JPH10324986A - Alkaline molten salt bath for descaling high-chromium stainless steel - Google Patents
Alkaline molten salt bath for descaling high-chromium stainless steelInfo
- Publication number
- JPH10324986A JPH10324986A JP13526597A JP13526597A JPH10324986A JP H10324986 A JPH10324986 A JP H10324986A JP 13526597 A JP13526597 A JP 13526597A JP 13526597 A JP13526597 A JP 13526597A JP H10324986 A JPH10324986 A JP H10324986A
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- Prior art keywords
- molten salt
- stainless steel
- salt bath
- nitrate
- descaling
- Prior art date
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- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、高Crステンレス
鋼の表面に生成した酸化物(以下スケールと記す)を除
去するのに用いるアルカリ溶融塩浴に関する。The present invention relates to an alkali molten salt bath used for removing oxides (hereinafter referred to as scale) formed on the surface of high Cr stainless steel.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】ステンレス鋼板の製造工程に、焼鈍後の
鋼帯を機械的にあるいいは科学的に脱スケールする工程
がある。冷間圧延後の板厚が0.4〜2mm程度の薄い
鋼帯を焼鈍した場合には、ショットブラスト等の機械的
な脱スケール方法を適用すると、表面が非常に凹凸の大
きいものになる。2. Description of the Related Art In a process of manufacturing a stainless steel sheet, there is a step of mechanically or scientifically descaling a steel strip after annealing. When a thin steel strip having a thickness of about 0.4 to 2 mm after cold rolling is annealed, the surface becomes very uneven when a mechanical descaling method such as shot blasting is applied.
【0003】ステンレス鋼のスケールは酸化クロム(C
r2O3 )を主成分とし、化学的に安定で、緻密な構造を
有するため、酸洗のみでは脱スケールすることができな
い。したがって、ステンレス鋼にはアルカリ溶融塩浸漬
法のような化学的脱スケール方法が適用される。The scale of stainless steel is chromium oxide (C
Since r 2 O 3 ) is the main component and has a chemically stable and dense structure, descaling cannot be performed only by pickling. Therefore, a chemical descaling method such as an alkali molten salt immersion method is applied to stainless steel.
【0004】アルカリ溶融塩は、水酸化ナトリウムや硝
酸ナトリウム等を主成分とするもので、古くは米国コー
リン社の特許(特公昭45−18001号公報)等が知
られている。溶融塩の脱スケール作用は以下の通りであ
る。[0004] The alkali molten salt is mainly composed of sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate and the like, and has been known for a long time, such as a patent by Colin Corporation of the United States (JP-B-45-18001). The descaling action of the molten salt is as follows.
【0005】焼鈍後のステンレス鋼板をアルカリ溶融塩
に浸漬すると、下記(1)、(2)式で示されるように
スケール中の酸化クロム(Cr2O3 )がアルカリ溶融塩
(通常480℃程度)中の水酸化ナトリウムや硝酸ナト
リウムと反応して水溶性のクロム酸ナトリウム(Na2C
r O4 )となるので、これを水洗して除去すれば、スケ
ールの緻密さは失われ、鉄を主成分とする酸洗の容易な
ものに変化する。When the annealed stainless steel sheet is immersed in an alkali molten salt, the chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) in the scale is converted into an alkali molten salt (usually about 480 ° C.) as shown by the following equations (1) and (2). ) Reacts with sodium hydroxide or sodium nitrate in water-soluble sodium chromate (Na 2 C
r O 4 ), and if it is removed by washing with water, the denseness of the scale is lost and it changes to an easily pickled material containing iron as a main component.
【0006】 Cr2O3 +2Na OH→2Na Cr O2 +H2 O (1) 2Na Cr O2 +3Na NO3 +2Na OH →2Na2Cr O4 +3Na NO2 +H2 O (2) アルカリ溶融塩の成分としてはNaOHおよびNaNO
3 が主要成分となっており、実際にはこの外に塩化物な
どの塩類を少量添加したものなども使用されている。ま
た、アルカリ溶融塩浴中には、通常、空気中の炭酸ガス
を吸収してできた炭酸塩が少量含まれる。Cr 2 O 3 + 2Na OH → 2Na CrO 2 + H 2 O (1) 2Na CrO 2 + 3Na NO 3 + 2Na OH → 2Na 2 CrO 4 + 3Na NO 2 + H 2 O (2) As a component of the alkali molten salt Is NaOH and NaNO
3 is a main component, and in fact, a mixture of a small amount of salts such as chlorides is also used. In addition, the alkali molten salt bath usually contains a small amount of carbonate formed by absorbing carbon dioxide in the air.
