JPH09329438A - Measuring method and device for geological discontinuous plane - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a measuring method and device for a geological discontinuous plane, with which even an unskiled operator can measure easily and accurately the azimuth, inclination, and roughness of the discontinuous plane. SOLUTION: A measuring device concerned includes a measuring part 10 which is fitted with a gyroscopic sensor 12 to sense the angular velocity and an acceleration sensor 13 to sense the gravitational direction and the acceleration. The azimuths of these sensors 12, 13 in the measuring part 10 are set initially by reference to any arbitrary azimuth. The measuring part 10 is moved continuously in compliance with the surface shape of a discontinuous plane as object to be measured, and the azimuth and inclination of the discontinuous plane in the positions at which the sensors 12, 13 are moved with time lapse are subjected to a computational processing made with a control part 20, and thereby the means of the azimuth and inclination are determined.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and a method for measuring a geological discontinuity surface capable of continuously measuring the azimuth and inclination of a discontinuity surface such as a fault plane or joint surface and grasping the roughness (roughness) of the discontinuity surface Regarding the device.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art When constructing an underground power plant or an underground storage tank, in order to ensure the stability of long rock structures, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the geological discontinuities such as faults and joints in the rock. It is important to take appropriate countermeasures based on the evaluation. When investigating and evaluating discontinuities, items related to the directionality (tilt azimuth, inclination, etc.) and roughness of discontinuities are important.

As these investigation methods, methods applying image processing technology are being studied, but a measuring instrument called a "clinometer" equipped with a magnet, a weight, and a level is used and measured in the following manner. are doing. (A) The long side of the clinometer is applied to the direction of the line of intersection (strike) between the discontinuous plane and the horizontal plane, and the angle between the magnetic needle and the strike is read. (B) Align the long side of the clinometer with the maximum inclination direction (the direction perpendicular to the strike direction) and read the angle between the weight and the horizontal direction. (C) In (a) and (b) above, the strikes and inclinations were measured at many points on the rock surface, and the measured values at these recorded information points were averaged,
Knowing the predominant direction and number of joint groups.

Further, the degree of roughness is evaluated by an observer at the site by comparing the discontinuous surface of the site with a plurality of roughness model diagrams showing the roughness of the discontinuous surface stepwise. Is the mainstream.

[0005]

[Problems to be Solved by the Invention]

(1) The measuring method using the clinometer described above has the following problems. <A> No one can freely measure the clinometer because it requires specialized knowledge. <B> Normally, measure several hundred times at one point. However, since it takes about 2 to 3 minutes to measure one point, much time and labor are required for the measurement. <C> Since the performance of the magnet built into the clinometer is affected by the place where the magnetic field is disturbed or the presence of metal equipment such as heavy machinery and piping, the reliability of measured values is low. <D> Since the measurement is performed at points on the surface, the measurement results will differ depending on the measurement point on the discontinuous surface with a large undulation.
It is difficult to grasp the whole picture accurately. <E> Various electronic clinometers that incorporate a gravity sensor or a magnetic sensor and can output the azimuth / tilt (striking / tilting) information of a discontinuous surface as an electric signal have been proposed.
However, even this type of clinometer has the same problems as those of <C> and <D>.

(2) Further, the method for evaluating the degree of roughness of the discontinuous surface has the following problems. <a> A geotechnical engineer with specialized knowledge is required for comparison, and it is not easy for anyone to do. <B> Even a person who has specialized knowledge is likely to be anxious about the accuracy because the judgment result of the degree of roughness is easily influenced by subjectivity.

The present invention has been made in order to solve the above problems, and the problem is that even a person who does not have specialized knowledge about the azimuth / tilt and roughness of a discontinuous surface can easily do so. It is an object of the present invention to provide a measuring method and a measuring device for a geological discontinuity that can be measured accurately. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a measuring method and a measuring device for a geological discontinuity surface, which enables rapid measurement with a small number of samplings. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a measuring method and a measuring device for a geological discontinuity surface, which can provide data for performing discontinuity analysis such as key block analysis to a higher degree.

