット径とを比較し
て、推定ナゲット径が設定ナゲット径を越えた時刻（以
下、推定形成時刻）を算出するナゲット径比較部であ
る。１０はあらかじめ基準となる形成時刻（以下、設定
形成時刻）を設定する形成時刻設定部、１１はナゲット
径比較部の算出した推定形成時刻と、形成時刻設定部１
０に入力された設定形成時刻とを比較する形成時刻比較
部、１２は形成時刻比較部の比較結果を出力する出力部
である。Reference numeral 9 denotes a nugget diameter setting unit for setting a set value of a reference nugget diameter (hereinafter referred to as a set nugget diameter) in advance. Reference numeral 8 denotes an estimated nugget diameter calculated by the calculation unit 7 and input to the nugget diameter setting unit 9. The nugget diameter comparison unit calculates the time at which the estimated nugget diameter exceeds the set nugget diameter (hereinafter, estimated formation time) by comparing the estimated nugget diameter with the set nugget diameter. Reference numeral 10 denotes a formation time setting unit for setting a reference formation time (hereinafter referred to as “set formation time”) in advance, 11 denotes an estimated formation time calculated by the nugget diameter comparison unit, and a formation time setting unit 1
A formation time comparison unit that compares the set formation time input to 0 with an output unit 12 that outputs a comparison result of the formation time comparison unit.
【０００４】以上の構成において、検出部６において検
出した溶接電流および溶接電圧により、演算部７におい
て数値計算シミュレータにより推定ナゲット径を演算
し、この推定ナゲット径をナゲット径比較部８により設
定ナゲット径と比較し、推定形成時刻を算出している。
さらに、この推定形成時刻を形成時刻比較部１１により
設定形成時刻と比較し、その結果を出力する。[0004] In the above configuration, the estimated nugget diameter is calculated by the numerical calculation simulator in the calculation unit 7 based on the welding current and the welding voltage detected in the detection unit 6, and the estimated nugget diameter is set by the nugget diameter comparison unit 8. And the estimated formation time is calculated.
Further, the estimated formation time is compared with the set formation time by the formation time comparison unit 11, and the result is output.
【０００５】上記のような溶接品質監視装置において
は、電極３，４の損耗にともなってナゲットの形成時刻
が徐々に長くなることを利用して、この時刻を熱伝導モ
デルを用いた上記構成によって推定し、これを基準とな
る設定形成時刻と比較して、溶接条件の再設定や溶接チ
ップの交換補修などのメンテナンス時期を知らせること
ができるようにしているのである。In the welding quality monitoring apparatus as described above, utilizing the fact that the formation time of the nugget gradually increases with the wear of the electrodes 3 and 4, this time is determined by the above-described configuration using a heat conduction model. By estimating and comparing this with the set forming time as a reference, it is possible to notify the maintenance time such as resetting of welding conditions and replacement and repair of welding tips.
【０００６】[0006]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、上記従
来の溶接品質監視装置においては、電極の損耗にともな
い溶接条件を変更した場合や、チリが発生したことが要
因で必要な溶接強度が得られなかった溶接を的確に知ら
せることができなかった。したがって、この発明の目的
は、必要な溶接強度が得られなかった溶接を的確に知ら
せることができる溶接品質監視方法および装置を提供す
ることである。However, in the above-mentioned conventional welding quality monitoring apparatus, the required welding strength cannot be obtained due to the change of welding conditions due to the wear of the electrodes or the occurrence of dust. Could not be accurately informed. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a welding quality monitoring method and apparatus capable of accurately notifying welding in which required welding strength was not obtained.
【０００７】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】請求項１記載の溶接品質
監視方法は、電極間に印加される溶接電流と電極間の電
圧とを検出し、この検出値を用いて熱伝導モデルに基づ
く温度分布および通電径を数値解析して、生成するナゲ
ットの径である推定ナゲット径を推定し、この推定ナゲ
ット径とあらかじめ設定されたナゲット径の設定値とを
比較して、推定ナゲット径がナゲット径の設定値を越え
た時刻である推定形成時刻を算出し、この推定形成時刻
における推定ナゲット径とあからじめ設定された形成時
刻別のナゲット径とを比較して、推定ナゲット径が設定
値以下の場合に溶接強度が未達であると判断するもので
ある。According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for monitoring welding quality, comprising detecting a welding current applied between electrodes and a voltage between electrodes, and using the detected values to determine a temperature based on a heat conduction model. The distribution and energization diameter are numerically analyzed to estimate the estimated nugget diameter, which is the diameter of the nugget to be generated, and the estimated nugget diameter is compared with a preset value of the nugget diameter so that the estimated nugget diameter becomes the nugget diameter. The estimated nugget diameter at the estimated formation time is calculated, and the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated formation time is compared with the nugget diameter at each formation time set in advance, and the estimated nugget diameter is set to the set value. In the following cases, it is determined that the welding strength has not been reached.
【０００８】請求項１記載の溶接品質監視方法によれ
ば、推定形成時刻における推定ナゲット径とあからじめ
設定された形成時刻別のナゲット径とを比較することに
より、溶接強度が未達であることを知らせることがで
き、特に長時間の溶接条件時に電極の損耗に対し溶接条
件を変更したとき、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶
接をより的確に検出し判断することが可能になり、溶接
条件の再設定や溶接チップの交換補修等のメンテナンス
時期を容易に判断できる。According to the welding quality monitoring method of the first aspect, by comparing the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated forming time with the previously set nugget diameter for each forming time, the welding strength is not reached. In particular, when welding conditions are changed due to electrode wear during long welding conditions, it is possible to more accurately detect and judge welding that did not achieve the required welding strength. In addition, it is possible to easily determine the maintenance time such as resetting of welding conditions and replacement and repair of welding tips.