【0007】アルカリ溶融塩浴のNaNO3 濃度に関し
て、例えば米国特許No.2458661号公報には重
量%で、22.2〜38.5%の硝酸塩を含むアルカリ
溶融塩(硝酸塩:水酸化物:塩化物の重量比が1.0:
1.5〜3.0:0.1〜0.5)が開示されている。Regarding the NaNO 3 concentration of the alkali molten salt bath, for example, US Pat. No. 2,458,661 discloses an alkali molten salt containing 22.2 to 38.5% by weight of nitrate (by weight: nitrate: hydroxide: chloride having a weight ratio of 1.0:
1.5-3.0: 0.1-0.5).
【0008】また、特公昭45−18001号公報に
は、重量%で硝酸ナトリウム9〜15%、塩化ナトリウ
ム5〜15%、水酸化カリウム8〜20%、水酸化ナト
リウム50〜78%のアルカリ溶融塩浴が示されてい
る。Japanese Patent Publication No. 45-18001 discloses an alkali melting of 9 to 15% of sodium nitrate, 5 to 15% of sodium chloride, 8 to 20% of potassium hydroxide and 50 to 78% of sodium hydroxide by weight. A salt bath is shown.
【0009】特公昭60−53755号公報には、同じ
く重量%で硝酸ナトリウム10〜40%、水酸化カリウ
ム5〜20%、残部水酸化ナトリウムのアルカリ溶融塩
浴が開示されている。Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-53755 discloses an alkali molten salt bath of 10 to 40% of sodium nitrate, 5 to 20% of potassium hydroxide and the balance of sodium hydroxide by weight.
【0010】ステンレス鋼は一般にCrを11%以上含
有する鋼であり、最も多く使用されるのが18%Cr−
8%Niオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼である。最近で
は、ステンレス鋼板を裸のままで使用する屋根材として
の需要が多くなっており、この用途にはCrを20〜3
0%含有する高Crフェライト系ステンレス鋼が多く用
いられる。[0010] Stainless steel is generally a steel containing 11% or more of Cr, and most often used is 18% Cr-.
8% Ni austenitic stainless steel. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for a roofing material in which a stainless steel plate is used in a bare state.
High Cr ferritic stainless steel containing 0% is often used.
【0011】このような高Crのフェライト系ステンレ
スの鋼帯やフェライト−オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼
帯をアルカリ溶融塩浴で脱スケール処理をおこなうと、
光沢むらが発生するという問題がある。光沢むらのある
ステンレス鋼帯は、上記屋根材等の美観が要求される用
途には使用できない。When descaling such a high Cr ferritic stainless steel strip or a ferrite-austenite stainless steel strip in an alkali molten salt bath,
There is a problem that uneven gloss occurs. A stainless steel strip having uneven gloss cannot be used for applications requiring aesthetic appearance such as the roofing material.
【0012】[0012]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明が解決しようと
する課題は、Crを19%以上含む高Crステンレス鋼
帯をアルカリ溶融塩浸漬法により脱スケールしても、光
沢むらが発生しないアルカリ溶融塩浴を提供することで
ある。The problem to be solved by the present invention is that a high Cr stainless steel strip containing Cr of 19% or more is descaled by an alkali molten salt immersion method so as to prevent the occurrence of gloss unevenness. It is to provide a salt bath.
【0013】[0013]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明者は、高Crステ
ンレス鋼板を溶融塩浴に浸漬して脱スケールをおこなう
と鋼板表面に生じる光沢ムラの発生原因を調査し、その
対策について鋭意、実験検討を重ねた結果、次のような
知見を得るに至った。Means for Solving the Problems The present inventor investigated the cause of the occurrence of uneven gloss on the surface of a high Cr stainless steel plate when descaling was performed by immersing the plate in a molten salt bath. As a result of repeated studies, the following findings were obtained.