[0008]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring a geological discontinuity surface, wherein a gyro sensor for detecting an angular velocity and an azimuth of an acceleration sensor for detecting a gravitational direction and acceleration are set to arbitrary directions. An azimuth angle and an inclination angle of the discontinuous surface at the time-dependent movement position of the sensor while initially setting the azimuth and continuously moving the both sensors integrally along the surface of the discontinuous surface of the measurement target. After continuously calculating
A method for measuring a geological discontinuity surface, characterized by averaging the azimuth angle and the inclination angle to calculate an average azimuth angle and an average inclination angle of the discontinuity surface. The present invention according to claim 2 is a method for measuring a geologically discontinuous surface, wherein the azimuth of a gyro sensor that detects an angular velocity and an acceleration sensor that detects a gravitational direction and acceleration is initialized to an arbitrary azimuth. , While continuously moving along the surface of the discontinuity surface to be measured, while measuring the azimuth angle and tilt angle of the discontinuity surface at the moving position of the sensor over time, the roughness of the discontinuity surface is measured. It is a method of measuring a geological discontinuity, which is characterized by calculating the degree of depth. The present invention according to claim 3 is a method for measuring a geological discontinuity surface, wherein azimuths of a gyro sensor that detects an angular velocity and an acceleration sensor that detects a gravitational direction and acceleration are initially set to arbitrary azimuths, and both sensors are set. Integrally, while continuously moving along the surface of the discontinuous surface of the measurement object, after continuously calculating the azimuth and tilt angle of the discontinuous surface at the moving position of the sensor, The azimuth angle and the inclination angle are averaged to calculate the average azimuth angle and the average inclination angle of the discontinuous surface, and the discontinuity surface is measured by measuring the azimuth angle and the inclination angle of the discontinuous surface at the moving position of the sensor with time. It is a method of measuring a geological discontinuity, which is characterized by calculating the degree of roughness. The present invention according to claim 4 comprises a measurement unit that moves along the surface of the discontinuous surface of the measurement target, and a control unit that is electrically connected to the measurement unit and arithmetically processes the measurement data. The part is a gyro sensor that detects angular velocity,
An apparatus for measuring a geological discontinuity, which comprises an acceleration sensor for detecting the direction of gravity and an acceleration. According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the fourth aspect, the control section includes arithmetic processing means for calculating a temporal angular velocity in a movement locus of the measuring section based on a detection signal of each sensor of the measuring section. Is a measuring device for a geological discontinuity. The present invention according to claim 6 is claim 4 or claim 5.
In the above, the control unit calculates a temporal angular velocity in a movement locus of the measuring unit based on a converter that converts an analog signal of each sensor into a digital signal and a detection signal of each sensor input through the converter. And a display means for displaying the average azimuth angle and the average inclination angle of the discontinuity surface calculated by the arithmetic device, and a measuring device for the geological discontinuity surface. The present invention according to claim 7 is the measuring device for a geological discontinuity surface according to any one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that a protective body is detachably attached to the measurement surface of the measurement unit.

[0009]

Embodiment 1 Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

<B> Configuration of the entire device FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the entire device. The measuring device has a measurement unit 10 that scans a discontinuous surface, a control unit 20 that is separated from the measurement unit 10, and a reference orientation base 30 that initializes the magnetic poles of the measurement unit 10 as basic components. A measurement signal of the measuring unit 10 can be input to the control unit 20 by a cord 40 or a cordless format with the measuring unit 10. Hereinafter, each part will be described.

