JPH09280907A - Thermal environment measuring method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To achieve an efficient evaluation of thermal comfortability by shortening measuring time and simplifying a measuring method in the measurement of thermal environment securing sufficient measuring accuracy concerning the thermal environment measuring method which enables objective evaluation of the thermal environment within a room. SOLUTION: In this thermal environment measuring method, a plurality of thermosensitive sensors 2 are buried into a specified part of a dummy 1 to measure a thermal environment at a specified part of the dummy 1. This method has a non- heating time environment measuring process (S1) to measure a surface temperature and an internal temperature at each thermosensitive sensor 2 under a non-heating state, a heating time environment measuring process (S2) to measure the surface temperature and the internal temperature at each thermosensitive sensor 2 under a heating state, a sensor heat transfer computing process (S3) to compute a heat transfer rate at each thermosensitive sensor 2, a sensor working temperature computing process (S3) to compute a working temperature at each thermosensitive sensor 2, a specified part heat transfer rate computing process (S4) to compute a heat transfer rate at a specified part of the dummy 1 and a specified part working temperature computing process (S4) to compute a working temperature at a specified part of the dummy 1.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a thermal environment measuring method capable of excluding the influence of individual differences and making an objective evaluation when evaluating a thermal environment in a room, and more particularly to a vehicle air conditioner or the like. The present invention relates to a thermal environment measurement method suitable for automatic control of air conditioners.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art It is considered that various factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiation have a complex influence on human warmth. Conventionally, for example, a thermal sensation quantification method has not been established for the thermal evaluation of the interior of an automobile, so that a feeling test is mainly performed. In recent years, in order to perform an objective evaluation that excludes the influence of individual differences, research has been actively conducted on a quantitative evaluation method of a thermal environment in a vehicle, and a "thermal mannequin-SET ^* method" (hereinafter referred to as a thermal mannequin method) Call it.) Is one of them.

This thermal mannequin method performs a thermal equilibrium simulation on the human body and takes into consideration the effects of temperature, convection, radiation, and sweating. Thermal comfort evaluation index SET ^* (hereinafter, thermal comfort evaluation index is also simply referred to as SET ^*. In order to calculate SET ^* , it is necessary to conduct an experiment using a thermal mannequin in order to obtain the heat transfer characteristics between the human body and the environment given to the human body thermal equilibrium simulation.

An experiment using such a thermal manikin will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus used for such an experiment,
FIG. 11B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of the thermal manikin. In FIGS. 11A and 11B, 101 indicates a thermal mannequin.
01 generally has a hollow structure made of aluminum, and is configured by the control device 102 so that its internal temperature is constant. That is, the thermal manikin 101 has the heater 103 built therein.
By controlling the amount of heat generated by the control device 102, the internal temperature of the thermal manikin 101 is adjusted to be constant.

The internal temperature of the thermal manikin 101 can be measured by a thermistor temperature sensor (not shown), and the calorific value of the heater 103 can be measured by an integrating wattmeter (not shown). In an experiment using the thermal manikin 101 performed using such an apparatus, a thermocouple is attached to the surface of the thermal manikin 101 so that the surface temperature Tsk of the thermal manikin 101 can be measured. The heat radiation amount Q can be measured by the heat generation amount of the heater.

The thermal equilibrium of the thermal manikin 101 can be expressed by the following equations (30) and (31).
The formula (30) is the case without clothes, and the formula (31)
Is the case with clothes. Q = h · (Tsk−To) (30) Q = Fcl · h · (Tsk−To) (31) where Q is the heat radiation amount, Fcl is the clothing heat transmission efficiency, h
Indicates the composite heat transfer coefficient, Tsk indicates the surface temperature of the thermal manikin 101, and To indicates the working temperature.

In the thermal mannequin method, using the above equations (30) and (31), Fc is calculated as follows.
I try to find l, h, and To. First, using the naked thermal manikin 101, the thermal mannequin 10
By changing the setting of the internal temperature of 1, the heat radiation amount Q and the surface temperature T of the thermal manikin 101 under the two internal set temperatures.
By measuring sk, substituting the measured values under the respective internal set temperatures into the equation (30), two equations are obtained, and these equations are combined to obtain the composite heat transfer coefficient h and the working temperature To. There is.

Next, with the thermal manikin 101 wearing clothes, the heat radiation amount Q and the surface temperature Tsk of the thermal manikin 101 are measured, and the composite heat transfer coefficient h and the working temperature To obtained by the equation (30) are calculated. By using this, the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcl is obtained from the equation (31). In addition,
Since the measurement time is long in the thermal mannequin method, in order to improve the test efficiency of the test (main test) under the target environment, in the preliminary test, the composite heat transfer coefficient h, the clothing heat transmission efficiency F
I am trying to measure cl. This is because the composite heat transfer coefficient h and the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcl have the same airflow condition even under the target environment for evaluating thermal comfort (that is, not under the target temperature condition). This is because it can be measured.

In the thermal mannequin method, the working temperature To, the heat transfer coefficient h, and the clothing heat transmittance Fcl are measured as described above, and the thermal comfort evaluation index SET ^* is obtained using these measured values. I have to. Next, the measurement time of the thermal mannequin method performed in this way will be described based on Table 1 below.