【0014】1)ステンレス鋼帯をアルカリ溶融塩浸漬
法により脱スケールすると、Cr含有率が19%未満で
は光沢むらは、ほとんど発生しないが、19%以上にな
ると光沢むらが顕著に発生する。1) When the stainless steel strip is descaled by the alkali molten salt immersion method, unevenness in gloss hardly occurs when the Cr content is less than 19%, but unevenness occurs significantly when the Cr content is 19% or more.
【0015】2)光沢むらの発生する原因は、脱スケー
ル時にスケール直下の金属(母材)が不均一に溶融塩に
より侵食されるためである。2) The cause of uneven gloss is that the metal (base material) immediately below the scale is unevenly eroded by the molten salt during descaling.
【0016】3)不均一侵食を防止するには、アルカリ
溶融塩浴の硝酸塩の含有率を硝酸ナトリウムに換算して
1〜8%とすればよい。3) In order to prevent nonuniform erosion, the content of nitrate in the alkali molten salt bath may be 1 to 8% in terms of sodium nitrate.
【0017】本発明は、このような知見に基づきなされ
たもので、その要旨は、「硝酸塩含有率が硝酸ナトリウ
ムに換算して、1〜8重量%であることを特徴とする重
量%でCrを19%以上含有するステンレス鋼の脱スケ
ール用アルカリ溶融塩浴」にある。The present invention has been made on the basis of such knowledge, and the gist of the invention is that "the content of nitrate is 1 to 8% by weight in terms of sodium nitrate, Of an alkaline molten salt bath for descaling stainless steel containing at least 19%.
【0018】[0018]
【発明の実施の形態】本発明のアルカリ溶融塩浴は、硝
酸塩含有率が硝酸ナトリウムに換算して、1〜8重量%
であり、その理由は以下の通りである。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The alkali molten salt bath of the present invention has a nitrate content of 1 to 8% by weight in terms of sodium nitrate.
The reason is as follows.
【0019】1%未満では、アルカリ溶融塩浴の酸化力
が弱くなり脱スケールが充分できなくなる。一方8%を
超えると、逆に酸化力が強くなり過ぎ母材が浸食され光
沢むらが発生する。したがって、アルカリ溶融塩浴の硝
酸塩含有率を硝酸ナトリウムに換算して、1〜8%とし
た。If it is less than 1%, the oxidizing power of the alkali molten salt bath becomes weak, and descaling cannot be sufficiently performed. On the other hand, if it exceeds 8%, on the contrary, the oxidizing power becomes too strong, the base material is eroded, and uneven gloss occurs. Therefore, the nitrate content of the alkali molten salt bath was converted to sodium nitrate to 1 to 8%.
【0020】本発明のアルカリ溶融塩浴は、硝酸塩の含
有率が硝酸ナトリウムに換算して1〜8%と従来のアル
カリ溶融塩浴に比べて低いのが特徴である。The alkali molten salt bath of the present invention is characterized in that the content of nitrate is 1 to 8% in terms of sodium nitrate, which is lower than that of a conventional alkali molten salt bath.
【0021】アルカリ溶融塩の酸化力は、硝酸塩の濃度
で決まり、この濃度が高いほど酸化力が強くなる。The oxidizing power of the alkali molten salt is determined by the concentration of the nitrate, and the higher the concentration, the stronger the oxidizing power.
【0022】従来のアルカリ溶融塩のように硝酸塩を1
0〜40%含有する場合には、酸化力が強いため酸化ス
ケールの溶解速度は速くなるが、反面Cr含有量が19
以上のステンレス鋼になると、スケール直下の地金まで
も不均一に侵食されるのである。これは高Crステンレ
ス鋼は、16〜18%の比較的低いCr含有率のステン
レス鋼に比べて化学的に活性が強いためと推測される。
また、高Crステンレス鋼の酸化スケールはCrの濃度
が高いので、アルカリ溶融塩の酸化力はそれほど強い必
要はなく、硝酸ナトリウム濃度が1〜8%で脱スケール
は充分可能である。そして、酸化力を弱めることにより
高Crステンレス鋼の母材の不均一侵食が防止され、光
沢ムラが解消するのである。好ましくは、硝酸ナトリウ
ムに換算して2〜6%である。As in the conventional alkali molten salt, the nitrate
When the content is 0 to 40%, the dissolution rate of the oxide scale is increased due to the strong oxidizing power, but the Cr content is 19%.