【０００９】請求項２記載の溶接品質監視方法は、電極
間に印加される溶接電流と電極間の電圧とを検出し、こ
の検出値を用いてチリが発生した時刻を算出し、その算
出されたチリ発生時刻とあらかじめ設定されたチリ発生
時刻とを比較し、算出されたチリ発生時刻が設定値以上
の場合に溶接強度が未達であると判断するものである。According to a second aspect of the present invention, a welding quality monitoring method detects a welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, and calculates a time at which dust occurs using the detected values. The generated dust generation time is compared with a preset dust generation time, and if the calculated dust generation time is equal to or greater than a set value, it is determined that the welding strength has not been reached.
【００１０】請求項２記載の溶接品質監視方法によれ
ば、チリが発生したことが要因で、必要な溶接強度を得
られなかった溶接を検出し判断することが可能になる。
請求項３記載の溶接品質監視方法は、電極間に印加され
る溶接電流と電極間の電圧とを検出し、この検出値を用
いて熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度分布および通電径を数
値解析して、チリが発生したときのナゲット径である推
定チリナゲット径を算出し、この推定チリナゲット径と
あらかじめ設定された、チリが発生したときのナゲット
径であるチリナゲット径とを比較し、推定チリナゲット
径が設定値以下の場合に溶接強度が未達であると判断す
るものである。According to the welding quality monitoring method of the second aspect, it is possible to detect and determine a welding in which a required welding strength cannot be obtained due to occurrence of dust.
The welding quality monitoring method according to claim 3 detects a welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, and numerically analyzes a temperature distribution and a conduction diameter based on a heat conduction model using the detected values. Then, an estimated chilli nugget diameter which is a nugget diameter when dust is generated is calculated, and the estimated chilli nugget diameter is compared with a preset chilli nugget diameter which is a nugget diameter when dust is generated. When the value is equal to or less than the set value, it is determined that the welding strength has not been reached.
【００１１】請求項３記載の溶接品質監視方法によれ
ば、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接を判断するこ
とが可能になり、チリが発生した後の物理変化にともな
う数値計算シミュレータの計算誤差を考慮せずに、より
的確に検出することができる。請求項４記載の溶接品質
監視装置は、電極間に印加される溶接電流と電極間の電
圧とを測定する検出部と、この検出部による検出値を用
いて熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度分布および通電径を数
値解析し生成するナゲットの径である推定ナゲット径を
推定する演算部と、あらかじめナゲット径の設定値が設
定されたナゲット径設定部と、推定ナゲット径とナゲッ
ト径の設定値とを比較して推定ナゲット径がナゲット径
の設定値を越えた時刻である推定形成時刻を算出する第
１のナゲット径比較部と、あらかじめ形成時刻別のナゲ
ット径の設定値が設定された形成時刻別ナゲット径設定
部と、推定形成時刻における推定ナゲット径と形成時刻
別のナゲット径の設定値とを比較する第２のナゲット径
比較部と、第２のナゲット径比較部の比較結果を出力す
る出力部を備えたものである。According to the welding quality monitoring method of the present invention, it is possible to judge a welding in which a required welding strength is not obtained, and a calculation by a numerical calculation simulator accompanying a physical change after the occurrence of dust. Detection can be performed more accurately without considering errors. A welding quality monitoring device according to a fourth aspect of the present invention provides a detecting unit for measuring a welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, and a temperature distribution and a temperature distribution based on a heat conduction model using a value detected by the detecting unit. A calculation unit for estimating an estimated nugget diameter which is a diameter of a nugget generated by performing a numerical analysis of the energized diameter, a nugget diameter setting unit in which a set value of the nugget diameter is set in advance, and a set value of the estimated nugget diameter and the nugget diameter A first nugget diameter comparison unit that calculates an estimated formation time at which the estimated nugget diameter exceeds the set value of the nugget diameter, and a formation time where a set value of the nugget diameter for each formation time is set in advance. The comparison result of the nugget diameter setting unit, the second nugget diameter comparison unit that compares the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated formation time with the set value of the nugget diameter for each formation time, and the second nugget diameter comparison unit Those having an output unit for force.
【００１２】請求項４記載の溶接品質監視装置によれ
ば、第１のナゲット径比較部による推定形成時刻におい
て、第２のナゲット径比較部により演算部にて算出され
た推定ナゲット径と形成時刻別のナゲット径の設定値と
を比較し、その比較結果を出力し、設定値以下の場合に
溶接強度が未達であることを知らせることにより、特に
長時間の溶接条件時に電極の損耗に対し溶接条件を変更
したとき、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接をより
的確に検出し判断することが可能になり、溶接条件の再
設定や溶接チップの交換補修等のメンテナンス時期を容
易に判断できる。According to the welding quality monitoring device of the fourth aspect, the estimated nugget diameter calculated by the second nugget diameter comparing section and the forming time at the estimated forming time by the first nugget diameter comparing section. Compares with the set value of another nugget diameter, outputs the comparison result, and informs that the welding strength is not reached when it is less than the set value. When welding conditions are changed, it is possible to more accurately detect and determine welding that did not achieve the required welding strength, and easily determine the maintenance time, such as resetting welding conditions and replacing or repairing welding tips. it can.
