JPH11172591A - Industrial double-layered woven fabric having supplementary weft yarn arranged on upper layer woven fabric - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prepare an industrial double-layered woven fabric which is free from the occurrence of dents at crossing parts of knotting yarn and the surface yarns on the woven fabric surface of the upper layer, and whose warp and weft lie on the same plain. SOLUTION: (A) This industrial double-layered woven fabric (e.g. an industrial double-layered woven fabric for paper-making) comprises the upper-layer woven fabric consisting of upper-layer warps, upper-layer wefts and supplementary wefts arranged between upper-layer wefts, and the lower-layer woven fabric consisting of lower-layer warps and lower-layer wefts. In the industrial double-layered woven fabric, (B) an upper-layer warp passes over two adjacent upper-wefts and forms a crimp for the length of two upper-layer wefts on the paper-making side, and (C) the supplementary wefts are arranged in a group of plural yarns, each of supplementary wefts of the group appears alternately on the upper-layer surface to be arranged over the upper- layer warp between the above-mentioned crimps for the length of two upper-layer wefts, and the supplementary weft of the part which does not appear on the upper-layer side goes down to the lower-layer side and is woven together with lower-layer weft to link the upper-layer woven fabric and the lower-layer woven fabric.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

The present invention relates to a woven fabric for papermaking, a woven fabric for nonwoven fabric production, a woven fabric used for dewatering and squeezing of sludge, etc.
The present invention relates to industrial fabrics such as construction material production belts and conveyor belts, and more particularly to papermaking fabrics, especially papermaking fabrics.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally used industrial fabrics include, for example, papermaking fabrics such as papermaking fabrics and papermaking canvases, nonwoven fabric fabrics, dewatered fabrics such as sludge, building material fabricating belts, and conveyor belts. There are things. Since these industrial fabrics run while receiving tension in the warp direction at the time of use, dimensional stability is required so that elongation and contraction in the width direction do not occur. In addition, running stability and posture stability are required so that meandering and wrinkling do not occur. In addition, since it is worn by contact with a driving roll or the like during traveling, wear resistance is also required. In addition, it is required that the surface be smooth in terms of placing and transporting or processing an object on the surface. Although such a problem is a common problem for industrial textiles, a satisfactory solution has not yet been achieved.

[0003] Among the industrial fabrics, the most strictly required papermaking fabrics, especially papermaking fabrics, are required to have various properties unique to papermaking in addition to the above-mentioned physical properties. If the woven fabric is explained, problems common to most industrial woven fabrics and their solutions can be explained and understood, so that the present invention will be described below on behalf of papermaking woven fabric and papermaking woven fabric. Papermaking is a well-known technique,
First, a papermaking raw material containing pulp fiber or the like is supplied endlessly from a head box to a running papermaking fabric which is hung between rolls of a papermaking machine. The upper side to which the raw material of the papermaking fabric is supplied is the papermaking surface, and the lower side opposite thereto is the running surface. The supplied raw material is transported along with the travel of the papermaking fabric, and during the transport, moisture is removed by a dehydration device such as a suction box or a foil installed on the traveling surface side of the fabric to form wet paper. That is, the papermaking fabric functions as a kind of filter to separate pulp fiber and water. The wet paper web formed in the papermaking zone is then transferred to a press zone and a dryer zone. In the press zone, the wet paper web is transferred to and transferred to a papermaking felt, and is squeezed between the press rolls together with the papermaking felt by a nip pressure to further remove water. In the dryer zone, the wet paper web is transferred to a papermaking canvas, transported and dried to produce paper. The papermaking surface side fabric is woven by a loom using warps and wefts such as synthetic resin monofilaments. To form an endless shape, it is formed endlessly by a known weaving seam, pin seam, or the like, or is formed endlessly at the stage of weaving by a bag weaving loom. In the case of bag weaving, the relationship between the warp and the weft is reversed between on the loom and during use. In the present specification, a warp is a yarn extending in a machine direction of a papermaking machine, that is, a traveling direction of a woven fabric, and a weft is a yarn extending in a cross direction of a papermaking machine, that is, a width direction of a woven fabric.

There is a greater demand for papermaking fabrics, especially papermaking fabrics. Improvement of surface smoothness, prevention of wire mark on paper, improvement of papermaking yield, good ▲
▼ water-based, abrasion resistance, dimensional stability, running stability, etc. In recent years, with the increase in papermaking speed, the increase in neutral papermaking, the increase in the amount of filler used, and the cost reduction policy of papermaking companies, there is a strong demand for an early solution to the above requirements. When the papermaking speed increases, the dewatering speed naturally increases, and the dewatering power also increases. Since the papermaking raw material is dewatered through the papermaking fabric, moisture is removed through the mesh formed between the yarns of the papermaking fabric.
The space where water is drained through this mesh is the water space. However, not only moisture is removed from the papermaking raw material, but also fine fibers, fillers, and the like escape together, and the papermaking yield is reduced. In addition, since the wet paper formed on the woven fabric is also pressed against the woven paper surface by the dewatering force, the yarn is hardly inserted into the wet paper in the portion where the yarn exists, and conversely, between the meshes where the yarn does not exist. There is a strong tendency that the wet paper web gets into the gap between the meshes and causes the formation of yarn and mesh marks on the surface of the wet paper web. In addition, the fibers are more stagnant between the meshes, so that the fiber density becomes excessively dense, and the density of the fibers also becomes uneven, resulting in the paper being thin and thick. This is what is called a wire mark or a water mark. In addition, if the wetting of the woven fabric by the wet paper becomes large, or if the fibers are entrapped, the problem that the wet paper web removability when transferring the wet paper to the felt deteriorates also occurs. Although it is impossible to completely eliminate the wire mark, in order to make it as small and inconspicuous as possible, the papermaking surface of the woven fabric must be made fine to improve fiber supportability and smoothness.