In the case of the above stainless steel, even the metal immediately below the scale is eroded unevenly. This is presumably because high Cr stainless steel is chemically stronger than stainless steel having a relatively low Cr content of 16 to 18%.
Further, since the oxidized scale of high Cr stainless steel has a high Cr concentration, the oxidizing power of the alkali molten salt does not need to be so strong, and descaling is sufficiently possible when the concentration of sodium nitrate is 1 to 8%. By reducing the oxidizing power, the non-uniform erosion of the base material of the high Cr stainless steel is prevented, and the uneven gloss is eliminated. Preferably, it is 2 to 6% in terms of sodium nitrate.
【0023】本発明の溶融塩浴は、上記のような理由に
より、Crを19%以上含有するステンレスを対象とす
る。ステンレスでCr含有が最も多い場合で30%程度
であるが、そのようなステンレスでも本発明の溶融塩浴
は効果を発揮する。The molten salt bath of the present invention is intended for a stainless steel containing 19% or more of Cr for the above reasons. When the content of Cr is the highest in stainless steel, it is about 30%, but even with such stainless steel, the molten salt bath of the present invention is effective.
【0024】本発明のアルカリ溶融塩浴の硝酸塩以外の
成分は、溶融塩の酸化力には直接影響を及ぼさないの
で、特に限定するものでなく従来と同様の成分でよい。
より具体的には、水酸化ナトリウムを85〜90%、硝
酸ナトリウムや硝酸カリウム等の硝酸塩が硝酸ナトリウ
ムに換算して1〜8%、必要により9〜13%の水酸化
カリウムや6%以下の塩化ナトリウムを含むアルカリ溶
融塩浴でよい。The components other than the nitrate in the alkali molten salt bath of the present invention do not directly affect the oxidizing power of the molten salt, and are not particularly limited, and may be the same as the conventional components.
More specifically, sodium hydroxide is 85 to 90%, and nitrates such as sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate are 1 to 8% in terms of sodium nitrate. If necessary, 9 to 13% of potassium hydroxide and 6% or less of chloride are converted. An alkali molten salt bath containing sodium may be used.
【0025】本発明のアルカリ溶融塩浴の使用時の浴温
は、温度が高いほど酸化力が強くなって不均一侵食が起
きやすくなるので、500℃以下が好ましい。しかし、
450℃以下では脱スケール能力が低下すると同時に鋼
帯の連続処理における溶融塩の持ち出し量が多くなると
いう不都合が生じる。したがって、通常は450〜50
0℃が適当である。The bath temperature during use of the alkali molten salt bath of the present invention is preferably 500 ° C. or lower, because the higher the temperature, the stronger the oxidizing power and the more likely to cause uneven erosion. But,
If the temperature is 450 ° C. or lower, there is a disadvantage that the descaling ability decreases and the amount of the molten salt taken out in the continuous treatment of the steel strip increases. Therefore, usually 450-50
0 ° C. is appropriate.
【0026】また、アルカリ溶融塩へのステンレス鋼帯
の浸漬処理時間は、長いほど地金の不均一侵食が起きや
すいので、2〜10秒間で十分に脱スケールが可能であ
るのでそれ以上長くする必要はない。アルカリ溶融塩に
浸漬の後、酸洗と水洗とを施すことにより、表面が清浄
な鋼帯が得られる。The longer the immersion time of the stainless steel strip in the alkali molten salt is, the more likely it is that the non-uniform erosion of the ingot occurs more easily. No need. After being immersed in an alkali molten salt, the steel strip having a clean surface can be obtained by performing pickling and washing with water.