[0010]

[Table 1]

As shown in Table 1, in the thermal mannequin method, the soak time for determining the control constant for constant control of the internal temperature of the thermal manikin 101 is about 60 before conducting the thermal comfort evaluation test. It takes about a minute. The soak time also includes the meaning of warming the thermal manikin 101. Next, a preliminary test is performed to obtain the heat transfer coefficient h and the clothing heat transmittance Fcl, and the number of times of the preliminary test is set to 3 times per one condition. This is 2 without clothes as described above.
This is because it is necessary to perform the operation once with the clothes and clothes.
Here, the condition means a condition that the airflow conditions are the same.

The measurement time for each measurement is about 30 minutes. This is because the calorific value is measured using an integrating wattmeter. The measurement interval is about 30 minutes. This is because it is necessary to change the internal set temperature and wear clothes in an experiment using a thermal mannequin, and it takes about 30 minutes for the internal temperature to stabilize. That is, because the mannequin has a large heat capacity, it takes about 30 minutes to reach a steady state.

Therefore, the total time required for the preliminary test is about 150 minutes. Next, the main test is performed in order to obtain the working temperature To under the target environment. The number of times of measurement of this main test is once for each condition, and the measurement time for each time is 30 minutes. There is. There is no measurement interval because the number of measurements is one.

Therefore, the total time required for this test is 3
It takes about 0 minutes. The thermal mannequin method performed as described above requires at least about 240 minutes as the measurement time for one condition.

[0015]

By the way, the evaluation of the thermal comfort is carried out by utilizing this result to develop and improve the air conditioner. Therefore, the thermal comfort under various environmental setting conditions can be evaluated. Need to do. In other words, since various factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiation have a complex influence on the human thermal sensation, the thermal comfort evaluation test also sets various parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. It is necessary to change to.

However, if it takes a lot of time to evaluate the thermal comfort under one environmental condition, it takes a lot of time to carry out the test under the minimum necessary environmental conditions. In the conventional thermal mannequin method, which takes a long time of about 240 minutes per condition, it is desired to reduce the measurement time. Further, the thermal mannequin method can quantify a person's warmth with high accuracy, but there are some complications such as requiring a preliminary test in an experiment using the thermal mannequin 101, and simplification of the measuring method. Is also desired.

Further, the manufacturing of the thermal manikin 101 requires a technique and the control device becomes large-scaled, so that there is a problem that the cost is high. The present invention was devised in view of such problems, and while ensuring sufficient measurement accuracy, shortens the measurement time required for measuring the thermal environment and simplifies the measurement method, and efficiently evaluates thermal comfort. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for measuring a thermal environment, which can be performed in a specific manner.

[0018]

Therefore, in the method for measuring the thermal environment of the present invention according to the first aspect, a plurality of temperature elements which can be heated by the built-in heater and which can measure the internal temperature and the surface temperature are provided. Embedding the sensory sensor in a predetermined part of the mannequin,
A thermal environment measuring method for measuring a thermal environment in the predetermined part of the mannequin, wherein a non-heating environment measuring step of measuring a surface temperature and an internal temperature in a non-heating state for each temperature sensor, and a heating state. In the heating environment measuring step of measuring the surface temperature and the internal temperature in each of the temperature sensors, the surface temperature and the internal temperature in the non-heated state and the surface temperature in the heated state and the internal measured in each of the temperature sensors A sensor heat transfer coefficient calculation step for calculating the heat transfer coefficient of each temperature sensor based on the temperature, and a surface temperature and an internal temperature in an unheated state and a surface temperature and an internal temperature measured for each temperature sensor. A sensor working temperature calculation step of calculating a working temperature for each temperature sensor based on the temperature, and a heat transfer coefficient at the predetermined portion of the mannequin is calculated by the temperature sensor. A predetermined portion heat transfer coefficient calculating step for calculating the heat transfer coefficient based on the heat transfer coefficient of the temperature sensor, and a predetermined portion operating temperature calculating step for calculating the working temperature at the predetermined portion of the mannequin based on the working temperature of each of the temperature sensors. It is characterized by that.

The thermal environment measuring method of the present invention according to claim 2 is the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the temperature sensor is housed in a case made of a heat insulating material. The thermal environment measuring method of the present invention according to claim 3 is the method according to claim 1, wherein the heat transfer coefficient hij for each of the temperature sensors is a surface temperature Tsfij and an internal temperature Tinij in a heated state and an unheated state. Surface temperature Tsf'ij
And the following equation relating to the internal temperature Tin′ij: hij = aij · [(Tinij−Tin′ij) − (Tsfij−
Tsf'ij)] / (Tsfij-Tsf'ij) and the operating temperature Toij of each of the temperature sensors is the surface temperature Tsfij and the internal temperature Tinij in the heated state and the surface temperature Ts in the non-heated state.
The following equation relating to f′ij and the internal temperature Tin′ij: Toij = (Tsfij · Tin′ij−Tsf′ij · Tin
ij) / [(Tsfij-Tsf'ij)-(Tinij-Ti
n′ij)] is used for the calculation.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the method for measuring a thermal environment according to the first aspect, the heat transfer coefficient hi at the predetermined portion is expressed by the following equations regarding the heat transfer coefficient hij and the weighting coefficient αij for each sensor. In addition to being calculated based on hi = Σαij hij, the operating temperature Toi at the predetermined portion is calculated based on the operating temperature Toij of each temperature sensor and the following equation relating to the weighting coefficient βij: Toi = ΣβijToij.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring a thermal environment according to the fourth aspect, further comprising a heat transmission efficiency calculating step for calculating the heat transmission efficiency of clothes based on the heat transfer coefficient at the predetermined portion. Is characterized by. Claim 6
The method for measuring a thermal environment of the present invention according to claim 5 is the method according to claim 5, wherein the heat transmission efficiency Fcli of the clothing is convective heat transfer coefficient hci, radiant heat transfer coefficient hri, and convective heat transfer coefficient hc.
Heat transmission efficiency Fclci for i and radiant heat transfer rate hri
The heat transmission efficiency Fclri for γi = (Fclri-Fclci) · hri = cons
t. , Δi = Fclci = const. Value obtained by
, .Delta.i and the heat transfer coefficient hi described above, based on the following equation Fcli = .gamma.i / hi + .delta.i.