[0005] When the dehydration speed is increased and the dehydration power is increased, the removal of fibers and the occurrence of wire marks are naturally remarkable, so that further improvement is required. In addition, since the fibers are oriented in the running direction of the fabric, it is necessary to particularly improve the fiber support of the weft. In addition, excellent dewatering is required for good dehydration under high-speed conditions. If it has excellent water, it can reduce the vacuum pressure of dehydration, reduce the penetration and detachment of fibers between the meshes, eliminate the occurrence of wire marks, and improve the yield. It becomes possible. Also, when the papermaking speed is high, water contained in the fabric is scattered by the centrifugal force at the roll rotating part and the like, and a splash is generated, and a problem occurs that the water droplet generates a mark on the wet paper,
It is also required to reduce the water retention of the fabric.

On the other hand, an increase in neutral papermaking has further increased the demand for improved wear resistance. Neutral papermaking uses calcium carbonate as a filler, so that unlike the clay used in acid papermaking, the yarn on the running surface is severely worn. In addition, excess water due to the increase in papermaking speed and the decrease in water due to the retention of fibers makes the conditions even more severe. In order to improve the abrasion resistance, measures have been taken to change the fabric structure to a weft wear type structure or to change the material of the yarn. Generally, from the viewpoint of improving the wear resistance of the woven fabric in use and maintaining the posture stability,
It is preferable that the weft of the woven fabric is given a wear-resistant effect. Naturally, when the warp is worn, the tensile strength is reduced, the dimensions of the woven fabric are increased, and when the warp is further worn and cut, the woven fabric itself is cut and the service life is exhausted. Attempts have also been made to use polyamide monofilaments having excellent abrasion resistance for the weft, but this attempt does not improve the structure of the woven fabric itself, but merely utilizes the properties of the material used. However, the epoch-making effect was not obtained, and the woven fabric using the polyamide monofilament had a drawback that the rigidity of the polyamide monofilament was low and the posture stability was poor.

Attempts have been made to use a thick yarn for the weft on the running surface. However, there is a drawback that the balance between the warp and the weft is lost, the crimping property is deteriorated, and a wire mark is generated. There was a problem. In order to prevent the occurrence of wire marks on paper, it is conceivable to increase the number density of warp and weft yarns and improve the supportability of the fibers,
For that purpose, it is necessary to reduce the diameter of the warp and the weft.
However, in the well-known warp single weft double woven fabric generally used at present, when the wire diameter is reduced, abrasion resistance, rigidity and posture stability are deteriorated. In this way, in the papermaking fabric, if the wire diameter is increased to improve abrasion resistance and rigidity, the surface property is impaired, wire marks are generated on the paper, and conversely, the surface property is improved. If the wire diameter is reduced and the number density is increased, abrasion resistance and rigidity decrease, so that there is a conflicting problem.

[0008] In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, there is also a trial of a woven fabric in which the papermaking side and the running side are respectively constituted by different warps and wefts, and the woven fabrics of both layers are integrated by a binding yarn. It has been done. That is, a dense papermaking surface is formed by using a warp and a weft having a small wire diameter on the papermaking side fabric, and a running having high wear resistance is performed by using a warp and a weft having a large wire diameter on the running surface side fabric. It forms a surface. However, this was not always satisfactory either. This is because, at the binding portion where the binding yarn intersects with the yarn on the papermaking surface side, the binding yarn draws the papermaking surface side fabric toward the running surface side, so that a dent is generated on the papermaking surface side fabric surface, and the paper This is because the dent mark is transferred to paper to generate a wire mark. Also, if the wire diameter of the binding yarn is reduced or the number of the binding yarns is reduced in order to minimize this dent, the binding force is weakened. Rubbing between the fabrics causes internal abrasion, and further weakens the binding force, causing gaps or separation between the paper-side fabric and the running-side fabric, shortening the service life in a short time. There is a problem of running out.

By the way, in order to effectively improve the fiber supportability and to produce high-quality paper without generating wire marks on the paper, it is necessary to preferably support the pulp fiber with the weft. This is because the pulp fibers supplied from the head box onto the papermaking fabric are generally oriented in the machine direction, that is, the warp direction. By supporting the fibers by separating the dents between the warps with the weft, the fibers can be prevented from staying between the warps. However, it does not mean that the papermaking surface needs to be formed only by weft yarns. As long as it is a woven fabric, there is always a part where the warp is located above the weft, and since the warp and the weft form the same plane, it is possible to obtain a paper-making surface that has a smooth surface and does not generate wire marks. is there. It is necessary to improve the fiber retention of the weft while forming the same plane.

[0010]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above-mentioned problems, the present invention is to separate the upper surface side and the lower surface side into different warps,
Even when the woven fabric is composed of weft yarns and the woven fabrics of both layers are integrated by the binding yarn, no dent is generated on the upper fabric surface at the intersection between the binding yarn and the yarn on the upper surface side. In addition, the present invention provides an industrial woven fabric in which a warp and a weft form the same plane, have a good surface smoothness, and further improve the pulp fiber supportability of the weft.

[0011]

Means for Solving the Problems The present invention is directed to "1. (A) an upper fabric comprising an upper warp, an upper weft and an auxiliary weft disposed between the upper wefts, and a lower fabric comprising a lower warp and a lower weft. (B) the upper-layer warp forms a crimp having a length of two upper-layer wefts on the papermaking surface side through the upper side of two continuous upper-layer wefts; Auxiliary wefts are arranged in a plurality to form a set, and the individual auxiliary wefts forming the set alternately appear on the upper layer surface, and are disposed above the upper layer warp between two upper layer wefts of the upper layer warp. The industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on the upper fabric, wherein the portion which does not appear on the upper surface side descends to the lower surface side and is interwoven with the lower warp to connect the upper fabric and the lower fabric. 2. The upper layer warp has two upper layer wefts on the upper layer side. 2. An industrial two-layer woven fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on the upper woven fabric according to item 1, which forms only a pump 3. Auxiliary wefts are upper layers in portions other than those forming crimps for two upper wefts of an upper warp 3. An industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on the upper fabric described in item 1 or 2, which is arranged above the warp yarns 4. The individual auxiliary wefts forming a set cooperate to form an upper surface. 4. A two-layer industrial fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on the upper-layer fabric according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein the auxiliary wefts are formed substantially on one side. The two-layer industrial weave in which auxiliary wefts are arranged in the upper woven fabric according to any one of Items 1 to 4, wherein the auxiliary wefts are auxiliary wefts having the same structure and are arranged so as to be shifted from each other by several warps. 5. The auxiliary weft is an auxiliary weft forming a set of two, and The repetition unit of each auxiliary weft to be formed is twice the repetition unit of the upper weft, and the two auxiliary wefts cooperate to form a structure having a length of two repetition units of the upper weft on the upper surface side. 6. An industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on the upper fabric according to any one of Items 1 to 5. 7. After the upper fabric passes over two consecutive upper wefts. The upper warp passing under the three successive upper wefts,
An industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on the upper fabric described in any one of Items 1 to 6, which is a five-shaft fabric formed by sequentially displacing three upper wefts. 8. The upper-layer fabric is a four-shaft fabric formed by arranging upper warps that pass over two consecutive upper wefts and then pass under two successive upper wefts by sequentially shifting one upper weft. An industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are disposed on the upper fabric according to any one of Items 1 to 6. "
About.