<B> Measuring Unit FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the measuring unit 10 and the control unit 20. The measuring unit 10 includes a gyro sensor 12 and an acceleration sensor 13 in a main body 11, and the bottom surface or side surface of the main body 11 serves as a measurement surface. Further, the control unit 20 has a built-in operation power supply 14 for supplying power to the measuring unit 10 and the control unit 20, and can supply power to the measuring unit 10 through a cord 40. Further, it goes without saying that the measuring unit 10 and the control unit 20 may be individually provided with operating power sources. The gyro sensor 12 is a sensor for detecting an angular velocity, and is a relative coordinate system (x,
Outputs a sensitive voltage proportional to the rotation speed around each axis (y, z). In particular, the gyro sensor 12 is adopted because the angular velocity is continuously measured while moving the measuring unit 10. As the gyro sensor 12, various known sensors such as a vibration gyro sensor and an optical fiber gyro sensor that can detect angular velocity can be used. The acceleration sensor 13 is a known triaxial sensor for detecting the direction of gravity and acceleration, and outputs a sensitive voltage proportional to the acceleration in each of the x, y, and z directions of the relative coordinate system. Measurement unit 1
The information of the angular velocity of 0 is obtained by the two sensors, the gyro sensor 12 and the acceleration sensor 13 described above.

<C> Control Unit The control unit 20 calculates the angular velocity (azimuth angle and tilt angle) over time in the movement trajectory of the measuring unit 10 based on at least the detection signals of the sensors 12 and 13. It is equipped with. Explaining the control unit 20 shown in FIG. 1, the control unit 20 includes an A / D converter 22 and a C
A computing device 23 such as a PU, a control device 24, and a storage device 2
5, the display device 26, and the external input / output device 27 are built in one unit so as to be portable by an operator. The A / D converter 22 converts an analog signal measured by each sensor 12, 13 in the measuring unit 10 into a digital signal. The arithmetic unit 23 mathematically arithmetically operates each signal input through the A / D converter 22, and moves the measuring unit 10
The angular velocity (azimuth angle and tilt angle) with time on the locus of is calculated and input to the control device 24. The information output from the arithmetic unit 23 is as follows. θij: j-th azimuth angle of discontinuous surface i φij: j-th tilt angle of discontinuous surface i Vxij, Vyij, Vzij: measurement in each axial direction of the local coordinate system at the j-th measurement of discontinuous surface i Part moving speed

The control device 24 can switch the operation or non-operation depending on the judgment of the measurer when directly or indirectly controlling the measurement data. Further, the azimuth reference table 30 described later inputs the azimuth information serving as a reference to the control device 24. Control device 24 to storage device 25
The following two pieces of information are added to the information input to the external input / output device 27 from the storage device 25 and the information input to the external input / output device 27. θi: average azimuth of discontinuous surface i φi: average inclination angle of discontinuous surface i

The display device 26 is for confirming and displaying to the operator whether or not the continuous measurement work of the discontinuous surface by the measuring unit 10 is normally performed. The display data is, for example, the discontinuous surface. It is possible to display the average azimuth angle, the average inclination angle, and the like. The external input / output device 27 can be connected to an external electronic device (such as a general-purpose computer) and can exchange data, calculates the average azimuth angle and the average inclination of the discontinuous surface, and moves the measuring unit 10 to the discontinuous surface. In order to grasp the degree of roughness (roughness) of the discontinuous surface by continuously measuring the azimuth and inclination. It is needless to say that the above-mentioned two processes may be performed by the arithmetic unit 23 having a high performance of the control unit 20 without using an external electronic device.

<D> Azimuth Reference Base As shown in FIG. 2, the azimuth reference base 30 comprises a plate-shaped base body 31 and an azimuth meter 32. A recess 33 capable of accommodating the measurement surface of the measurement unit 10 is formed in the base body 31, and a part of the side surface of the recess 33 is formed as an azimuth reference plane 34. The azimuth reference plane 34 is a plane that serves as a reference plane for pressing the measurement unit 10 and setting the reference azimuth of the measuring instruments (gyro sensor 12, acceleration sensor 13) in the measurement unit 10.
For example, the side surface parallel to the center line 35 of the azimuth meter 32, the side surface orthogonal to the center line 35, or a plurality of these side surfaces.