【００１３】請求項５記載の溶接品質監視装置は、請求
項４において、出力部が演算部により算出した推定ナゲ
ット径を出力するものである。請求項５記載の溶接品質
監視装置によれば、請求項４の効果のほか、推定ナゲッ
ト径を出力部により知ることができる。請求項６記載の
溶接品質監視装置は、請求項４または請求項５におい
て、出力部が第１のナゲット径比較部により算出した推
定形成時刻を出力するものである。According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the welding quality monitoring apparatus of the fourth aspect, the output unit outputs the estimated nugget diameter calculated by the arithmetic unit. According to the welding quality monitoring device of the fifth aspect, in addition to the effect of the fourth aspect, the estimated nugget diameter can be known from the output unit. According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, in the fourth aspect, the output section outputs the estimated formation time calculated by the first nugget diameter comparing section.
【００１４】請求項６記載の溶接品質監視装置によれ
ば、請求項４または請求項５の効果のほか、推定形成時
刻を出力部により知ることができる。請求項７記載の溶
接品質監視装置は、電極間に印加される溶接電流と電極
間の電圧とを測定する検出部と、この検出部による検出
値を用いてチリが発生した時刻を算出する演算部と、あ
らかじめチリ発生時刻の設定値が設定されるチリ発生時
刻設定部と、演算部により算出されたチリ発生時刻とチ
リ発生時刻設定部により設定されたチリ発生時刻とを比
較するチリ発生時刻比較部と、チリ発生時刻比較部の比
較結果を出力する出力部を備えたものである。According to the welding quality monitoring apparatus of the sixth aspect, in addition to the effects of the fourth and fifth aspects, the estimated forming time can be known from the output unit. The welding quality monitoring device according to claim 7, wherein the detection unit measures the welding current applied between the electrodes and the voltage between the electrodes, and calculates the time at which dust occurs using the detection value of the detection unit. Unit, a dust generation time setting unit in which a set value of the dust generation time is set in advance, and a dust generation time comparing the dust generation time calculated by the arithmetic unit and the dust generation time set by the dust generation time setting unit. It has a comparison unit and an output unit that outputs the comparison result of the dust occurrence time comparison unit.
【００１５】請求項７記載の溶接品質監視装置によれ
ば、チリ発生時刻比較部は、演算部により算出されたチ
リ発生時刻とチリ発生時刻設定部により設定された時刻
を比較し、その比較結果を出力することにより、チリが
発生したことが要因で、必要な溶接強度を得られなかっ
た溶接を検出し判断することが可能になる。請求項８記
載の溶接品質監視装置は、電極間に印加される溶接電流
と電極間の電圧とを測定する検出部と、この検出部によ
る検出値を用いて熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度分布およ
び通電径を数値解析してチリが発生したときのナゲット
径である推定チリナゲット径を算出する演算部と、あら
かじめチリが発生したときのナゲット径であるチリナゲ
ット径の設定値が設定されるチリナゲット径設定部と、
推定チリナゲット径とチリナゲット径設定部により設定
されたチリナゲット径とを比較するチリナゲット径比較
部と、このチリナゲット径比較部の比較結果と推定チリ
ナゲット径を出力する出力部を備えたものである。According to the seventh aspect of the present invention, the dust generation time comparison unit compares the dust generation time calculated by the calculation unit with the time set by the dust generation time setting unit, and the comparison result is provided. Is output, it is possible to detect and judge a weld in which required welding strength was not obtained due to the occurrence of dust. The welding quality monitoring device according to claim 8 is a detection unit that measures a welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, and a temperature distribution and a temperature distribution based on a heat conduction model using a value detected by the detection unit. A calculation unit that numerically analyzes the energized diameter to calculate an estimated dust nugget diameter that is a nugget diameter when dust is generated, and a dust nugget diameter setting in which a set value of the dust nugget diameter that is a nugget diameter when dust is generated is set in advance. Department and
The apparatus is provided with a chilli nugget diameter comparison unit that compares the estimated chilli nugget diameter with the chilli nugget diameter set by the chilli nugget diameter setting unit, and an output unit that outputs a comparison result of the chilli nugget diameter comparison unit and the estimated chilli nugget diameter.
【００１６】請求項８記載の溶接品質監視装置によれ
ば、チリナゲット径比較部は、算出された推定チリナゲ
ット径とチリナゲット径設定部により設定されたチリナ
ゲット径を比較し、その比較結果を出力することによ
り、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接を判断するこ
とが可能になり、チリが発生した後の物理変化にともな
う数値計算シミュレータの計算誤差を考慮せずに、より
的確に検出することができる。According to the welding quality monitoring apparatus of the present invention, the dust nugget diameter comparing unit compares the calculated estimated dust nugget diameter with the dust nugget diameter set by the dust nugget diameter setting unit, and outputs the comparison result. This makes it possible to determine the welding that did not achieve the required welding strength, and to detect it more accurately without considering the calculation error of the numerical calculation simulator due to the physical change after the occurrence of dust. it can.
【００１７】[0017]
【発明の実施の形態】この発明の第１の実施の形態の溶
接品質監視装置について図１および図２に基づいて説明
する。すなわち、図１に示す検出部６により検出した検
出値を用いて演算部７により算出し推定した生成するナ
ゲットの径である推定ナゲット径とナゲット径設定部９
にあらかじめ設定された設定ナゲット径とを第１のナゲ
ット径比較部８で比較し、推定ナゲット径が設定ナゲッ
ト径を越えた時刻を算出してこれを推定形成時刻とす
る。検出部６、演算部７、第１のナゲット径比較部８お
よびナゲット径設定部９は図７に示す従来技術と同様で
あるので説明を省略する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A welding quality monitoring device according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. That is, an estimated nugget diameter, which is a diameter of a nugget to be generated calculated and estimated by the calculation unit 7 using the detection value detected by the detection unit 6 shown in FIG.