【0027】[0027]
【実施例】表1に示す、3種類の板厚0.5mmのステ
ンレス冷延鋼帯から、幅50mm、長さ100mmの試
験片を切り出し、電気炉で表1に示す温度で試験片を9
0秒間焼鈍した。焼鈍後、試験片を表2に示す硝酸塩濃
度の異なる5種類のアルカリ溶融塩浴に5秒間浸漬し、
試験片を水洗して付着したアルカリ溶融塩を溶解除去し
た。なお、溶融塩浴の温度は表2に示した温度とした。EXAMPLE Test pieces having a width of 50 mm and a length of 100 mm were cut out of three types of cold-rolled stainless steel strips having a thickness of 0.5 mm shown in Table 1 and the test pieces were cut in an electric furnace at the temperatures shown in Table 1.
Annealed for 0 seconds. After annealing, the test pieces were immersed for 5 seconds in five types of alkali molten salt baths having different nitrate concentrations shown in Table 2,
The test piece was washed with water to dissolve and remove the attached alkali molten salt. The temperature of the molten salt bath was the temperature shown in Table 2.
【0028】[0028]
【表1】 [Table 1]
【0029】[0029]
【表2】 [Table 2]
【0030】次いで、表面に残存するFeを主成分とす
る酸化物を60℃、30%HNO3に10分間浸漬する
ことによって除去した後、水洗、乾燥した。このように
して得られた試験片の表面の光沢ムラの程度を目視観察
で5段階に評価した。Next, the oxide mainly composed of Fe remaining on the surface was removed by immersion in 30% HNO 3 at 60 ° C. for 10 minutes, followed by washing with water and drying. The degree of gloss unevenness on the surface of the test piece thus obtained was evaluated by visual observation on a five-point scale.
【0031】また、アルカリ溶融塩浸漬処理前の試験片
重量から硝酸浸漬、水洗、乾燥後の試験片重量を差し引
いて、アルカリ溶融塩浸漬処理による溶解減量を求め
た。Further, the weight of the test piece after immersion in nitric acid, washing with water and drying was subtracted from the weight of the test piece before the immersion treatment with the alkali molten salt to determine the weight loss due to the immersion treatment with the alkali molten salt.
【0032】これらの結果を表2に示す。同表から、比
較例、記号Aのアルカリ溶融塩浴中のNaNO3 濃度が
0.5%の場合には、著しい光沢ムラが発生しているこ
とが分かる。この原因はスケール直下の地金の不均一溶
解ではなく、むしろ脱スケール不足のために生じたもの
であった。従って、この記号Aの場合はすべて溶解減量
が20g/m2 以下と非常に少ない。Table 2 shows the results. From the table, it can be seen that when the NaNO 3 concentration in the alkali molten salt bath of Comparative Example, symbol A was 0.5%, significant gloss unevenness occurred. This was not due to the inhomogeneous dissolution of the metal just below the scale, but rather due to insufficient descaling. Accordingly, in the case of the symbol A, the loss on dissolution is very small at 20 g / m 2 or less.
【0033】記号B〜Dの硝酸塩濃度がNaNO3 換算
で1〜8%の範囲にあるアルカリ溶融塩の場合には、供
試材各aおよびbには全く光沢ムラは発生せず、溶解減
量は95〜122g/m2 の範囲であった。しかし、C
r含有率が18.25%と低い供試材cには脱スケール
不足による光沢ムラがかなり発生した。In the case of alkali molten salts in which the nitrate concentrations of symbols B to D are in the range of 1 to 8% in terms of NaNO 3 , no gloss unevenness occurs in each of the test materials a and b, and the dissolution loss is reduced. It ranged 95~122g / m 2. But C
Sample material c having a low r content of 18.25% showed considerable gloss unevenness due to insufficient descaling.
【0034】記号Eのアルカリ溶融塩浴中のNaNO3
濃度が8.0%、KNO3 濃度が2.0%の場合には、
硝酸塩が硝酸ナトリウム換算値で8%を超えるため供試
材aおよびbの試験片に著しい光沢ムラが発生した。こ
の原因は、スケール直下の地金の不均一溶解によるもの
であった。また、溶解減量も250g/m2 以上と非常
に大きかった。NaNO 3 in an alkaline molten salt bath of symbol E
When the concentration is 8.0% and the KNO 3 concentration is 2.0%,
Since the amount of nitrate exceeded 8% in terms of sodium nitrate, significant gloss unevenness occurred in the test pieces a and b. This was due to uneven dissolution of the metal just below the scale. In addition, the dissolution loss was very large at 250 g / m 2 or more.