[0016]

[Operation] Next, a method for continuously measuring the azimuth and inclination of a discontinuous surface using a measuring device and the roughness of the discontinuous surface (irregularity state)
The method of understanding is explained.

[Continuous measurement of azimuth and inclination] <B> Initial setting (Figs. 2 and 3) Before measurement, the azimuth reference plane 34 of the azimuth reference platform 30 has a specific magnetic pole (for example, N pole) in a place where there is no influence of the magnetic field. ), And set it still with the compass 32. A gyro sensor 12 for detecting an angular velocity around the axis is provided in the measuring unit 10,
Acceleration sensors 13 for detecting axial acceleration are incorporated in each of the three axial directions. These sensors have the characteristic that they are not affected by the magnetic field. Then, using the azimuth reference stand 30, the reference azimuth of the measurement unit 10 is initialized by the following operation. The lower side surface of the measuring unit 10 is lightly pressed against the azimuth reference plane 34 of the azimuth reference stand 30, and the y-axis of the relative coordinate system (x, y, z) is set to the magnetic north coordinate system (X, Y, Z) (magnetic north is X. Align the axis and vertically upward with the X-axis direction of the Z-axis, and use this relative coordinate system (x, y, z) as the reference coordinate system (X
Initially set as', Y ', Z'). At this time, using the data of the acceleration sensor 13, the magnetic north coordinate system (X, Y,
Z) and the azimuth (rotation) of the reference coordinate system (X ', Y', Z ')
Find and remember the relationship.

<B> Movement of measuring section (Figs. 1, 4, 5) After the above initial settings are completed, as shown in Fig. 4, the measuring section 10 is brought into contact with the discontinuous surface of the bedrock, and the unevenness is formed. Move along. To explain the measurement principle, the measurement unit 1
A gyro sensor is used to determine how many times the relative coordinate system (x, y, z) corresponding to the inclination of the measuring unit 10 at 0 is rotated with respect to the reference coordinate system (X ', Y', Z '). The relationship between the relative coordinate system (x, y, z) and the reference coordinate system (X ', Y', Z ') is determined from the measured data signals of the acceleration sensor 13 and the acceleration sensor 13. At this time, a rapid change in the angular velocity is detected by using the gyro sensor 12, and a gradual change in the angular velocity is detected by using the acceleration sensor 13. That is, when detecting using the gyro sensor 12,
The angular velocity is obtained from the angular velocity value ω detected by the gyro sensor 12. When the acceleration sensor 13 is used for detection, the angle β between the direction of the acceleration sensor 13 and the direction of gravity β
Is obtained, and this β is differentiated to obtain an angular velocity value, and then the angular velocity is obtained. Further, the moving distance from the reference coordinate system (X ', Y', Z ') to the relative coordinate system (x, y, z) is obtained by integrating the acceleration output value from the acceleration sensor 13 with respect to time.

<C> Calculation The relationship between the reference coordinate system (X ', Y', Z ') and the magnetic north coordinate system (X, Y, Z) and the reference coordinate system (X', Y).
′, Z ′) and the relative coordinate system (x, y, z),
The azimuth (rotation) relationship between the relative coordinate system and the magnetic north coordinate system is obtained, and the azimuth / tilt of the measurement surface (xy plane of the relative coordinate system) is calculated.

<D> Evaluation of superior surface In the conventional system in which the direction is grasped by points as shown in FIG. 6, all discontinuous surfaces having a certain length or more are to be measured,
It was necessary to measure many points while still. Therefore, as can be seen from the degree of concentration of the discontinuous surface group as seen in the stereo projection, it was necessary to collect information from a large number of measurement points in order to evaluate the superior surface. On the other hand, in the present invention in which the measuring unit 10 is moved and the average direction is captured, as shown in FIG. 7, it is possible to evaluate the prominent surface with an accuracy of at least the number of samplings which is equal to or higher than the conventional one.