[0012]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The upper fabric of the industrial fabric of the present invention has a crimp for two upper wefts on the upper surface side, passing above two upper wefts in which the upper warp is continuous.
Since the upper warp forms an upper warp crimp for two upper wefts, it is possible to form the same plane of the warp and the weft on the papermaking surface without impairing the fiber supportability of the weft, and to smooth the surface, Further, the fiber support of the auxiliary weft described later can be efficiently exhibited. As used herein, the term knuckle refers to the intersection of a warp and a weft, particularly the intersection of a single yarn in the weave. The crimp is a thread portion continuously formed on one side of the mating yarn between the knuckles, and particularly a thread portion continuously formed on the upper layer side or the lower layer side. Upper weft 1 with upper warp crimp called knuckle
Since only the main weft will strongly weave the upper weft, a dent will occur in this part and only the crimp of the upper weft formed between the knuckles will protrude, and the same plane of the upper warp and the upper weft cannot be formed. , A smooth upper surface cannot be obtained. If the upper warp crimp is longer than two upper wefts, the upper warp protrudes conversely and the fiber support of the weft cannot be sufficiently secured. That is, in order to improve the fiber supportability of the upper weft, it is necessary to increase the portion where the upper weft is located on the upper side of the warp and form the upper surface, but simply increasing the number as described above Since only the wefts protrude, by forming the upper warp crimps for the two upper wefts, the fiber support of the upper weft can be secured while forming the same plane of the upper warp and the upper weft in a well-balanced manner.

Further, in the present invention, the auxiliary weft is arranged on the concave upper warp without forming the same plane between the upper warp crimps forming the same plane, and the concave is filled to improve smoothness. The fiber support of the weft was improved as well. No auxiliary weft is placed above the crimp of the upper warp. This is because if the auxiliary weft is arranged above the crimp of the upper warp, the auxiliary weft projects and the same plane cannot be obtained.

Further, in the present invention, a plurality of auxiliary wefts are formed in a set and arranged, and the individual auxiliary wefts forming the set appear alternately on the upper surface, and in the portions not appearing on the upper surface, the lower surface is used. The lower fabric was interwoven with the lower warp so as to connect the upper fabric and the lower fabric. That is, the auxiliary weft of the present invention has both the original function of the auxiliary weft and the function of the binding yarn. By forming the set of auxiliary wefts in this way, it is possible to arrange substantially continuous auxiliary wefts on the upper surface side. For example, by forming the structure of one auxiliary weft on the upper layer side with one set of two auxiliary wefts, it is possible to arrange as if one auxiliary weft is arranged. As described above, in the conventional industrial two-layer fabric, the binding yarn draws the upper fabric into the lower surface side, so that a dent occurs on the upper fabric surface. When the paper is actually made, the mark of the dent is formed. The problem of causing a wire mark to be transferred to paper could not be solved. The binding yarn of the conventional industrial two-layer fabric has the adverse effect of appearing dottedly at positions where the original yarn of the upper fabric does not exist, pulling in the upper surface, and causing dents. The auxiliary weft and the binding yarn are the same yarn, and the position where the auxiliary weft appears on the upper surface side and performs the function of the auxiliary weft is the binding part of the upper fabric, and the original yarn is present Since the position is the binding portion, the adverse effect unlike the conventional binding yarn does not occur. However, care must be taken that the connection does not have to be in the position where the original thread should be.

It is important that all auxiliary wefts function as binding yarns as described above. When some auxiliary wefts function as binding yarns, the auxiliary wefts that function as binding yarns are drawn more strongly to the lower surface side than auxiliary wefts that do not function as binding yarns. This causes irregularities on the papermaking surface. This is described, for example, in
The fact that the upper layer fabric in which a part of the yarn forming the upper layer fabric as disclosed in JP-A-8-18496 and the like functioned as a binding yarn also had a dent in that portion and could not be put to practical use. Can be understood from

However, in the present invention, when there are a plurality of types of auxiliary wefts having different designs, all the auxiliary wefts do not have to function as binding yarns. For example, when two auxiliary wefts having different designs exist between the upper wefts, only one auxiliary weft functions as a binding yarn as described above, and the other auxiliary wefts function only as auxiliary wefts. If the auxiliary wefts are formed as one set, no dent is generated on the upper layer surface. One of the features of the present invention is that the force for connecting the upper fabric and the lower fabric is strong. In the present invention, since there are at least two binding yarns between the upper wefts, the binding force is stronger than in the case of the conventional one. Also, while the number of binding yarns is small, such as the ratio of one binding yarn to four upper wefts, and conventionally woven with one upper warp, the present invention It is even stronger because it is woven and pulled in with multiple upper warps. When the binding force is increased, the binding yarn is rubbed between the upper fabric and the lower fabric as described above, so that internal wear does not occur, and a gap is generated or separated between the fabrics. Problem does not occur.