[0022]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIGS. 1 to 9 are for explaining a thermal environment measuring method according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this thermal environment measuring method (thermal sensation mannequin method), a mannequin that uses a small sensation sensor having a heat generation function and a small heat capacity (hereinafter referred to as a sensation mannequin) is used, and a model of clothing effect is used. This makes it easier to evaluate the thermal comfort in the passenger compartment than the thermal mannequin method. Therefore, this method can also be referred to as a thermal comfort evaluation method.

First, the device used in the present thermal environment measuring method will be described. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the temperature sensing manikin 1, the temperature sensor 2, and other measuring devices used in the present thermal environment measuring method. Reference numeral 1 denotes a warmth mannequin, and this warmth mannequin 1 is a mannequin (human body model) that does not have a fever function. Here, this warmth mannequin 1 is divided into 11 parts (the mannequin is virtually divided. You don't have to actually divide it), 6 ~ on each part surface
The eight temperature sensors 2 are embedded and used for measuring the combined heat transfer coefficient hij and the operating temperature Toij of the environment among the heat transfer characteristics under the target environment. Here, the target environment refers to an environment in which the thermal comfort evaluation test by the thermal sensation manikin 1 is performed. The subscript i indicates the part number of the temperature sensation manikin 1, and the subscript j indicates the sensor number of each part of the temperature sensation manikin 1.

In this example, a total of 82 temperature sensors 2 are embedded in the whole body. In addition, the warm feeling mannequin 1 at the time of measurement is always naked. This is because the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fclij actually measured by the thermal mannequin method is obtained from the composite heat transfer coefficient hij described later. Reference numeral 2 denotes a temperature sensor, FIG. 3A is a perspective view showing the temperature sensor 2 embedded in the temperature mannequin 1, and FIG. 3B is a side sectional view thereof. Note that FIG.
In (a) and (b), a pattern is added to the sensing surface 5 for easy understanding.

The temperature sensor 2 can be heated by a built-in heater 3 and is configured to measure the internal temperature and the surface temperature. In other words, the temperature sensor 2 is provided with a heat generating mechanism 3 using a heater (resistor) inside and surrounding the heat sensing mechanism 3 with a foam styrene case (a case made of a heat insulating material) 4 for heat insulation.
Further, the heater 3 is provided with a sensing surface 5 so as to cover the surface thereof, and the sensing surface 5 is made of a substance to which heat is easily transferred. Further, 7 is a heater wire, which is connected to a heater supply power source (not shown).

Further, 6 is a thermocouple, and this thermocouple 6
As shown in FIG. 3B, the detection point 6a of
They are attached to the surfaces of the case 4 and the sensitive surface 5, respectively. The thermocouple 6 can measure the sensitive surface temperature Tsfij, the heater inner temperature Tinij, and the case outer surface temperature Tbij. Referring again to FIG. 2, 8 is a data logger, to which the temperature output from the temperature sensor 2 is connected. Reference numeral 9 is a personal computer for measurement and analysis.

The present implementation performed using such a device
Form thermal environment measurement method (that is, thermal comfort evaluation method)
Regarding, the evaluation procedure is as follows. Shown in Figure 1
First, by the experiment using the warm feeling mannequin 1,
Sensitive surface temperature (surface temperature) Tsfij of temperature sensor 2 and
The body temperature Tinij is measured, and the human body
Combined heat transfer coefficient (hi) between cabin environments, working temperature in the cabin
Degree (Toi) to calculate the clothing heat transmission efficiency (Fcli)
presume. Next, based on these values, the human body heat simulation
Skin temperature (Tski) and skin wetting rate (We
t i) is calculated. Furthermore, the thermal comfort from the obtained values
Evaluation index (hereinafter, SET ^*i) is calculated. still,
Ta represents the vehicle interior temperature, and RH represents the relative temperature.

Further, the characteristic value (a
ij, bij) and the heat transfer characteristic values of the mannequin (αij, βij, γi
j, δij) are tested only once in advance. The heat transfer characteristic values of the mannequin (αij, βij, γij,
δij) is calculated using the thermal manikin 101. That is, as shown in FIG.
In No. 1, the heater 3 provided in the temperature sensor 2 is not heated, and in such a non-heated state, the sensing surface temperature (surface temperature) Tsfij and the internal temperature T are measured for each temperature sensor 2.
Inij is measured (environmental measurement process during non-heating).

In step S2, the heater 3 provided in the temperature sensor 2 is heated, and in such a heating state, the sensing surface temperature (surface temperature) Tsf of each temperature sensor 2 is increased.
ij and internal temperature Tinij are measured (environment measuring step during heating). In step S3, step S1 and step S
2 based on the sensing surface temperature (surface temperature) Tsfij and the internal temperature Tinij of each temperature sensor 2
The composite heat transfer coefficient hij for each temperature sensor 2 is calculated (sensor heat transfer coefficient calculation step), and the sensing surface temperature (surface temperature) Tsfij for each temperature sensor 2 measured in step S1 and step S2. Based on the internal temperature Tinij, the operating temperature Toij of each temperature sensor 2 is calculated (sensor operating temperature calculation step).