The first nugget diameter comparison unit 8 compares the preset nugget diameter with the preset nugget diameter, calculates the time at which the estimated nugget diameter exceeds the set nugget diameter, and uses this time as the estimated formation time. The detection unit 6, the calculation unit 7, the first nugget diameter comparison unit 8, and the nugget diameter setting unit 9 are the same as those in the related art shown in FIG.
【００１８】形成時刻別ナゲット径設定部１４によりあ
らかじめ図２に示す形成時刻別のナゲット径を設定し、
第２のナゲット径比較部１３は設定された形成時刻別の
ナゲット径の設定値と、演算部７で算出し推定形成時刻
別に分類した推定ナゲット径とを比較し、その比較結果
を出力部１２に出力する。また図１に示すように、演算
部７により算出した推定ナゲット径を出力部１２に出力
して、推定ナゲット径を知ることができ、また第１のナ
ゲット径比較部８により算出した推定形成時刻を出力部
１２に出力して推定形成時刻を知ることができる。The nugget diameter for each forming time shown in FIG.
The second nugget diameter comparing unit 13 compares the set value of the nugget diameter for each set forming time with the estimated nugget diameter calculated by the calculating unit 7 and classified by the estimated forming time, and outputs the comparison result to the output unit 12. Output to Also, as shown in FIG. 1, the estimated nugget diameter calculated by the arithmetic unit 7 is output to the output unit 12 so that the estimated nugget diameter can be known, and the estimated formation time calculated by the first nugget diameter comparison unit 8 Can be output to the output unit 12 to know the estimated formation time.
【００１９】この実施の形態の溶接品質監視方法は、電
極３，４間に印加される溶接電流と電極間の電圧とを検
出し、この検出値を用いて熱伝導モデルに基づく温度分
布および通電径を数値解析して、生成するナゲットの径
である推定ナゲット径を推定し、この推定ナゲット径と
あらかじめ設定されたナゲット径の設定値とを比較し
て、推定ナゲット径がナゲット径の設定値を越えた時刻
である推定形成時刻を算出し、この推定形成時刻におけ
る推定ナゲット径とあからじめ設定された形成時刻別の
ナゲット径とを比較して、推定ナゲット径が設定値以下
の場合に溶接強度が未達であると判断することである。The welding quality monitoring method according to this embodiment detects a welding current applied between the electrodes 3 and 4 and a voltage between the electrodes, and uses the detected values to determine a temperature distribution and a current distribution based on a heat conduction model. Numerical analysis of the diameter, estimating the estimated nugget diameter, which is the diameter of the nugget to be generated, comparing this estimated nugget diameter with the preset value of the nugget diameter, the estimated nugget diameter becomes the set value of the nugget diameter When the estimated nugget diameter is equal to or less than the set value, the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated forming time is calculated and the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated forming time is compared with the nugget diameter for each previously set forming time. Is determined that the welding strength has not been reached.
【００２０】この実施の形態によれば、第１のナゲット
径比較部８による推定形成時刻において、第２のナゲッ
ト径比較部１３により演算部７により算出された推定ナ
ゲット径と形成時刻別のナゲット径の設定値とを比較
し、その比較結果を出力し、設定値以下の場合に溶接強
度が未達であることを知らせる。特に長時間の溶接条件
時に電極の損耗に対し溶接条件を変更したとき、必要な
溶接強度を得られなかった溶接をより的確に検出し判断
することが可能になり、溶接条件の再設定や溶接チップ
の交換補修等のメンテナンス時期を容易に判断できる。According to this embodiment, at the estimated formation time by the first nugget diameter comparison unit 8, the estimated nugget diameter calculated by the calculation unit 7 by the second nugget diameter comparison unit 13 and the nugget for each formation time The value is compared with the set value of the diameter, and the result of the comparison is outputted. In particular, when welding conditions are changed for electrode wear during long welding conditions, it is possible to more accurately detect and judge welding that did not obtain the required welding strength, and to reset welding conditions and perform welding. It is possible to easily determine the maintenance time such as replacement and repair of the chip.
【００２１】なお、設定する形成時刻別のナゲット径の
段階には、制限はなく、形成時刻とナゲット径が１対１
でもよい。また、形成時刻に対し、ナゲット径が重複し
てもよい。この発明の第２の実施の形態の溶接品質監視
装置を図３および図４に示す。すなわち、チリが発生し
た時刻について、図４に示すように通電時間（単位ｃｙ
ｃｌｅ：サイクル）の前半（ａ）でチリが発生した場合
は必要な溶接強度が得られ、通電時間の後半（ｂ）でチ
リが発生した場合は必要な溶接強度を得られないことが
ある。このため、図３に示す検出部６により検出した検
出値を用いて演算部７により算出した推定チリ発生時刻
と、チリ発生時刻設定部１６によりたとえば図４に示す
ように前半（ａ）と後半（ｂ）の中間にあらかじめ設定
したチリ発生時刻とをチリ発生時刻比較部１５により比
較し、設定チリ発生時刻よりも推定チリ発生時刻が大き
い場合には必要な溶接強度が得られなかった溶接を示
し、その比較結果を出力部１２に出力する。検出部６は
第１の実施の形態および図７に示すものと同様である。There is no limitation on the stage of the nugget diameter for each forming time to be set, and the forming time and the nugget diameter are one-to-one.