The upper layer warp may also form a crimp, that is, a knuckle having a length equal to or less than two upper layer wefts, as long as each warp forms a crimp for two upper layer wefts. Forming a knuckle has the advantage of improving rigidity in oblique directions and the like, but conversely reduces the fiber support of the upper weft. The length of the upper weft crimp is preferably two upper warps in consideration of fiber supportability and rigidity. Since the length of the crimp is equal to one crimp, that is, the knuckle forms the same plane at the knuckle point and supports the fiber, it is too short to sufficiently secure the fiber supportability. Conversely, if the crimp is too long, the recesses not involved in the formation of the same plane become large, and the fiber supportability is not substantially improved. At the intersection of the weft and the warp, the yarn is not bent at a right angle and is formed in a rectangular shape, but there is a concave part that does not participate in the same plane formation in the part where the upper weft goes from the lower side to the upper side of the upper warp. It is possible that this recessed portion becomes larger as the length of the crimp increases. In addition, there is a problem that rigidity is reduced. When the auxiliary wefts forming the set are the auxiliary wefts of the same structure arranged by being shifted from each other by several warps, the power of the individual auxiliary wefts to draw in the upper fabric becomes equal, so that the smoothness of the upper surface is improved. Preferred.

Further, if the auxiliary weft is formed so as to be drawn in every repetition unit in the portion functioning as the auxiliary weft on the upper layer side, it is the same as drawing in each repetition unit of the upper layer weft. Can be pulled under the same conditions for each repeating unit that is the minimum unit.
Further, it is preferable that the entire upper surface can be formed uniformly and smoothly.
For example, two auxiliary wefts are formed as a pair, and the repeating unit of each auxiliary weft is a repeating unit of the upper weft, that is, twice the repeating unit of the auxiliary weft when one auxiliary weft is formed. The auxiliary weft forms a structure of one repetition unit of the upper weft on the upper surface side, and two auxiliary wefts cooperate to form an auxiliary weft structure of two repetition units of the upper weft on the upper surface side. It is configured as follows.

Although the specific structure of the upper layer fabric is not particularly limited, for example, there are the following structures. The upper fabric passes through the upper side of the two consecutive upper wefts and then passes through the lower warp of the three upper wefts.
This is a 5-shaft woven fabric formed by sequentially displacing three upper wefts. In this structure, since the crimp portion of the upper warp has no portion adjacent to the adjacent warp, a long groove in the warp direction between the upper warps does not occur, and the fiber support of the upper weft is particularly good. Next, a four-shaft in which an upper layer fabric is formed by arranging upper layer warps that pass over two consecutive upper layer wefts and then pass below two consecutive upper layer wefts by one upper layer weft sequentially. It is a woven fabric. Since this structure forms only two crimps in length for both the upper warp and the upper weft, the crimp is well-balanced and there is no crimp that does not form the same plane on the papermaking surface. The efficiency involved in the formation is good, and the smoothness of the upper fabric is good. Of course, besides this, 3 shafts, 6 shafts,
Seven-shaft fabrics are also possible. For the lower fabric,
Although not particularly limited, a weft wear type structure having good wear resistance as described above is preferable. The density of the number of yarns with respect to the upper layer fabric is not particularly limited, and the lower layer warp or the lower layer weft may have a density of 1/2 or 2/3 of the upper layer side. However,
In particular, the density of the lower weft is most preferably the same as that of the upper surface because of the relationship with the abrasion resistance. If the amount is too small, the wear resistance is reduced.

The yarn used in the present invention can be freely selected depending on the characteristics desired for industrial fabrics, and is not particularly limited. For example, in addition to monofilaments, multifilaments, spun yarns, textured yarns that have been subjected to crimping or sublimation processing, textured yarns, bulky yarns, processed yarns generally referred to as stretch yarns, molding yarns, or a combination of these yarns Can be used. Further, the cross-sectional shape of the yarn may be not only a circular shape but also a rectangular shape such as a square shape, a star shape or the like, an elliptical shape, a hollow shape or the like. Also, the material of the yarn can be freely selected, polyester, nylon, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, aramid, polyether ether ketone, polyethylene naphthalate,
Cotton, wool, metal and the like can be used. Needless to say, yarns in which various substances are blended or contained in the copolymer or these materials according to the purpose may be used. In general, it is preferable to use a polyester monofilament which is rigid and has excellent dimensional stability for the upper warp, the lower warp, and the upper weft, and the auxiliary weft has a small wire diameter, shower resistance, and fibril resistance. It is preferable to use a nylon monofilament for the binding yarn which is required to have a good chemical resistance and abrasion resistance against the internal abrasion described above. Further, it is preferable to interweave, for example, by alternately arranging polyester monofilaments and nylon monofilaments in the lower weft requiring abrasion resistance, since the abrasion resistance can be improved while securing the rigidity. The wire diameter of the yarn can also be freely selected according to the characteristics desired for the papermaking fabric such as a mesh, and is not particularly limited. However, the auxiliary weft should have a wire diameter of 60 to 90% of the wire diameter of the upper weft from the viewpoint of surface properties and the like. Is preferred. Although the embodiment of the present invention has been described by taking as an example a papermaking fabric which is a main application of industrial fabrics, a belt for building material production such as slate and tile, a fabric for nonwoven fabric production, a dewatering belt for sludge, a conveyor belt, etc. The same applies to industrial textiles.

[0021]

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. FIGS. 1, 4, and 5 are design diagrams showing a complete structure of an example of the present invention. The complete structure is the smallest repeating unit of the fabric structure, and the complete structure is connected vertically and horizontally to form the structure of the entire fabric. 2 is a partial plan view of the upper layer side of the embodiment of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view along the weft of the embodiment of FIG.

In the design drawing, the warp is indicated by Arabic numerals, for example, 1, 2, and 3, and the weft is indicated by Arabic numerals with dashes, for example, 1 ', 2', 3 '. In addition, the mark x indicates that the upper warp is located above the upper weft, the mark ○ indicates that the lower warp is located below the lower weft, and the mark の indicates that the auxiliary weft is the upper weft. It indicates that the auxiliary weft is located on the upper side, and □ indicates that the auxiliary weft is located on the lower side of the lower warp. A blank portion indicates that the auxiliary weft passes between the upper warp and the lower warp, and indicates that the upper weft is above the upper warp and that the lower weft is below the lower warp. The warp and the weft on the upper surface side and the lower surface side are arranged so as to be vertically overlapped. In this embodiment, since the number density is the same, the lower surface side warp and the weft are arranged immediately below the upper surface side warp and the weft. In the design diagram, the yarns are precisely overlapped vertically and the upper surface side warp and the lower surface side warp and weft are arranged immediately below the weft, but this is for the convenience of the drawing. However, in actual fabrics, they may be slightly shifted. actually,
In order to improve the adhesion between the upper fabric and the lower fabric to improve rigidity and reduce the net thickness, the structure of the binding yarn is asymmetric, that is, the inclination angle from the upper side of the upper warp to the lower side of the lower warp. May be made different on the left and right to deliberately shift the overlap.