That is, the composite heat transfer coefficient hij and the working temperature To
The calculation of ij (measurement of heat transfer characteristics by the temperature sensitive mannequin) is performed as follows. here,
In order to obtain the amount of heat released from the sensing surface 5 to the outside, as shown in FIG. 4, the temperature sensor 2 is a one-dimensional heat transfer model considering heat transfer to the sensing surface 5 and to the case 4. I am going to approximate it. 1a is a mannequin body, 3 is a heater, 4
Shows the case, and 5 shows the sensitive surface. In addition,
In FIG. 4, the sensing surface 5 corresponds to FIGS. 3 (a) and 3 (b).
It has a pattern on it.

The thermal equilibrium inside the temperature sensor 2 is given by the following equation (1). Qinij is the amount of heat generated by the heater
nij is the internal temperature, Tsfij is the sensitive surface temperature, and Tbij is the case outer surface temperature. Also, aij, b
ij is the heat generation amount Qinij of the heater, the internal temperature Tinij, the sensing surface temperature Tsfij, and
The heat transmission coefficient inside the temperature sensor 2 obtained by regressing the result of measuring the case outer surface temperature Tbij is shown. The method of verifying the heat transmission coefficients aij and bij will be described later.

Qinij = aij. (Tinij-Tsfij) + bij. (Tinij-Tbij) (1) Further, the heat balance on the sensing surface is the heat transfer from the sensing surface 5 to the outside air and the sensing surface 5 From the above, heat conduction to the inside of the temperature sensor 2 is given by the following equation (2). hij · (Tsfij−Toij) + aij · (Tsfij−Tinij) = 0 (2) From this, in order to obtain the composite heat transfer coefficient hij and the operating temperature Toij, measurement is performed without operating the heater 3 in the same environment. Then, the thermal equilibrium in the steady state is calculated by the following equation (3) as in equation (2).
become that way.

Hij · (Tsf′ij−Toij) + aij · (Tsf′ij−Tin′ij) = 0 (3) Here, the heat transmission coefficient aij uses a value obtained in advance, and the heater 3
Temperature Tsfij and internal temperature Ti in the heating state of
Sensing surface temperature Ts in a non-heated state of nij and heater 3.
f′ij and internal temperature Tin′ij are measured. The equations (2) and (3) are simultaneous equations in which the composite heat transfer coefficient hij and the operating temperature Toij are unknowns, and the solution thereof is the following equation (4),
Given by (5).

Hij = aij. [(Tinij-Tin'ij)-(Tsfij-Tsf'ij)] / (Tsfij-Tsf'ij) (4) Toij = (Tsfij.Tin'ij-Tsf'ij) -Tinij) / [(Tsfij-Tsf'ij)-(Tinij-Tin'ij)] ... (5) Here, the test | inspection of the thermal transmittance aij, bij of a temperature sensor is demonstrated. As shown in FIG. 5, the characteristic value verification test is performed in an environmental test room in which the temperature and humidity can be arbitrarily controlled and the convection and radiation conditions can be changed. This environmental test room has a temperature in the range of 10 to 40 degrees and a humidity of 30 to 9 degrees.
It can be controlled in the range of 0%, the solar radiation capacity is 700 kcal / (h / m ² ), and the blowing function is 0 to 5 m / s.

In the verification of the heat transmission coefficients aij and bij, the temperature and convection conditions are changed without solar radiation, and the sensing surface temperature Tsfij, the internal temperature Tinij, the case outer surface temperature Tbij, and the heating value Qinij of the heater are measured. Substituting the measured value into equation (1),
Aij and bij are obtained by regression. That is, as shown in FIG. 6, the values of X and Y are calculated using the following equations X = (Tinij-Tsfij) / (Tinij-Tbij), Y = Qinij / (Tinij-Tbij) A straight line C is formed by connecting the points with the Y value on the axis and the Y value on the vertical axis. This straight line C can be expressed by the formula Y = aij · X + bij, and a
ij and bij are calculated. Note that aij and bij can be treated as constants even if the environmental conditions change.

In step S4, a composite heat transfer coefficient hi at a predetermined portion of the temperature sensation manikin 1 is calculated based on the composite heat transfer coefficient hij for each temperature sensor 2 obtained in step S3 (heat transfer coefficient at a predetermined portion). Along with the calculation step), the operating temperature Toij for each temperature sensor 2 obtained in step S3
Based on the above, the working temperature Toi at a predetermined portion of the warm feeling manikin 1 is calculated (predetermined portion working temperature calculation step).

Specifically, the composite heat transfer coefficient hi and operating temperature Toi averaged for each part are calculated by using hij and Toij obtained by the formulas (4) and (5), and the sensor in the part is expressed by the following formula (6). ), (7), the weighted average is calculated. It should be noted that Ni is the number of sensors in the part i, and αij and βij are weighting factors obtained by experiments, and the verification method will be described later.

[0038]

[Equation 1]

(6)

[0040]

[Equation 2]

(7) As described above, the sensing surface temperatures Tsfij, Tsf'ij and the internal temperatures Tinij, Tin ', which are the output values of the temperature sensor, are indicated.
From ij, the composite heat transfer coefficient hi is calculated using the equations (4) and (6), and the working temperature Toi is calculated using the equations (5) and (7).

