JPH09268299A - Production of fatty acid ester of glycerol - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To industrially and advantageously produce the subject compound, especially a monoglyceride of an unsaturated fatty acid excellent in especially flavor and color tone in high yield by carrying out the glycerolysis reaction of an oil and fat and glycerol as substrates so as to provide the monoglyceride content in the resultant reactional product with a specific value or above. SOLUTION: The glycerolysis reaction of (A) an oil and fat (e.g. a natural oil and fat having a 6-24C unsaturated fatty acid) and (B) glycerol as substrates is carried out so as to provide >=70% monoglyceride content in an unpurified state in the reactional product. Concretely, e.g. the components A and B are used as the substrates and mixed with a previously prepared immobilized lipase containing a calcium salt fine powder having <=30μm average particle diameter as a support. The glycerolysis reaction is then conducted in a temperature zone below the melting point of the component A.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a process for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester by a glycerolysis reaction using fats and oils and glycerin as substrates. More specifically, it relates to a method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester, wherein the content of monoglyceride in the reaction product obtained by the glycerolysis reaction is 70% or more when unpurified.

[0002]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Glycerin fatty acid esters are widely used as emulsifiers in the fields of foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and industry, and among them, monoglycerides are most widely used. Generally, as a method for producing monoglyceride,
A method is known in which ester reaction of glycerin with fatty acid and fatty acid methyl ester or fat and oil with glycerin at high temperature in the presence of a metal catalyst is carried out. However, since it is a high temperature reaction of 200 ° C or higher, oxidation deterioration of ester due to heat history occurs. Easy,
Particularly when unsaturated fatty acids are used as constituent fatty acids, this tendency is remarkable, and it has been a problem that it is difficult to completely remove harmful metal catalysts. In recent years, a method for producing monoglyceride from natural fats and oils under mild conditions using lipase has come to the attention, but the monoglyceride content in the reaction product is only 20 to 40%, For commercialization, it was essential to increase the monoglyceride content to 70 to 95% by a purification treatment such as molecular distillation. 14 for general molecular distillation purification of monoglyceride
Heat treatment at 0 to 160 ° C is required, and deterioration of components and color tone due to heat history during refining is unavoidable even under mild temperature conditions during reaction, especially when unsaturated fatty acids are included in constituent fatty acids. Since there is significant deterioration, the production method for producing a high content of monoglyceride without purification with heating has been desired.

Conventionally, lipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes fats and oils or higher fatty acid esters, but it is known that under suitable conditions, it undergoes a reverse reaction, a transesterification reaction or a glycerolysis reaction. As an enzymatic method for producing a fatty acid monoglyceride utilizing this reverse reaction, a method for synthesizing a glyceride from a fatty acid ester and glycerin using a lipase derived from Candida cylindracea or the like (JP-A-59-118094, 59-118095), a method for synthesizing a glyceride from a fatty acid or a fatty acid ester and glycerin using a lipase derived from Penicillium cyclopium (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-181390), from an oil and a glycerin using an alkaline lipase. A method for synthesizing glyceride (JP-A-60-102192) has been proposed.

However, each of the above methods is O /
It is a reaction of W emulsion system, and the reaction product is a mixture of glycerin, monoglyceride, diglyceride and triglyceride when the synthesis of monoglyceride is tried according to the law of indiscriminate distribution. The amount is only about 40%, and it is difficult to obtain only monoglyceride in high purity without heat treatment such as distillation purification. In addition, a method of immobilizing lipase on various carriers and reusing it (JP-A-3-43092,
Although the cost reduction has been proposed, such as JP-A-3-151885), the production rate of monoglyceride is only 40 to 50%, and the reaction rate is remarkably lowered by the use of 2-3 times. It is hard to say that it is industrially advantageous.

[0005]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to produce monoglyceride at a high rate without undergoing a heat history such as a distillation and refining step at a high temperature. . For example, it is an object to provide a method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester having a monoglyceride content of 70% or more by a glycerolysis reaction with immobilized lipase using natural fats and oils having an unsaturated fatty acid having 6 to 24 carbon atoms and glycerin as substrates. To do.

[0006]

Means for Solving the Problems The inventors of the present invention have conducted extensive studies in order to achieve the above-mentioned object, and as a result, this production method shows that, for example, the monoglyceride content obtained by the glycerolysis reaction is 70% or more even when unpurified. The present inventors have found a method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester characterized by being present.
For example, natural oils and fats and glycerin are used as substrates, and immobilized lipase having a calcium salt fine powder having an average particle size of 30 μm or less prepared as a carrier is mixed, and then a glycerolysis reaction is carried out in a temperature range below the melting point of the raw material oils and fats. As a result, the monoglyceride content in the unpurified reaction product can be produced at a high rate of 70% or more. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.