May be. Further, the nugget diameter may overlap the formation time. FIGS. 3 and 4 show a welding quality monitoring device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. That is, as shown in FIG. 4, the energization time (unit cy)
When crepe occurs in the first half (a) of cle: cycle, the required welding strength is obtained, and when chill occurs in the second half (b) of the energization time, the required welding strength may not be obtained. Therefore, the estimated dust generation time calculated by the calculation unit 7 using the detection value detected by the detection unit 6 shown in FIG. 3 and the dust generation time setting unit 16, for example, as shown in FIG. The dust occurrence time preset in the middle of (b) is compared by the dust occurrence time comparison unit 15, and if the estimated dust occurrence time is larger than the set dust occurrence time, the welding in which the required welding strength is not obtained is determined. And outputs the comparison result to the output unit 12. The detection unit 6 is the same as that in the first embodiment and that shown in FIG.
【００２２】この実施の形態の溶接品質監視方法は、電
極３，４間に印加される溶接電流と電極間の電圧とを検
出し、この検出値を用いてチリが発生した時刻を算出
し、その算出されたチリ発生時刻とあらかじめ設定され
たチリ発生時刻とを比較し、算出されたチリ発生時刻が
設定値以上の場合に溶接強度が未達であると判断するも
のである。The welding quality monitoring method according to this embodiment detects a welding current applied between the electrodes 3 and 4 and a voltage between the electrodes, and calculates a time at which dust occurs using the detected value. The calculated dust generation time is compared with a preset dust generation time, and when the calculated dust generation time is equal to or greater than a set value, it is determined that the welding strength has not been reached.
【００２３】第２の実施の形態によれば、チリ発生時刻
比較部１５は、演算部７により算出されたチリ発生時刻
とチリ発生時刻設定部１５により設定された時刻を比較
し、その比較結果を出力することにより、チリが発生し
たことが要因で、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接
を検出し判断することが可能になる。なお、設定するチ
リ発生時刻は、ある値一つでなくてもよい。また、チリ
の発生時刻と推定ナゲット径の値との組み合わせまた
は、推定形成時刻との組み合わせにより、比較を行って
もよい。According to the second embodiment, the dust generation time comparison unit 15 compares the dust generation time calculated by the arithmetic unit 7 with the time set by the dust generation time setting unit 15, and the comparison result Is output, it is possible to detect and judge a weld in which required welding strength was not obtained due to the occurrence of dust. Note that the dust generation time to be set does not have to be a certain value. Further, the comparison may be performed by a combination of the occurrence time of dust and the value of the estimated nugget diameter, or a combination of the estimated formation time.
【００２４】この発明の第３の実施の形態の溶接品質監
視装置を図５および図６に示す。すなわち、図６に示す
ように、チリが発生した後は、抵抗値が減少するため、
熱伝導モデルによる数値計算シミュレータでは正確に計
算することができないので、チリが発生したときのナゲ
ット径を算出し、これを溶接強度の判断に用いる。図５
に示す検出部６により検出した検出値を用いて演算部７
において算出したチリが発生したときのナゲットである
推定チリナゲット径と、チリナゲット径比較部１７にお
いて、チリナゲット径設定部１８であらかじめ設定され
たチリが発生したときのナゲット径であるチリナゲット
径とを比較する。そして出力部１２には、その比較結果
および演算部７の推定チリナゲット径を出力する。推定
チリナゲット径がチリナゲット径より小さい場合に必要
な強度が得られなかった溶接を示す。FIGS. 5 and 6 show a welding quality monitoring apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention. That is, as shown in FIG. 6, after dust occurs, the resistance value decreases.
Since it is not possible to calculate accurately with a numerical calculation simulator based on a heat conduction model, a nugget diameter when dust is generated is used to determine welding strength. FIG.
The calculation unit 7 uses the detection value detected by the detection unit 6 shown in FIG.
The estimated chilli nugget diameter, which is the nugget when the dust is calculated in the above, is compared with the chilli nugget diameter, which is the nugget diameter when the dust is preset by the chilli nugget diameter setting unit 18, in the chilli nugget diameter comparing unit 17. . The output unit 12 outputs the comparison result and the estimated dust nugget diameter of the calculation unit 7. The figure shows that the required strength was not obtained when the estimated diameter of the dust was smaller than the diameter of the dust.
【００２５】この実施の形態の溶接品質監視方法は、電
極３，４間に印加される溶接電流と電極間の電圧とを検
出し、この検出値を用いて熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度
分布および通電径を数値解析して、チリが発生したとき
のナゲット径である推定チリナゲット径を算出し、この
推定チリナゲット径とあらかじめ設定された、チリが発
生したときのナゲット径であるチリナゲット径とを比較
し、推定チリナゲット径が設定値以下の場合に溶接強度
が未達であると判断する第３の実施の形態によれば、チ
リナゲット径比較部１７は、算出された推定チリナゲッ
ト径とチリナゲット径設定部１８により設定されたチリ
ナゲット径を比較し、その比較結果を出力することによ
り、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接を判断するこ
とが可能になり、チリが発生した後の物理変化にともな
う数値計算シミュレータの計算誤差を考慮せずに、より
的確に検出することができる。The welding quality monitoring method according to the present embodiment detects a welding current applied between the electrodes 3 and 4 and a voltage between the electrodes, and uses these detected values to determine the temperature distribution and the temperature based on a heat conduction model. Numerical analysis of the energized diameter, calculating the estimated chilli nugget diameter, which is the nugget diameter when dust occurs, and comparing this estimated chilli nugget diameter with the preset chile nugget diameter, which is the nugget diameter when dust occurs. However, according to the third embodiment in which it is determined that the welding strength is not attained when the estimated chilli nugget diameter is equal to or smaller than the set value, the chilli nugget diameter comparison unit 17 calculates the calculated estimated chilli nugget diameter and the chilli nugget diameter setting unit. By comparing the chilli nugget diameters set by 18 and outputting the comparison result, it is possible to determine the welding that did not obtain the required welding strength, Without considering the calculation error of the numerical simulator with a physical change after re occurs, can be detected more accurately.