Here, the weighting factors αij and βij of the temperature sensor
Will be described. As shown in FIG. 5, the characteristic value verification test is performed in an environmental test room in which the temperature and humidity can be arbitrarily controlled and the convection and radiation conditions can be changed. The test of the weighting factors αij and βij is performed by changing the conditions of solar radiation, air temperature, and convection, measuring the sensitive surface temperatures Tsfij, Tsf'ij, and the internal temperatures Tinij, Tin'ij, and calculating the measured values by equation (4), Substituting in (5), composite heat transfer coefficient hij and working temperature T
oij and at the same time, the values h ^T i and To ^T i are calculated by using the thermal manikin 101. Then, by substituting the measured values into the following equations (8) and (9), the correlation α′ij and β′ij between the thermal sensation manikin 1 and the thermal sensation manikin 101 is obtained by regression for each thermal sensation sensor j. There is. Note that the subscript ^T is added to the value measured by the thermal manikin 101 in order to avoid confusion.

H ^T i = α′ij · hij (8) To ^T i = β′ij · Toij (9) That is, as shown in FIG. 7A, the composite heat transfer coefficient hij Is the horizontal axis, and the composite heat transfer coefficient h ^T i measured using the thermal manikin 101 is the vertical axis. This straight line D can be expressed by the above equation (8), and α′ij is obtained by this. FIG.
(B), the horizontal axis to effect temperature Toij, a straight line E when connecting the points placed vertically operating temperature the To ^T i measured using a thermal manikin 101. This straight line E can be expressed by the above equation (9), and β′ij is obtained by this.

Further, the average values of α′ij · hij and β′ij · Toij within each part i also match h ^T i and To ^T i, so the weighting factors α ij and β ij of the temperature sensor 2 are The following formula (1
0) and (11) are used. αij = α'ij / Ni (10) βij = β'ij / Ni (11) In step S5, the clothing heat transmission is performed based on the composite heat transfer coefficient hi in the predetermined portion obtained in step S4. Efficiency F
Calculate cli (heat transmission efficiency calculation step).

In this thermal environment measuring method, the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli is not measured, but the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli is not measured.
The model formula is used for estimation. That is, in order to eliminate variations due to human uncertainties such as how to wear clothes, the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli is estimated by an approximate expression. This is the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli
This is because it is possible to measure different values even under the same environmental conditions and the same clothes due to the influence of the air layer between the skin and the clothes and how wrinkles are formed.

Specifically, the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli is
The composite heat transfer coefficient hi when wearing clothes and that when wearing a naked body are considered to be equivalent, and modeling is performed, and the composite heat transfer coefficient hi is corrected by the amount of heat resistance caused by clothes. Here, the composite heat transfer coefficient hi can be expressed by the following equation (12) from the convective heat transfer coefficient hci and the radiant heat transfer coefficient hri.

Hi = hci + hri (12) This is different from the convective heat transfer coefficient hci and the radiant heat transfer coefficient hri as shown in the following expression (13), and different heat transfer rates Fcli,
The correction is made with Fclri. Fcl i · hi = Fc l i · h c i + F c r r i · h r i (13) This is because the convective heat transfer coefficient h c i is different from that of the naked body due to peeling due to the unevenness of the folds on the clothes surface. This is because it is considered that the weighting of the radiant heat transfer coefficient hri is not necessarily the same.

Further, from the equation (12), the equation (13) can be transformed into the following equation (14). Fcli = (Fclri-Fclci) .hri / hi + Fcli (14) Here, considering that the heat transmittances Fcli and Fclri are constants that reflect the characteristics of the shape and material of the clothes, the radiation heat transfer rate h
Since r i can also be regarded as a constant, formula (14) can be expressed as the following formula (15) by regarding the composite heat transfer coefficient hi as a variable.

Fcli = γi / hi + δi (15) where γi = (Fclri-Fclci) · hri =
const. , .Delta.i = Fclci = const. . In the present thermal environment measuring method, the proportional constants γi and δi are obtained in advance using the thermal mannequin 101 wearing typical clothes, and the composite heat transfer coefficient hi obtained by the equation (6) is obtained by the equation (1
Substituting in 5), the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcl i is estimated.

Here, the test of the clothing effect characteristic coefficients γi and δi will be described. As shown in FIG. 5, the characteristic value verification test is performed in an environmental test room in which the temperature and humidity can be arbitrarily controlled and the convection and radiation conditions can be changed. To test the clothing effect characteristic coefficients γi and δi, the thermal mannequin 101 with typical clothes was used, and the convection conditions were changed to determine the site.
The i of h ^T i and Fcl ^T i is measured, the measured value equation (15)
Γi and δi by substituting into

That is, as shown in FIG. 8, a curve F is obtained by connecting the respective points with the composite heat transfer coefficient hi on the horizontal axis and the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli on the vertical axis. This curve F has the formula Fcl i =
It can be expressed as (γi / hi) + δi, and γi and δi are obtained by this. The data showing the minimum value of the composite heat transfer coefficient hi is measured under natural convection. Actually, the relation of the expression (15) is established within the range of the solid line.

In step S6, the air temperature (vehicle compartment temperature) Ta and the relative humidity RH at a representative position in the vehicle compartment are measured. Here, it is assumed that the absolute humidity in the vehicle compartment is almost uniform. In step S7, a human body heat balance simulation is performed. That is, by substituting the composite heat transfer coefficient hi, the working temperature Toi, and the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli calculated as described above into the heat balance equation between the human body and the environment as shown below, the body surface temperature Tsk, The wetting rate Wet of the body surface is calculated.