Example 1 FIG. 1 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 1 of the present invention. In the design drawing of FIG. 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, and 10 are warps, and upper and lower warps are arranged vertically. 3 ', 6', 9 ', 12', 1
5 ', 18, 21', 24 ', 27', 30 'are wefts, and upper and lower wefts are arranged vertically.
1 ', 2', 4 ', 5', 7 ', 8', 10 ', 1
1 ', 13', 14 ', 16', 17 ', 19', 2
0 ', 22', 23 ', 25', 26 ', 28', 2
9 'is an auxiliary weft, 1' and 2 ', 4' and 5 ', 7'
And 8 ', 10' and 11 ', 13' and 14 ', 16' and 1
7 ', 19' and 20 ', 22' and 23 ', 25' and 2
6 ', 28' and 29 'each form a set. According to the design drawing, the present example shows that
It turns out that it is a 0-shaft woven fabric. However, the upper layer fabric and the lower layer fabric themselves are 5-shaft fabrics, each of which has two complete structures arranged vertically and horizontally in total of four. Details will be described later. The auxiliary wefts are arranged in pairs between all of the upper wefts.

Looking first at the upper fabric, the upper warp 1 passes under the upper wefts 3 ', 6', then over the upper wefts 9 ', 12' and then under the upper weft 15 '. And then under the upper weft 18 ', 21', then above the upper weft 24 ', 27' and then under the upper weft 30 '. Since the design of the upper warp 1 repeats this, after passing under the upper weft 30 ', it passes under the upper weft 3', 6 'of the next complete design following the upper side. Therefore, it can be said that the design of the upper warp 1 is a continuation of the design passing above the two consecutive upper wefts and then passing below the three consecutive upper wefts. Then, on the design, this upper layer warp 1 is shifted upward by three threads, and the upper layer warps 2, 3,.
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 to form a complete tissue. The upper weft 3 ′ passes above the upper warp 1, then below the upper warp 2, then above the upper warp 3, 4, then below the upper warp 5,
It passes over the upper warp 6, then under the upper warp 7, then over the upper warp 8, 9 and then under the upper warp 10. Since the design of the upper layer weft 3 'is repeated, after passing under the upper layer warp 10, it passes above the upper layer warp 1 of the next complete design following the right side. Thus, the design of the upper weft 3 'passes over one upper warp, then under one upper warp, then over two upper warps and then one upper warp. It can be seen that the repetition of the structure passing through the lower side is repeated twice in the design drawing. Further, it can be seen that the upper warps 1 and 6, 2 and 7, 3 and 8, 4 and 9, 5 and 10 have the same structure, and the structure of the upper warp 1 to 5 and the structure of the lower warp 6 to 10 are It turns out that they are the same. That is, the upper layer fabric of the design drawing is formed by arranging two identical perfect structures side by side. The upper fabric is a 5-shaft fabric when viewed from the upper fabric alone. The upper fabric is formed as described above, and a crimp for two upper wefts of an upper warp and a crimp for two upper warps of the upper weft and one knuckle are formed on the upper surface side. ing. The crimp of two upper wefts of the upper warp and the crimp of two upper warps of the upper weft form the same plane of the papermaking surface, and provide a smooth papermaking surface.
The knuckle for one upper warp of the upper weft cannot be formed in the same plane because it is slightly lower than the two crimps, so that it cannot be formed on the same plane. However, it sufficiently contributes to the improvement of the fiber support of the weft. Also, the rigidity can be improved. Further, in this embodiment, as can be seen from the design drawing, there is no portion where the crimp portion of the upper layer warp is adjacent between the adjacent warps. For example, the crimp of the upper warp 1 is the upper weft 9 ', 1
2 ', the crimp of the upper warp 2 is formed of the upper wefts 3', 6 'and is not adjacent to each other, so that the grooves in the warp direction between the upper warps are cut off by the weft. Thus, the fiber support of the upper weft is particularly good.

Turning now to the auxiliary weft, for example, the auxiliary weft 25 'is disposed above the upper warps 2, 3, 4, 5.
The auxiliary weft 26 ', which forms a crimp for four upper warps, and which forms a pair with the auxiliary weft 25', is arranged above the upper warps 7, 8, 9, and 10, and the four upper warps are provided. Forming a crimp for a minute. Then, the auxiliary wefts 25 'and 26' forming a set cooperate to form a design substantially equivalent to one auxiliary weft in which crimps for four upper warps are formed every other upper warp. . That is, the auxiliary weft 2
Upper warp yarns 1 and 6 where 5 'and 26' form the same plane.
Between the crimps of the two upper warps spanning the upper wefts 24 ', 27'.
5 and 7, 8, 9, and 10 to fill the recess. Therefore, the auxiliary weft forms the same plane with the upper warp and the weft of the upper fabric, and the smoothness of the papermaking surface,
The fiber support is further improved. If the auxiliary weft is arranged above the crimp of the upper warp 1, the auxiliary weft projects and the same plane cannot be obtained. In addition, at the position where the upper warp does not form the crimp, it is possible to arrange the auxiliary weft below the lower warp without forming the crimp, but in this portion, there is a dent that does not exhibit the fiber supporting function. For this reason, it is preferable to form a crimp. However, if the crimped portion of the auxiliary weft is too long, it is preferable to form a portion disposed on the lower side and weave it and hold it firmly so that the auxiliary weft does not move. The auxiliary weft 25 'passes under the lower warps 8, 9 and the auxiliary weft 26' passes under the lower warps 3, 4, thereby connecting the upper fabric and the lower fabric. It is working.
In addition, the auxiliary wefts 25 'and 26' together form a crimp passing above the four upper warps and passing under the two lower warps, and are offset by five warps from each other. It turns out that it is a weft. In addition, auxiliary weft 2
Substantially one auxiliary weft structure on the upper surface side formed by the cooperation of 5 'and 26' is a structure that forms crimps for four upper warps every other upper warp. Upper layer warp 5
It can be seen that the repeating unit is formed by the main unit, and the length of the repeating unit is the same as the repeating unit of the upper fabric. Therefore, since the individual auxiliary wefts are drawn in with the same force for each repetition unit of the upper fabric, the upper surface is drawn for each minimum unit under the same conditions, and the entire upper surface can be formed uniformly and smoothly.