【００２６】また演算部７により算出した推定チリナゲ
ット径を出力部１２に出力して、演算部７の推定チリナ
ゲット径を知ることができる。The estimated diameter of the dust nugget calculated by the arithmetic unit 7 is output to the output unit 12 so that the estimated dust diameter of the dust nugget of the arithmetic unit 7 can be known.
【００２７】[0027]
【発明の効果】請求項１記載の溶接品質監視方法によれ
ば、推定形成時刻における推定ナゲット径とあからじめ
設定された形成時刻別のナゲット径とを比較することに
より、溶接強度が未達であることを知らせることがで
き、特に長時間の溶接条件時に電極の損耗に対し溶接条
件を変更したとき、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶
接をより的確に検出し判断することが可能になり、溶接
条件の再設定や溶接チップの交換補修等のメンテナンス
時期を容易に判断できる。According to the welding quality monitoring method according to the first aspect of the invention, the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated forming time is compared with the nugget diameter for each of the previously set forming times, so that the welding strength is not reduced. Especially when the welding conditions are changed for electrode wear during long welding conditions, it is possible to more accurately detect and judge the welding that did not achieve the required welding strength. The maintenance time such as resetting of welding conditions and replacement and repair of welding tips can be easily determined.
【００２８】請求項２記載の溶接品質監視方法によれ
ば、チリが発生したことが要因で、必要な溶接強度を得
られなかった溶接を検出し判断することが可能になる。
請求項３記載の溶接品質監視方法によれば、必要な溶接
強度を得られなかった溶接を判断することが可能にな
り、チリが発生した後の物理変化にともなう数値計算シ
ミュレータの計算誤差を考慮せずに、より的確に検出す
ることができる。According to the welding quality monitoring method of the present invention, it is possible to detect and judge a welding in which required welding strength was not obtained due to occurrence of dust.
According to the welding quality monitoring method of the third aspect, it is possible to judge a welding in which required welding strength was not obtained, and to consider a calculation error of a numerical calculation simulator due to a physical change after the occurrence of dust. Without doing so, detection can be performed more accurately.
【００２９】請求項４記載の溶接品質監視装置によれ
ば、第１のナゲット径比較部による推定形成時刻におい
て、第２のナゲット径比較部により演算部にて算出され
た推定ナゲット径と形成時刻別のナゲット径の設定値と
を比較し、その比較結果を出力し、設定値以下の場合に
溶接強度が未達であることを知らせることにより、特に
長時間の溶接条件時に電極の損耗に対し溶接条件を変更
したとき、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接をより
的確に検出し判断することが可能になり、溶接条件の再
設定や溶接チップの交換補修等のメンテナンス時期を容
易に判断できる。According to the welding quality monitoring apparatus of the fourth aspect, the estimated nugget diameter calculated by the second nugget diameter comparing section and the forming time by the calculating section at the estimated forming time by the first nugget diameter comparing section. Compares with the set value of another nugget diameter, outputs the comparison result, and informs that the welding strength is not reached when it is less than the set value. When welding conditions are changed, it is possible to more accurately detect and determine welding that did not achieve the required welding strength, and easily determine the maintenance time, such as resetting welding conditions and replacing or repairing welding tips. it can.
【００３０】請求項５記載の溶接品質監視装置によれ
ば、請求項４の効果のほか、推定ナゲット径を出力部に
より知ることができる。請求項６記載の溶接品質監視装
置によれば、請求項４または請求項５の効果のほか、推
定形成時刻を出力部により知ることができる。請求項７
記載の溶接品質監視装置によれば、チリ発生時刻比較部
は、演算部により算出されたチリ発生時刻とチリ発生時
刻設定部により設定された時刻を比較し、その比較結果
を出力することにより、チリが発生したことが要因で、
必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接を検出し判断する
ことが可能になる。According to the welding quality monitoring device of the fifth aspect, in addition to the effect of the fourth aspect, the estimated nugget diameter can be known from the output unit. According to the welding quality monitoring device of the sixth aspect, in addition to the effect of the fourth or fifth aspect, the estimated forming time can be known from the output unit. Claim 7
According to the described welding quality monitoring device, the dust generation time comparison unit compares the dust generation time calculated by the calculation unit with the time set by the dust generation time setting unit, and outputs the comparison result. Due to the occurrence of Chile,
It becomes possible to detect and judge the welding for which the required welding strength has not been obtained.
【００３１】請求項８記載の溶接品質監視装置によれ
ば、チリナゲット径比較部は、算出された推定チリナゲ
ット径とチリナゲット径設定部により設定されたチリナ
ゲット径を比較し、その比較結果を出力することによ
り、必要な溶接強度を得られなかった溶接を判断するこ
とが可能になり、チリが発生した後の物理変化にともな
う数値計算シミュレータの計算誤差を考慮せずに、より
的確に検出することができる。[0031] According to the welding quality monitoring device of the eighth aspect, the choling nugget diameter comparing section compares the calculated estimated choling nugget diameter with the choling nugget diameter set by the choling nugget diameter setting section, and outputs the comparison result. This makes it possible to determine the welding that did not achieve the required welding strength, and to detect it more accurately without considering the calculation error of the numerical calculation simulator due to the physical change after the occurrence of dust. it can.