Here, the heat balance of the whole human body is as follows: heat storage amount (S) inside the human body, metabolic amount (M), convective heat transfer amount (C), radiant heat transfer amount (R), heat release amount due to sweating (Esw), respiration It is given by the following equation (16) using the heat radiation amount (Eres) by The state where S = 0 represents a thermally equilibrium state. S = M- (C + R + Esw + Eres) (16) FIG. 9 shows a thermal equilibrium model. Here, Ga
Based on the gge model, an external model representing the heat balance between the human body and the environment, an internal model representing the heat transfer inside the human body, and a body temperature regulation model representing the body temperature regulation of the human body are considered.

The external model is modeled as follows.
Here, hc is the convective heat transfer coefficient, Pa is the saturated vapor pressure of the atmosphere, RH is the relative humidity of the atmosphere, Fpcl is the moisture permeability of clothes,
Plung is the saturated vapor pressure of the lungs. C + R = Fcl · h · (Tsk−To) (17) Esw = Fpcl · {2.2 · hc · (0.06 + 0.94 · Wet) · (Psk−RH · Pa)} ・ ・ ・ ( 18) Eres = M · {0.0023 · (Plang-RH · Pa)} (19) The internal model calculates the amount of heat stored in the body by the body surface (Ssk) and the body nucleus (S).
The heat transfer in each layer is modeled separately by heat conduction and heat transfer by blood flow. Here, Tcr is the body core temperature, Kmin is the heat transmission coefficient in the body, Cbl is the specific heat of the blood flow, and Vbl is the blood flow rate.

S = Ssk + Scr (20) Ssk = Kmin. (Tcr-Tsk) + Cbl.Vbl. (Tcr-Tsk)-(C + R + Esw) (21) Scr = M-Eres- [Kmin. ( Tcr-Tsk) + Cbl · Vbl · (Tcr-Tsk)] (22) That is, the expression (21) represents the balance between the amount of heat transferred from the body nucleus to the body surface and the amount of heat released from the body surface to the environment. , Formula (22)
Represents the balance between the amount of metabolism, the amount of heat released by respiration, and the amount of heat transferred from the body nucleus to the body surface.

In the body temperature regulation model, the blood flow rate Vbl, the sweating rate Gsw, and the metabolic rate M are regulated by Dsk and Dc.
It is modeled as a function of r as shown below.
Here, Dsk = Tsk−34.1, Dcr = Tsk−
36.6, which represents the deviation from the control target value. Vbl = (6.3 + 75.0.Dcr) / (1.0-0.5.Dsk) ... (23) Gsw = k.250.0.Dcr + 100.Dcr.Dsk (k = 0or1) ... (24) M = Mb + (60.0 * Dsk * Dcr) / (0.86 * As) ... (25) Here, Mb represents a basal metabolic rate and As represents a body surface area.

The wetting rate Wet is the perspiration amount Gsw and Dsk.
Using and, it is given by Wet = {0.7 · Gsw · 2.0 ^{Dsk / 3} } ^/ {2.2 · hc · (Psk−RH · Pa)} (26) Solving the above equations (16) to (26) The body surface temperature Tsk and the wetting rate Wet can be obtained.

In step S8, the thermal comfort evaluation index S
Calculate ET ^* . That is, the body surface temperature Tsk and the wetting rate Wet calculated as described above are calculated by the following equation (2)
Substituting into 7) and (28), SET ^* is calculated. The heat radiation amount (Q) from the skin under an arbitrary environment is obtained by the following equation (27). Q = C + R + Esw = Fcl.h (Tsk-To) + Fpcl. [2.2.hc. (0.06 + 0.94.Wet) (Psk-RH.Pa)] (27) SET ^* is Q under standard environment. (No solar radiation, wind speed 0.1m /
s, humidity 50%, clothing rate 0.6 clo) is given by the following equation (28) as an air temperature. In addition, Pse
t is the saturated vapor pressure at the time of temperature SET ^* , Fcls, h
s, Fpcls, and hcs are Fc under the standard environment, respectively.
1, h, Fpcl, and hc are shown.

Q = Fcls · hs (Tsk-SET ^* ) + Fpcls · [2.2 · hcs · (0.06 + 0.94 · Wet) (Psk-0.5 · Pset)] (28) In this thermal environment measuring method, Assuming that the heat transfer characteristics of each part of the warm feeling mannequin 1 are the average values of the heat transfer characteristics of the whole body, W
Based on the same idea as EHT (equivalent uniform temperature) proposed by yon et al., each measured value and calculated value for each part of the temperature sensation mannequin 1 are substituted into the equations (27) and (28) to calculate the temperature sensation mannequin 1 I try to find the SET ^* for each part.

According to the present thermal environment measuring method performed as described above, there is an advantage that the heat transfer characteristics between the human body and the environment can be easily measured even by the thermal mannequin method. In other words, it is not necessary to perform a preliminary test performed in the thermal mannequin method, and only the main test under the target environment is required, so that the measurement method can be simplified, and the heat transfer coefficient hi and the working temperature for each part of the human body can be simplified. There is an advantage that Toi can be obtained easily and efficiently.