[Ascertaining the roughness of the discontinuous surface] As shown in FIG. 8, the measuring unit 10 is made uneven in the discontinuous surface in the y direction of the relative coordinate system (x, y, z) fixed to the measuring unit 10. Move along. At this time, the angular velocity around each axis during movement and the velocity in each axis direction are obtained over time. Based on these data, the irregularities on the surface of the discontinuous surface can be obtained as follows.
That is, based on the information obtained from the gyro sensor 12 and the acceleration sensor 13 of the measuring unit 10, as shown in FIG.
The displacement velocity in the y-axis direction at the time of the second measurement is Vy, i, and i
The moving distance in the y-axis direction during the th time Δt is Vy, i * Δ
Let t be the crossing angle between the y-axis direction at the i + 1-th measurement and the y-axis direction at the start of measurement (i
The approximate shape of the surface shape of the discontinuous surface can be obtained by digitizing or graphing, with θx, i + 1 being the angular velocity around the x axis up to the + 1st measurement time. Note that η in FIG. 9 is a temporary fixed coordinate axis determined by the moving direction of the measuring unit 10 moving on the discontinuous surface (y-axis direction of the relative coordinate system), and ξ is in the yz plane of the relative coordinate system. Yes, it means a coordinate axis orthogonal to the temporary fixed coordinate axis η.

[0022]

Second Embodiment In the above-described embodiment, the case where the azimuth reference stand 30 is used for initial setting of the azimuth of the measuring unit 10 has been described. The direction may be confirmed by resetting the measuring unit 10 on the azimuth reference stand 30 that is stationary at the position. When the azimuth is misaligned due to the resetting, the stored measurement value can be easily corrected based on the azimuth misalignment.

[0023]

Third Embodiment The initial setting of the measuring unit 10 is not limited to the azimuth reference stand 30, and the side face of the measuring unit 10 is aligned with the azimuth reference line displayed on the ground surface using a surveying instrument, for example. May be initialized.

[0024]

Fourth Embodiment of the Invention As shown in FIG.
In order to prevent abrasion and damage during use, the measurement surface may be covered with a plate-like protective body 50. In addition to performing the protective function of the protective body 50, by replacing the protective body 50 of different size with respect to the measurement surface of the measuring unit 10, it is possible to respond to the magnitude of the unevenness of the geological discontinuity surface such as a fault plane or joint. This enables highly accurate measurement.

[0025]

Fifth Embodiment of the Invention Although the present invention has been described by way of example for the measurement of geological discontinuities such as fault planes and joints, it is also used for the measurement of rock surface roughness after fracture in the rock shear test. You can also do it. Further, it is needless to say that the present invention can be applied to a discontinuous surface other than geology as a measurement target.

[0026]

Since the present invention is as described above, the following effects can be obtained. <B> In the clinometer measurement technique, the reference azimuth is limited to magnetic north, but in the present invention, any azimuth can be used as the reference. <B> It is possible to perform the azimuth initial setting operation of the measuring unit extremely easily and in a short time. <C> Only by moving the measurement unit along the discontinuous surface, the azimuth angle, the inclination angle, and the degree of roughness of the discontinuous surface can be measured quickly and accurately. <D> It is possible to accurately measure the azimuth / tilt angle and the degree of roughness of a discontinuous surface even by a person who does not have specialized knowledge in geology. <E> Even if the measurement site is one where the magnetic field is disturbed, the azimuth angle and tilt angle of the discontinuous plane can be measured without being affected by the disturbance of the magnetic field. <F> The average azimuth and average inclination angle of the discontinuous surface can be obtained from the data continuously measured along the uneven discontinuous surface. <G> Since the degree of roughness of the discontinuous surface is mechanically measured irrespective of the naked eye, it can be objectively and quantitatively evaluated at the original position. <H> It is possible to accurately grasp the predominant direction such as jointing of discontinuous surfaces with a smaller number of samplings than before.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a measuring device according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an overall perspective view of a measuring device

FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the measurement principle, and is a model diagram showing the relationship of the measurement unit in each axis direction at the time of initial setting.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of a measurement state in which the control unit is moved along the discontinuous surface.

FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of the measurement principle, and is a model diagram showing the relationship of the measurement unit in each axial direction when the control unit moves.

FIG. 6 is a stereo projection diagram showing a distribution and a concentration degree of a discontinuous surface group according to the related art which collects information from a large number of measurement points on which the present invention is based.

FIG. 7 is a stereo projection diagram showing the distribution and concentration degree of the discontinuous surface group according to the present invention in which the measuring unit is moved to capture the average direction.

FIG. 8 is a model diagram showing how to obtain the surface shape when the measuring unit is moved in the Y-axis direction on the discontinuous surface.

FIG. 9 is a model diagram showing approximation of a discontinuous surface.

FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment in which a protective member is provided on the measuring unit.

Claims (7)

[Claims] 1. A method for measuring a geological discontinuity, wherein the azimuth of a gyro sensor for detecting an angular velocity and an acceleration sensor for detecting a gravitational direction and acceleration is initially set to an arbitrary azimuth, and the both sensors are integrated, While continuously moving along the surface of the discontinuous surface to be measured, after continuously calculating the azimuth angle and the tilt angle of the discontinuous surface at the moving position of the sensor, the azimuth angle and the tilt angle A method for measuring a geological discontinuity surface, which comprises averaging angles to calculate an average azimuth angle and an average inclination angle of the discontinuity surface. 2. A method for measuring a geological discontinuity surface, wherein the azimuth of a gyro sensor for detecting an angular velocity and an acceleration sensor for detecting a gravitational direction and acceleration is initially set to an arbitrary azimuth, and the both sensors are integrated, While continuously moving along the surface of the discontinuous surface to be measured, the azimuth and tilt angle of the discontinuous surface at the time-dependent movement position of the sensor are measured to determine the degree of roughness of the discontinuous surface. A method of measuring geological discontinuities, characterized by calculating. 3. A method for measuring a geological discontinuity, wherein the azimuth of a gyro sensor for detecting an angular velocity and an acceleration sensor for detecting a gravitational direction and acceleration is initially set to an arbitrary azimuth, and both sensors are integrated, While continuously moving along the surface of the discontinuous surface to be measured, after continuously calculating the azimuth angle and the tilt angle of the discontinuous surface at the moving position of the sensor, the azimuth angle and the tilt angle The angles are averaged to calculate the average azimuth angle and the average inclination angle of the discontinuous surface, and the azimuth angle and the inclination angle of the discontinuous surface at the moving position of the sensor are measured to obtain the roughness of the discontinuous surface. A method of measuring geological discontinuities, characterized by calculating the degree. 4. A measurement unit that moves along the surface of a discontinuous surface to be measured, and a control unit that is electrically connected to the measurement unit and arithmetically processes the measurement data. A geological discontinuity measuring device comprising a gyro sensor for detecting and an acceleration sensor for detecting the direction of gravity and acceleration. 5. The control unit according to claim 4, further comprising arithmetic processing means for calculating an angular velocity over time in a movement locus of the measuring unit, based on detection signals of the sensors of the measuring unit. , Measuring device for geological discontinuity. 6. The measuring unit according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the control unit converts the analog signal of each sensor into a digital signal, and the detection signal of each sensor based on the detection signal of each sensor input through the converter. Measurement of a geological discontinuity surface, comprising a computing device for calculating an angular velocity over time in a movement trajectory, and a display means for displaying an average azimuth angle and an average inclination angle of the discontinuity surface computed by the computing device. apparatus. 7. The measuring device for a geologically discontinuous surface according to claim 4, wherein a protective body is detachably attached to the measuring surface of the measuring unit.