【図１】図１は、この発明の第１の実施の形態の形成時
刻別ナゲット径に関する抵抗溶接の溶接品質監視装置の
構成を示すブロック図である。FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a welding quality monitoring apparatus for resistance welding relating to a nugget diameter at each forming time according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】図２は、その設定する形成時刻別ナゲット径の
形成時刻に対するナゲット径の関係を示す図である。FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a nugget diameter and a setting time of a nugget diameter for each set forming time.
【図３】図３は、第２の実施の形態のチリ発生時刻に関
する抵抗溶接の溶接品質監視装置の構成を示すブロック
図である。FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a welding quality monitoring apparatus for resistance welding with respect to dust generation time according to a second embodiment.
【図４】図４は、その設定チリ発生時刻と必要な溶接強
度を満足しないチリの発生時刻を示すもので通電時間に
対する推定ナゲット径の関係図である。FIG. 4 is a view showing the set dust generation time and the dust generation time that does not satisfy the required welding strength, and is a relation diagram of the estimated nugget diameter with respect to the energization time.
【図５】図５は、第３の実施の形態のチリナゲット径に
関する抵抗溶接の溶接品質監視装置の構成を示すブロッ
ク図である。FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a welding quality monitoring device for resistance welding related to a dust nugget diameter according to a third embodiment.
【図６】図６は、チリが発生したときの通電時間に対す
る抵抗値と推定ナゲット径の関係を示す図である。FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between a resistance value and an estimated nugget diameter with respect to an energization time when dust occurs.
【図７】図７は従来の抵抗溶接の溶接品質監視装置の構
成を示すブロック図である。FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional welding quality monitoring device for resistance welding.
３，４ 電極 ６ 検出部 ７ 演算部 ８ 第１のナゲット径比較部 ９ ナゲット径設定部 １２ 出力部 １３ 第２のナゲット径比較部 １４ 形成時刻別ナゲット径設定部 １５ チリ発生時刻比較部 １６ チリ発生時刻設定部 １７ チリナゲット径比較部 １８ チリナゲット径設定部 3, 4 electrode 6 detection unit 7 calculation unit 8 first nugget diameter comparison unit 9 nugget diameter setting unit 12 output unit 13 second nugget diameter comparison unit 14 nugget diameter setting unit by formation time 15 dust generation time comparison unit 16 dust Occurrence time setting section 17 Chill nugget diameter comparison section 18 Chill nugget diameter setting section
Claims (8)
間の電圧とを検出し、この検出値を用いて熱伝導モデル
に基づく温度分布および通電径を数値解析して、生成す
るナゲットの径である推定ナゲット径を推定し、この推
定ナゲット径とあらかじめ設定されたナゲット径の設定
値とを比較して、前記推定ナゲット径が前記ナゲット径
の設定値を越えた時刻である推定形成時刻を算出し、こ
の推定形成時刻における前記推定ナゲット径とあからじ
め設定された形成時刻別のナゲット径とを比較して、前
記推定ナゲット径が設定値以下の場合に溶接強度が未達
であると判断する溶接品質監視方法。1. A method for detecting a welding current applied between electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, and numerically analyzing a temperature distribution and a conduction diameter based on a heat conduction model using the detected values to obtain a nugget to be generated. Estimating the estimated nugget diameter, which is the diameter, comparing the estimated nugget diameter with a preset set value of the nugget diameter, the estimated forming time that is the time when the estimated nugget diameter exceeds the set value of the nugget diameter. Is calculated, and the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated forming time is compared with the nugget diameter for each of the previously set forming times, and when the estimated nugget diameter is equal to or less than the set value, the welding strength is not reached. Weld quality monitoring method to determine that there is.
間の電圧とを検出し、この検出値を用いてチリが発生し
た時刻を算出し、その算出されたチリ発生時刻とあらか
じめ設定されたチリ発生時刻とを比較し、算出された前
記チリ発生時刻が設定値以上の場合に溶接強度が未達で
あると判断する溶接品質監視方法。2. A welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes are detected, a time at which the dust is generated is calculated using the detected value, and the calculated time at which the dust is generated is set in advance. A welding quality monitoring method that determines that welding strength has not been reached when the calculated dust generation time is greater than or equal to a set value.
間の電圧とを検出し、この検出値を用いて熱伝導モデル
に基づいて温度分布および通電径を数値解析して、チリ
が発生したときのナゲット径である推定チリナゲット径
を算出し、この推定チリナゲット径とあらかじめ設定さ
れた、チリが発生したときのナゲット径であるチリナゲ
ット径とを比較し、推定チリナゲット径が設定値以下の
場合に溶接強度が未達であると判断する溶接品質監視方
法。3. A welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes are detected, and a temperature distribution and a conduction diameter are numerically analyzed based on a heat conduction model using the detected values, and dust is generated. Calculate the estimated chilli nugget diameter which is the nugget diameter when doing, compare this estimated chilli nugget diameter with the preset chilli nugget diameter which is the nugget diameter when dust occurs, and if the estimated chilli nugget diameter is less than or equal to the set value Welding quality monitoring method that determines that the welding strength has not been reached.