Looking at the lower fabric, it can be seen that the lower weft is a weft abrasion type in which a crimp for four lower warps is formed on the lower surface side. For example, the lower weft 3 'is woven from below by lower warps 1 and 6, and the lower warp 2,
Three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten crimps, respectively, are formed. In addition, it can be seen that the lower fabric is also formed by arranging two identical complete structures of five shafts vertically and horizontally in a total of four like the upper fabric. The lower layer fabric is not limited to the weft wear type, but it is desirable to adopt a weft wear type structure from the viewpoint of wear resistance as described above. Also, from the plan view shown in FIG. 2, the upper warp 1 forms a crimp for two upper wefts, and the upper wefts 24 'and 27' each form a crimp for two upper warps and one knuckle. And auxiliary wefts 25 ', 26'
Is disposed above the upper warp between the crimp of the upper warp 1 and the crimp of the upper warp 6, forming a crimp for four upper warps as if formed by one auxiliary weft. It can be clearly understood that the upper surface having good supportability is formed. From the cross-sectional view along the weft shown in FIG. 3, the auxiliary wefts 25 'and 26' alternately appear on the upper surface, and form the same plane on the upper surface together with the upper warps 1, 6 and the upper weft 27 '. On the other hand, when it goes down to the lower surface side, it can be understood that the upper fabric and the lower fabric are connected under the two lower warps and function as binding yarns. Further, it can be clearly understood that the lower layer weft 27 'forms a crimp on the lower layer side to protect the lower layer warp from abrasion.

Example 2 FIG. 4 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 2 of the present invention. In the present embodiment, the structure of the upper layer fabric, the structure of the lower layer fabric, and the arrangement of the auxiliary wefts are the same as those in the first embodiment. The relationship between the yarn and the sign is the same, only the structure of the auxiliary weft is different.
In the first embodiment, one auxiliary weft forms a crimp on the papermaking side for four upper warps, whereas in this embodiment, two auxiliary wefts are combined to form an upper warp 4 on the papermaking side.
The crimp was formed. For example, consider a set of auxiliary wefts 25 ', 26'. The auxiliary weft 25 'is arranged above the upper warp yarns 4, 5, 7 and 8, passes under the crimp spanning the upper warp yarns 24' and 27 'of the upper warp yarn 6, and has two upper warp yarns on both sides thereof. Forming a crimp for a minute. The auxiliary weft 26 'is disposed above the upper warps 2, 3, 9 and 10, and passes under the crimp spanning the upper wefts 24' and 27 'of the upper warp 1.
On both sides thereof, crimps for two upper warps, that is, crimps passing over the upper warps 9 and 10 and the upper warps 9 and 10 of the complete structure following the left side are formed. And the auxiliary weft 2
6 ′ Crimp and auxiliary weft 2 spanning upper warp 2 and 3
The crimps extending over the upper warps 4 and 5 'cooperate to form four upper crimps between the crimps of the upper warps 1 and 6 and the crimps extending over the upper warps 7 and 8 of the auxiliary weft 25'. And the crimps spanning the upper warps 9 and 10 of the auxiliary weft 26 'cooperate to form a crimp of four upper warps between the crimp of the upper warp 6 and the crimp of the upper warp 1 having the complete structure following right. It is. By forming a substantially continuous long crimp with a plurality of auxiliary wefts in this way, the length of one crimp formed by one auxiliary weft can be shortened, and the adhesion, rigidity, and the like of the auxiliary weft can be improved. There are advantages. This is particularly effective when the crimp is too long and the portions that do not contribute to the formation of the same plane at both ends of the crimp become large. The portions that do not contribute to the formation of the same plane at both ends of the crimp are recesses formed in a portion where the auxiliary weft goes from the lower side to the upper side of the upper warp, and the recesses become larger as the length of the crimp becomes longer. . By the way, unlike the case of this embodiment, the first embodiment in which the crimps of four continuous auxiliary wefts are formed by one auxiliary weft, the individual auxiliary wefts forming the set intersect each other. The portion is not the same mesh (between the same warps) but is spaced by one warp, and the portion that does not appear on the papermaking side at the bottom of the crimp of the upper warp appears on the papermaking side and is crimped Are slightly crossed with each other and are easily located at the center between the upper wefts, and one auxiliary weft is arranged at substantially the center between the upper wefts. Therefore, there is an advantage that a uniform fiber support and a water space can be obtained. Either the pattern of the first embodiment or the pattern of the second embodiment can be freely selected according to the characteristics required for the papermaking fabric.

Example 3 FIG. 5 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 3 of the present invention. In the present embodiment, the design of the auxiliary weft of the second embodiment is slightly modified. In the second embodiment, the auxiliary weft passes under the upper warp and forms crimps for two upper warps on both sides. In this embodiment, the auxiliary weft is located below the upper warp. Side, one of the upper warp 2
The crimps are formed for the main layer, and the crimps for three upper-layer warps are formed on the other side. For example, auxiliary weft 2
Let's look at the pair 5 ', 26'. The auxiliary weft 25 'is arranged above the upper warp 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and passes under the crimp spanning the upper weft 24', 27 'of the upper warp 6, and on the left side of the upper warp. Two crimps are formed, and a crimp for three upper warps is formed on the right side. In addition, the auxiliary weft 26 'is composed of upper warp yarns 2, 3, 8, 9,
10 and the upper weft 2 of the upper warp 1
A crimp of two upper warps is formed on the right side of the lower crimp spanning 4 'and 27', and a crimp of three upper warps is formed on the left side, that is, the upper warp 8 of the complete design following the left side. It forms a crimp that passes over 9,10. With the above configuration, the auxiliary weft can be prevented from being unevenly distributed by setting the crossing position of the auxiliary weft substantially at the center between the upper wefts.