Since a plurality of heater-equipped temperature sensors 2 are used, there is an advantage that the heat sensor 2 has a small heat capacity, the time to reach thermal equilibrium is shortened, and the measurement time can be greatly shortened. Further, since the heat transfer coefficient hi and the working temperature Toi of the predetermined portion are calculated based on the heat transfer coefficient hij and the working temperature Toij calculated for each of the plurality of temperature sensors 2, the heat transfer coefficient hi and the working temperature of the predetermined portion are calculated. Temperature To
There is an advantage that i can be calculated easily and sufficient measurement accuracy can be ensured.

Furthermore, the warm feeling mannequin 1 has an advantage that it is easy to manufacture since it only needs to reproduce the shape of the human body. Moreover, since an approximate expression for simply calculating the clothing effect is derived, the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcl at a predetermined portion is calculated.
There is an advantage that i can be easily calculated and the measurement efficiency is improved.

Further, since there is a data collecting device, it is possible to carry out the measurement, so that there is an advantage that the measurement can be easily performed with a simple device. Moreover, according to the present thermal environment measuring method, SET
Calculation of ^* is performed as shown in the following items. A warm mannequin is set in the passenger compartment exposed to the target environment.

Tsfij, Tin with and without heater heating
ij, Tsf'ij, Tin'ij are measured. At this time, Ta and RH are measured at the representative position. Hi and Toi are calculated using the measured values and the equations (4) to (7). Fci is calculated using hi and equation (15). Substituting the measured values into equations (16) to (26), Tski,
Calculate Weti.

The calculated value is substituted into the equations (27) and (28) to calculate SET ^* i. According to the present thermal environment measuring method performed as described above, after completion of the process of
^The time required to calculate ^* is about 30 minutes per case, which can be shortened to less than 1/5 of the time required by the thermal mannequin method, so that thermal comfort can be efficiently evaluated. Like

This point will be described with reference to Table 2 below.

[0067]

[Table 2]

As shown in Table 2, according to the warming mannequin method, since it is not necessary to control the internal temperature of the mannequin to be constant, the soak time required in the thermal mannequin method is unnecessary. Further, since the measurement time is short and it is not necessary to consider the test efficiency, no preliminary test is required. Further, under the target environment, this test is conducted to obtain the heat transfer coefficient hi, the working temperature Toi, and the clothing heat transmission efficiency Fcli. The number of times of measurement of this main test is set to 2 times per one condition. This is due to the heat transfer coefficient hij,
This is because it is necessary to measure the temperature in the heated state and the non-heated state in order to obtain the operating temperature Toij.

The measurement time is about 5 minutes. This is because the heating value of the heater is calculated as the amount of electric power, and a sample for averaging the data is taken. The measurement interval is about 15 minutes. This is because it takes about 15 minutes to heat the heater 3 and stabilize the temperature. Therefore, according to the warm feeling mannequin method,
It can be seen that the test under one condition can be conducted in about 25 minutes in total, and the test time can be significantly shortened as compared with the thermal mannequin method. Further, it can be seen that the warm mannequin method does not require a preliminary test, and thus the number of measurement steps can be significantly reduced as compared with the thermal mannequin method.

When the accuracy of SET ^* calculated in this way is examined, FIGS. 10 (a) to 10 (d) show SET ^* measured using a thermal mannequin and SET ^* measured using a thermal mannequin. This is for comparison and explanation. 10 (a) and 10 (b) show the mainstream wind velocity of 0.0 m / s.
10C, that is, the case of natural convection with almost no wind, and FIGS. 10C and 10D show the case of mainstream wind speed of 3.0 m / s, that is, the case of forced convection with strong conditioned air. ing.

In FIGS. 10A to 10D, the horizontal axis is S.
ET ^* is shown, and the vertical axis shows the site of the mannequin. Line A shows the case of the warm mannequin 1 and line B shows the case of the thermal mannequin. here,
Mannequin head (Head), chest (Chest), waist (H
ip), the upper arm (U. Arm), the arm (F. Arm), the thigh (Thhigh), and the leg (Leg).

The environmental condition of the test is that the temperature is 24
Degree, humidity 50%, no sunlight, summer clothes (short-sleeved work clothes). According to this, the deviation is within ± 2 ° C, which shows that the results are almost the same under both natural convection and forced convection. From the relationship between SET ^* and thermal comfort (for example, the relationship between SET ^* which is AHSRAE data and comfort declaration), an environment where more than 75% of people feel comfortable within the ideal SET ^* ± 2 ° C Therefore, it is considered to have sufficient accuracy to be applied to the development test.

[0073]

As described in detail above, according to the thermal environment measuring method of the present invention as defined in claim 1, the measuring method can be simplified, and the heat transfer coefficient and the working temperature can be simply and efficiently measured. There is an advantage that it can be obtained. Further, since a plurality of temperature sensors with heaters are used, there is an advantage that the time to reach thermal equilibrium is shortened and the measurement time can be shortened significantly. Further, since the heat transfer coefficient and the working temperature of a predetermined portion are calculated based on the heat transfer coefficient and the working temperature calculated for each of the plurality of temperature sensors, there is an advantage that sufficient measurement accuracy can be ensured. is there.

According to the thermal environment measuring method of the present invention as set forth in claim 2, since the heat capacity is small and the time to reach thermal equilibrium is short, there is also an advantage that it can greatly contribute to the shortening of the measuring time. According to the thermal environment measuring method of the present invention described in claim 3, there is also an advantage that the heat transfer coefficient and the working temperature of each sensor can be easily calculated.