【0035】しかし、Cr含有率が低い供試材cには光
沢ムラは発生せず、溶解減量も100g/m2 程度であ
った。以上のように、ステンレス鋼のCr含有率に応じ
てアルカリ溶融塩浴中の硝酸塩濃度を調整すれば光沢ム
ラの発生しない脱スケールが可能である。However, the test material c having a low Cr content did not show uneven gloss and the loss on dissolution was about 100 g / m 2 . As described above, descaling without uneven gloss is possible by adjusting the nitrate concentration in the alkali molten salt bath according to the Cr content of the stainless steel.
【0036】[0036]
【発明の効果】本発明によって、高Crステンレス鋼板の
製造過程での光沢ムラの発生を防止することが可能とな
り、製品の表面品質向上や歩留まり向上に役立つ。According to the present invention, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of unevenness in gloss during the production process of a high Cr stainless steel sheet, which is useful for improving the surface quality and yield of products.
Claims (1)
て、1〜8重量%であることを特徴とするCrを重量%
で19%以上含有するステンレス鋼の脱スケール用アル
カリ溶融塩浴。1. The method according to claim 1, wherein the content of nitrate is from 1 to 8% by weight in terms of sodium nitrate.
Alkali molten salt bath for descaling stainless steel containing at least 19% by weight.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP13526597A JP3216571B2 (en) | 1997-05-26 | 1997-05-26 | Alkali molten salt bath for descaling high Cr stainless steel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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JP13526597A JP3216571B2 (en) | 1997-05-26 | 1997-05-26 | Alkali molten salt bath for descaling high Cr stainless steel |
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JPH10324986A true JPH10324986A (en) | 1998-12-08 |
JP3216571B2 JP3216571B2 (en) | 2001-10-09 |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20020051269A (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-06-28 | 이구택 | annealing and pickling method for uniform surface quality of high Cr ferritic stainless steel |
JP2002332582A (en) * | 2001-05-09 | 2002-11-22 | Parker Corp | Pretreatment method for descaling stainless steel |
KR100550291B1 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2006-02-08 | 주식회사 포스코 | Method for continuous annealing and pickling of high chrome ferritic stainless steel plate |
JP4694048B2 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2011-06-01 | 株式会社パーカーコーポレーション | High-speed descaling method for stainless steel |
JP2012036430A (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2012-02-23 | Parker Corp | Molten salt composition modifying oxidized scale |
CN102418110A (en) * | 2010-09-26 | 2012-04-18 | 通用电气公司 | Method for removing oxides |
KR101235749B1 (en) | 2005-12-09 | 2013-02-21 | 주식회사 포스코 | Salt for pickling treatment of cold annealed stainless steel |
-
1997
- 1997-05-26 JP JP13526597A patent/JP3216571B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20020051269A (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-06-28 | 이구택 | annealing and pickling method for uniform surface quality of high Cr ferritic stainless steel |
JP2002332582A (en) * | 2001-05-09 | 2002-11-22 | Parker Corp | Pretreatment method for descaling stainless steel |
JP4694048B2 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2011-06-01 | 株式会社パーカーコーポレーション | High-speed descaling method for stainless steel |
KR100550291B1 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2006-02-08 | 주식회사 포스코 | Method for continuous annealing and pickling of high chrome ferritic stainless steel plate |
KR101235749B1 (en) | 2005-12-09 | 2013-02-21 | 주식회사 포스코 | Salt for pickling treatment of cold annealed stainless steel |
JP2012036430A (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2012-02-23 | Parker Corp | Molten salt composition modifying oxidized scale |
CN102418110A (en) * | 2010-09-26 | 2012-04-18 | 通用电气公司 | Method for removing oxides |
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JP3216571B2 (en) | 2001-10-09 |
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