Example 4 FIG. 6 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 4 of the present invention. 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
Reference numerals 7 and 8 denote warps, and upper and lower warps are arranged vertically. 3 ', 6', 9 ', 12', 15 ', 1
8 ', 21' and 24 'are wefts, and upper and lower wefts are arranged vertically. 1 ', 2', 4 ', 5',
7 ', 8', 10 ', 11', 13 ', 14', 1
6 ', 17', 19 ', 20', 22 ', 23' are auxiliary wefts, 1 'and 2', 4 'and 5', 7 'and 8',
10 'and 11', 13 'and 14', 16 'and 17', 1
9 'and 20' and 22 'and 23' respectively form a set. It can be seen from the design diagram that this embodiment is a 16-shaft woven fabric including the upper woven fabric and the lower woven fabric. However, the upper-layer fabric and the lower-layer fabric themselves are 4-shaft fabrics, each having two complete structures arranged vertically and horizontally, that is, a total of four fabrics.

First, when looking at the upper layer fabric, the upper layer warp 1 passes below the upper layer weft 3 'and then the upper layer wefts 6', 9 '.
, Then under the upper wefts 12 ', 15', then above the upper wefts 18 ', 21' and then under the upper wefts 24 '. Since the structure of the upper warp 1 repeats this, the upper weft 24 '
After passing the lower side, the upper weft 3 'of the complete structure following the upper side
It passes underneath. Therefore, the design of the upper layer warp 1 is such that two successive upper layer wefts, for example, the upper layer weft 6 ',
This is a repetition of a structure in which two upper wefts continuous after passing over the upper side of the 9 ', for example, the lower side of the upper wefts 12' and 15 ', and two such repeating units are formed in the design drawing. You can see that it is. Then, on the design, the crossing position of the upper layer warp 1 with the weft is shifted upward by one upper layer weft and sequentially arranged with the upper layer warps 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to form a complete design. You do it. Further, the design of the upper weft is a repetition of a design that passes under the two upper warps and then passes under the two upper warps, and two such repeating units are formed in the design drawing. You can see that it is.
For example, the upper weft 3 'passes above the upper warps 1 and 2,
It then passes under the upper warps 3, 4, then over the upper warps 5, 6 and then under the upper warps 7, 8. Then, the position of the intersection of the upper weft 3 'with the warp is shifted to the right by one upper warp so that the upper weft 6',
9 ', 12', 15 ', 18', 21 ', 24' are arranged. The upper fabric is a four-shaft fabric when viewed from the upper fabric alone. In the design diagram, two complete structures of the four shafts are arranged vertically and horizontally, that is, four in total. The upper fabric is formed as described above, and a crimp for two upper warps of the upper warp and a crimp for two upper warps of the upper weft are formed on the papermaking side. The crimps for the two upper wefts of the upper warp and the crimps for the two upper warps of the upper weft form the same plane of the papermaking surface to provide a smooth papermaking surface. Other than this, no crimp is formed, and all crimps are involved in forming the same plane, which is an embodiment having good smoothness.

Turning now to the auxiliary weft, for example, the auxiliary weft 19 'is disposed above the upper warps 2, 3, and 4, forming crimps for three upper warps, and the auxiliary weft 19' The auxiliary weft 20 'forming a pair is disposed above the upper warps 6, 7, 8 and forms a crimp for three upper warps. Also, the auxiliary weft 1 forming a set
It can be seen that 9 'and 20' cooperate to form a crimp of three upper warp yarns every other upper warp yarn, which substantially forms the structure of one auxiliary weft yarn. In addition, auxiliary weft 1
Upper warp yarns 1 and 5 where 9 'and 20' form the same plane.
Are arranged on the concave upper warp yarns 2, 3, 4 and 6, 7, 8 in between the crimps of two upper weft yarns straddling the upper weft yarns 18 ', 21' to fill the dents You can see that. Therefore, the auxiliary weft is the upper warp of the upper fabric,
By forming the same plane with the weft, the smoothness and the fiber support of the papermaking surface are further improved. If the auxiliary weft is arranged above the crimp of the upper warp 1, the auxiliary weft will protrude and the same plane cannot be obtained. The auxiliary weft 19 'passes under the lower warp 8 and the auxiliary weft 20' passes under the lower warp 4, thereby connecting the upper fabric and the lower fabric, and functions as a binding yarn. It is. In addition, a crimp is formed through the upper side of the three upper warps together with the auxiliary wefts 19 'and 20', passes under the two lower warps, and is shifted by four warps from each other. It turns out that it is an auxiliary weft. Further, the auxiliary weft structure on the papermaking side formed by the cooperation of the auxiliary wefts 19 'and 20' is such that the crimp of three upper warps is added to the upper warp 1
This is a structure formed every other book, in which the repeating unit is formed by four upper layer warps, and it can be seen that the length of the repeating unit is the same as the repeating unit of the upper layer fabric. Therefore, since the individual auxiliary wefts are drawn in with the same force for each repetition unit of the upper fabric, the papermaking surface is drawn in for each minimum unit under the same conditions, and the entire papermaking surface can be formed uniformly and smoothly.

Looking at the lower fabric, it can be seen that the lower weft is of a weft abrasion type in which a crimp of three lower warps is formed on the running surface side. For example, the lower weft 3 'is woven from below by the lower warps 1 and 5, and the lower warp 2,
3, 4 and 6, 7 and 8 each form three crimps. In addition, it can be seen that the lower fabric is also formed by arranging the same complete structure of four shafts in two rows and four in total in the same manner as the upper fabric.