According to the thermal environment measuring method of the present invention as defined in claim 4, there is also an advantage that the heat transfer coefficient and the working temperature at a predetermined portion can be easily calculated. According to the thermal environment measuring method of the present invention as set forth in claim 5, the heat transmission efficiency of clothing can be obtained by calculation, and therefore, there is also an advantage that the measurement efficiency is improved. According to the thermal environment measuring method of the present invention as set forth in claim 6, there is also an advantage that the heat transmission efficiency of clothes in a predetermined portion can be easily calculated.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a measurement and calculation procedure of a thermal environment measurement method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a measuring method of a thermal environment measuring method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a temperature sensor used in an embodiment of the present invention, in which (a) is a perspective view thereof,
(B) is a side sectional view thereof.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a heat transfer model of a temperature sensor used in an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an environmental test room for carrying out a verification test of the temperature sensation mannequin characteristic value in one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a diagram for obtaining heat transmission coefficients aij and bij of the temperature sensor according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a diagram for obtaining a correlation between a warming mannequin and a thermal mannequin in one embodiment of the present invention,
(A) is a diagram for obtaining the correlation α'ij, and (b) is a diagram for obtaining the correlation β'ij.

FIG. 8 is a diagram for obtaining clothing effect characteristic coefficients γi and δi in one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a thermal equilibrium model used in an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a thermal comfort evaluation index (SET ^* ) measured using a thermal mannequin and a thermal comfort evaluation index (S measured using a thermal manikin according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram for comparing ET ^* ), which includes (a) and (b).
Shows the case where the mainstream wind speed is 0.0 m / s, and (c) and (d) show the case where the mainstream wind speed is 3.0 m / s.

FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining a conventional thermal mannequin method, (a) is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus used for an experiment by the thermal mannequin method, and (b) is a schematic sectional view of the thermal mannequin. FIG.

[Explanation of symbols]

 1 Thermal sensation mannequin (mannequin) 1a Thermal sensation mannequin body 2 Thermal sensation sensor 3 Heater 4 Case (case made of heat insulating material) 5 Sensing surface 6 Thermocouple 7 Heater wire 8 Data logger 9 PC for measurement and analysis 10 Air conditioner 11 Solar radiation device 12 Blower 101 Thermal mannequin 102 Control device 103 Heater

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. A plurality of temperature sensation sensors which can be heated by a built-in heater and which are capable of measuring an internal temperature and a surface temperature are embedded in a predetermined portion of a mannequin, and a thermal environment in the predetermined portion of the mannequin is set. A thermal environment measuring method for measuring, comprising a non-heating environment measuring step of measuring a surface temperature and an internal temperature in a non-heating state for each of the temperature sensors, and a surface temperature and an internal temperature in a heating state as described above. An environment measurement process at the time of heating for each temperature sensor, and for each temperature sensor based on the surface temperature and internal temperature in the non-heated state and the surface temperature and internal temperature in the heated state measured for each temperature sensor Sensor heat transfer coefficient calculation step for calculating heat transfer coefficient, and surface temperature and internal temperature in non-heated state and surface temperature and internal A sensor working temperature calculation step for calculating a working temperature for each temperature sensor based on the temperature, and a predetermined part heat for calculating a heat transfer coefficient at the predetermined part of the mannequin based on the heat transfer coefficient for each temperature sensor. A thermal environment measuring method, comprising: a transmissibility calculating step; and a predetermined part operating temperature calculating step for calculating an operating temperature at the predetermined part of the mannequin based on the operating temperature of each of the temperature sensors. 2. The thermal environment measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is housed in a case made of a heat insulating material. 3. The heat transfer coefficient hij for each temperature sensor is
Surface temperature Tsfij and internal temperature Tin in the heated state
ij, the surface temperature Tsf'ij in the unheated state, and the following equation relating to the internal temperature Tin'ij: hij = aij. [(Tinij-Tin'ij)-(Tsfij-
Tsf'ij)] / (Tsfij-Tsf'ij) and the operating temperature Toij of each of the temperature sensors is the surface temperature Tsfij and the internal temperature Tinij in the heated state and the surface temperature Tsf in the non-heated state. ′ Ij and internal temperature Tin′ij
The following expression for Toij = (Tsfij · Tin′ij−Tsf′ij · Tin
ij) / [(Tsfij-Tsf'ij)-(Tinij-Ti
n'ij)] is calculated based on the following equation. 4. The heat transfer coefficient hi at the predetermined portion is
The heat transfer coefficient hij for each temperature sensor and the weighting coefficient αij are calculated based on the following equation hi = Σαijhij, and the working temperature Toi at the predetermined portion is related to the working temperature Toij and the weighting coefficient βij for each temperature sensor. The thermal environment measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal environment measuring method is calculated based on the following equation: Toi = Σβij Toij. 5. The thermal environment measuring method according to claim 4, further comprising a heat transmission efficiency calculating step of calculating the heat transmission efficiency of the clothing based on the heat transfer coefficient at the predetermined portion. 6. The heat transfer efficiency Fcli of the clothing is γi = (convective heat transfer coefficient hci, radiant heat transfer coefficient hri, heat transfer efficiency Fclci for convective heat transfer coefficient hci, and heat transfer efficiency Fclri for radiant heat transfer coefficient hri. Fclri-Fclci) .hri = cons
t. , Δi = Fclci = const. Value obtained by
, δi and the heat transfer coefficient hi are calculated according to the following equation Fcli = γi / hi + δi.