間の電圧とを測定する検出部と、この検出部による検出
値を用いて熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度分布および通電
径を数値解析し生成するナゲットの径である推定ナゲッ
ト径を推定する演算部と、あらかじめナゲット径の設定
値が設定されたナゲット径設定部と、前記推定ナゲット
径と前記ナゲット径の設定値とを比較して前記推定ナゲ
ット径が前記ナゲット径の設定値を越えた時刻である推
定形成時刻を算出する第１のナゲット径比較部と、あら
かじめ形成時刻別のナゲット径の設定値が設定された形
成時刻別ナゲット径設定部と、前記推定形成時刻におけ
る前記推定ナゲット径と前記形成時刻別のナゲット径の
設定値とを比較する第２のナゲット径比較部と、前記第
２のナゲット径比較部の比較結果を出力する出力部を備
えた溶接品質監視装置。4. A detector for measuring a welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, and numerically analyzing a temperature distribution and a conduction diameter based on a heat conduction model using a value detected by the detector. The calculation unit for estimating the estimated nugget diameter which is the diameter of the nugget to be generated, the nugget diameter setting unit in which the set value of the nugget diameter is set in advance, and comparing the estimated nugget diameter and the set value of the nugget diameter A first nugget diameter comparison unit that calculates an estimated formation time at which the estimated nugget diameter exceeds the set value of the nugget diameter; and a nugget by formation time in which a set value of the nugget diameter for each formation time is set in advance. A diameter setting unit, a second nugget diameter comparison unit that compares the estimated nugget diameter at the estimated formation time with a set value of the nugget diameter for each formation time, and the second nugget diameter comparison A welding quality monitoring device provided with an output section for outputting a comparison result of the sections.
ット径を出力する請求項４記載の溶接品質監視装置。5. The welding quality monitoring device according to claim 4, wherein the output unit outputs the estimated nugget diameter calculated by the calculation unit.
算出した推定形成時刻を出力する請求項４または請求項
５記載の溶接品質監視装置。6. The welding quality monitoring device according to claim 4, wherein the output unit outputs the estimated forming time calculated by the first nugget diameter comparing unit.
間の電圧とを測定する検出部と、この検出部による検出
値を用いてチリが発生した時刻を算出する演算部と、あ
らかじめチリ発生時刻の設定値が設定されるチリ発生時
刻設定部と、前記演算部により算出されたチリ発生時刻
と前記チリ発生時刻設定部により設定されたチリ発生時
刻とを比較するチリ発生時刻比較部と、前記チリ発生時
刻比較部の比較結果を出力する出力部を備えた溶接品質
監視装置。7. A detecting unit for measuring a welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, a calculating unit for calculating a time at which the dust is generated by using a value detected by the detecting unit, A dust generation time setting unit in which a set value of the occurrence time is set; and a dust generation time comparison unit that compares the dust generation time calculated by the arithmetic unit with the dust generation time set by the dust generation time setting unit. A welding quality monitoring device comprising an output unit for outputting a comparison result of the dust occurrence time comparison unit.
間の電圧とを測定する検出部と、この検出部による検出
値を用いて熱伝導モデルに基づいて温度分布および通電
径を数値解析してチリが発生したときのナゲット径であ
る推定チリナゲット径を算出する演算部と、あらかじめ
チリが発生したときのナゲット径であるチリナゲット径
の設定値が設定されるチリナゲット径設定部と、前記推
定チリナゲット径と前記チリナゲット径設定部により設
定されたチリナゲット径とを比較するチリナゲット径比
較部と、このチリナゲット径比較部の比較結果と前記推
定チリナゲット径を出力する出力部を備えた溶接品質監
視装置。8. A detector for measuring a welding current applied between the electrodes and a voltage between the electrodes, and numerically analyzing a temperature distribution and a conduction diameter based on a heat conduction model using a value detected by the detector. A calculating unit that calculates an estimated dust nugget diameter that is a nugget diameter when dust occurs, and a dust nugget diameter setting unit that sets a set value of the dust nugget diameter that is a nugget diameter when dust is generated in advance. A welding quality monitoring device comprising: a chilli nugget diameter comparison unit that compares a chilli nugget diameter with a chilli nugget diameter set by the chilli nugget diameter setting unit; and an output unit that outputs a comparison result of the chilli nugget diameter comparison unit and the estimated chilli nugget diameter.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP20749797A JP3396602B2 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1997-08-01 | Method and apparatus for monitoring welding quality |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP20749797A JP3396602B2 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1997-08-01 | Method and apparatus for monitoring welding quality |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH1147945A true JPH1147945A (en) | 1999-02-23 |
| JP3396602B2 JP3396602B2 (en) | 2003-04-14 |
Family
ID=16540701
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP20749797A Expired - Fee Related JP3396602B2 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1997-08-01 | Method and apparatus for monitoring welding quality |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3396602B2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011115828A (en) * | 2009-12-04 | 2011-06-16 | Kobelco Kaken:Kk | Method and device for detecting defective welding |
| JP2013151028A (en) * | 2013-04-01 | 2013-08-08 | Kobelco Kaken:Kk | Detection method of poor weld and detection device thereof |
| JP2016044998A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2016-04-04 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | Measuring method for contact dimension between steel sheets/plates, and measuring device for contact dimension between steel sheets/plates |
-
1997
- 1997-08-01 JP JP20749797A patent/JP3396602B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011115828A (en) * | 2009-12-04 | 2011-06-16 | Kobelco Kaken:Kk | Method and device for detecting defective welding |
| JP2013151028A (en) * | 2013-04-01 | 2013-08-08 | Kobelco Kaken:Kk | Detection method of poor weld and detection device thereof |
| JP2016044998A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2016-04-04 | 国立大学法人東北大学 | Measuring method for contact dimension between steel sheets/plates, and measuring device for contact dimension between steel sheets/plates |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3396602B2 (en) | 2003-04-14 |
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