Conventional Example FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional two-layer papermaking woven fabric along a weft having a complete structure. The upper fabric is formed in a plain weave structure.
Due to the binding yarn 1 ′, only the upper layer warp 1 is drawn into the running surface side to form a recess 31. Since the plain weave design forms a complete design with two warps, the binding yarn draws in all upper warp yarns at the same position on the structure for each repetition unit. In each of the conventional examples, the binding yarns 1 ′ do not intersect at the upper warp yarns 3 and 5 and are pulled in every complete structure. Absent. In the conventional example, it is not impossible to cross the binding yarns 1 ′ at the upper warp yarns 3 and 5, but the intersection between the upper warp yarn and the lower warp yarn is not possible. It is very difficult to weave, for example, the inclination between them becomes too steep and the binding yarn is cut.
In addition, since the portion where the binding yarn intersects with the lower warp necessarily increases, the lower warp weaves the lower weft from the lower side and the lower warp 1 which is located closest to the running surface also binds. The yarn crosses on the lower side, and the binding yarn wears and cuts before the lower warp begins to wear, causing the separation of the upper and lower fabrics, resulting in a longer life. But there is a problem.

Comparative Test Next, the effect of the present invention will be described with reference to a comparative test between the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 1 and the conventional example shown in FIG. Table 1 shows the fabric composition and test results.

[0035]

[Table 1]

(Note) Sheet smoothness: A raw material pulp containing a medium paper was used, and the basis weight was 70 g / m ² with a Tappi standard sheet test machine.
A considerable amount of paper sheet was formed, a smooth sheet was prepared according to a conventional method, and the smoothness of the paper in contact with the fabric surface was measured with a Beck smoothness meter. Wire mark: Judged visually. In the conventional example, the paper in the recessed portion due to the binding yarn becomes thick, and this thick portion appears as an oblique continuous black line. Such marks are not visible in the embodiment. Bonding strength: A sample having a width of 40 mm and a length of 300 mm is prepared, and only a binding yarn is cut with a cutter so that a portion of about 80 mm in the length direction is separated from the upper fabric and the lower fabric. Then, the separated portions of the upper fabric and the lower fabric alone are attached to the chuck of the tensile tester, a load is applied, and the average strength when the unseparated portion is separated is measured. It was converted to per hit. In Examples, the bonding strength was so high that the upper fabric was broken, and measurement was impossible. PET: Polyethylene terephthalate monofilament PA: Polyamide monofilament

[0037]

As described above, the industrial two-layer fabric of the present invention has a structure in which the upper layer and the lower layer are formed by using different warps and wefts, respectively, and the fabric of both layers is integrated. No dents occur on the surface of the upper layer fabric, warp, weft and auxiliary wefts form the same plane and the papermaking surface is smooth, and the weft and auxiliary wefts have very good fiber supportability and no wire marks. In addition, the present invention has an excellent effect that it can produce a simple paper, has a strong binding force, has good retention, and can cope with a high papermaking speed.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 1 of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a partial plan view of the embodiment shown in FIG.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the weft of the embodiment shown in FIG.

FIG. 4 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 2 of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 3 of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a design diagram showing a complete structure of Example 4 of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a sectional view along a weft showing a conventional example.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 warp 2 warp 3 warp 4 warp 5 warp 6 warp 7 warp 8 warp 9 warp 10 warp 3 'weft 6' weft 9 'weft 12' weft 15 'weft 18' weft 21 'weft 30' weft 24 'weft 1 'auxiliary weft 2' auxiliary weft 4 'auxiliary weft 5' auxiliary weft 7 'auxiliary weft 8' auxiliary weft 10 'auxiliary weft 11' auxiliary weft 13 'auxiliary weft 14' auxiliary weft 16 'auxiliary weft 17' auxiliary weft 19 ' Auxiliary weft 20 'Auxiliary weft 22' Auxiliary weft 23 'Auxiliary weft 25' Auxiliary weft 26 'Auxiliary weft 28' Auxiliary weft 29 'Auxiliary weft 31 dent

Claims (8)

[Claims] 1. An industrial two-layer fabric comprising: (A) an upper fabric comprising an upper warp, an upper weft, and an auxiliary weft disposed between the upper wefts; and a lower fabric comprising a lower warp and a lower weft. B) The upper layer warp passes over the two continuous upper layer wefts to form a crimp of two upper layer wefts on the papermaking surface side, and (C) a plurality of auxiliary wefts form a set. The auxiliary wefts forming the set are arranged alternately on the upper surface, and are disposed above the upper warp between the crimps of the two upper wefts of the upper warp, and in the portions not appearing on the upper surface side, An industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on an upper fabric, wherein the lower fabric is interwoven with a lower warp to connect the upper fabric and the lower fabric. 2. The industrial two-layer fabric according to claim 1, wherein the upper warp forms only crimps for two upper wefts on the upper surface side. 3. The upper woven fabric according to claim 1, wherein an auxiliary weft is arranged above the upper warp in a portion other than the portion where the upper weft is formed by crimping two upper wefts. Industrial two-layer fabric with wefts arranged. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the individual auxiliary wefts forming the set cooperate to form a structure of substantially one auxiliary weft on the upper surface side. Industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are arranged on the upper fabric. 5. The upper woven fabric according to claim 1, wherein the individual auxiliary wefts forming the set are auxiliary wefts of the same structure which are arranged so as to be shifted from each other by several warps. Industrial two-layer fabric with auxiliary wefts. 6. The auxiliary weft forming two sets of auxiliary wefts, wherein the repeating unit of each auxiliary weft forming the set is twice the repeating unit of the upper weft, and two auxiliary wefts are formed. The weft cooperates to form an upper weft repeat unit 2 on the upper surface side
An industrial two-layer fabric in which auxiliary wefts are disposed on the upper fabric according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which forms a texture having a length of one piece. 7. An upper-layer woven fabric is formed by arranging three upper-layer wefts which pass over two consecutive upper-layer wefts and then pass under three consecutive upper-layer wefts, sequentially shifting by three upper-layer wefts. An industrial two-layer fabric comprising the upper fabric according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein auxiliary wefts are arranged on the five-shaft fabric. 8. The upper layer fabric is formed by sequentially arranging upper layer warps passing over two consecutive upper layer wefts and then passing under two consecutive upper layer wefts by one upper layer weft. 4
The woven fabric of a shaft according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
Industrial 2 in which auxiliary wefts are arranged in the upper fabric described in the paragraph
Layer fabric.