[0007]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The glycerolysis reaction according to the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is generally called a glycerin addition reaction, and examples thereof include a reaction using natural oil and fat and glycerin as a substrate. The natural fats and oils used in the present invention are not particularly limited, but fats and oils containing unsaturated fatty acids having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, that is, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, ricinoleic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, Although animal and vegetable oils in which docosenoic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, etc. are the main constituent fatty acids can be mentioned as preferable ones, more preferred are oils and fats containing oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and ricinoleic acid, and their melting points The fats and oils lower than the low temperature limit capable of exhibiting the activity of the lipase used in the reaction are not preferable because the time required to reach the target reaction rate is remarkably long. The immobilized lipase used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but those prepared by a carrier adsorption method using a water-insoluble calcium salt such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium pyrophosphate as a carrier are preferable. More preferably, it is a calcium carbonate carrier. The lipase is not particularly limited, but a lipase derived from the genus Pseudomonas, which has a relatively high activity in a low temperature region below room temperature, is suitable. From the viewpoint of uniform dispersibility in the reaction system, the average particle size of the carrier is preferably 30 μm or less, and more preferably 2 to 20 μm. When the average particle size is less than 2 μm, it is difficult to collect the immobilized lipase by a simple operation such as simple filtration, which is not preferable.
When it is more than 30 μm, the sedimentation due to the difference in specific gravity becomes remarkable,
Uniform dispersion in the reaction system becomes difficult. Further, the amount of immobilized lipase is preferably 0.1 to 500 mg of protein per 1 g of the carrier, and particularly the amount of lipase content in the protein is about 2 to 90%.

In the present invention, the amount of the immobilized lipase used is not particularly limited, but it can be in the range of 1 to 1000 parts by weight, preferably 10 to 200 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the above-mentioned raw material oil and fat. In the present invention, the temperature at which the glycerolysis reaction proceeds is not particularly limited as long as it is room temperature or less at which no thermal denaturation occurs, but it is preferable to lower the temperature with time. That is, in order to incline the saturation equilibrium amount of the MG content according to the reaction equilibrium rule at a high rate, it is desirable to set the temperature condition at which the generated MG is sequentially precipitated out of the reaction system. Specifically, room temperature (20 ~
The reaction was started at 30 ° C., and the reaction temperature was adjusted to 10 at the stage when the amount of monoglyceride produced was 30 to 40% of the reaction product.
-15 ° C, and when the amount of monoglyceride produced is 50-60% of the reaction product, the reaction temperature is further changed to 0 ° C-
It can be prepared at 5 ° C. Generally, the degree of esterification of oils and fats (triglycerides) decreases, and the melting point of the oils and fats rises as they become monoglycerides through diglycerides. When the reaction temperature is lowered according to the progress of the glycerolysis reaction, the monoglyceride having the highest melting point is crystallized and gradually desorbed from the reaction system, resulting in a dramatic increase in the monoglyceride content. In a usual enzyme reaction, the monoglyceride content at the reaction end point is about 40 to 50% according to the law of indiscriminate distribution, as in the case of chemical synthesis, but in the present invention, 90% or more can be achieved. It was possible, and residual activity sufficient to achieve a monoglyceride content of 70% or more was confirmed even after repeated use of the immobilized lipase 5 times or more, or 10 times or more. The monoglyceride content in the present invention can be measured by a publicly known measuring method and is not particularly limited, but it can be generally measured by using gas chromatography. For example, it can be determined from the peak area of stearic acid monoglyceride as an internal standard. Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

[0009]

[Examples] Method for preparing immobilized lipase While stirring 10 liters of a culture supernatant (lipase activity; 16,400 units / ml) derived from Pseudomonas sp. KWI-56 strain with a propeller stirrer, calcium carbonate (average particle size) Diameter 8 μm; Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. 4 kg is gradually added, and after the whole amount is mixed and dispersed, stirring is continued at room temperature for 1 hour. The obtained dispersion is squeezed and filtered to recover the solid content, which is again dispersed in 20 l of cold acetone and washed, and then squeezed and filtered to recover the solid content, which is vacuum dried to remove and immobilize the acetone. 4.3 kg of lipase was obtained. The specific activity of the immobilized lipase was about 20,000 units / g. Glycerolysis capacity of immobilized lipase Using 50 g of olive oil and 26 g of purified glycerin (water content 3%) as a substrate, 3 g of the immobilized lipase prepared above was added with stirring, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ° C for 0 to 1 hour at 10 ° C for 1 hour. ~ 2
Glycerolysis reaction is performed while lowering the reaction temperature over 4 hours at 5 ° C for 24 to 96 hours, and unreacted glycerin and immobilized lipase are separated from the resulting reaction mixture using an organic solvent such as acetone. After the removal, the composition of the obtained oily fraction dissolved in chloroform was used as a sample and spotted on a boric acid-treated Chromarod S (manufactured by Yatron) to obtain benzene-chloroform-acetic acid (70: 3).
Thin layer chromatography was carried out with a developing solvent of 0: 2), and analyzed using an iatroscan (MK-5 type, manufactured by Yatron). The results are shown in Table 1, and a reaction product having a remarkably high MG content was obtained as compared with the MG content (40 to 50%) in the general promiscuous distribution rule in the glycerolysis reaction.

[0010]

[Table 1]

From the above results, Pseudomonas sp. KWI-56
It was found that the lipase obtained from the strain had excellent glycerolysis ability. Also, Pseudomonas pseudoalkali and
Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Pseudomonas gluma
When the lipase derived from e was similarly subjected, it was found to have a high monoglyceride-forming ability.

Example 1 Using 15 kg of olive oil and 7.8 kg of purified glycerin (water content 3%) as a substrate, 1.08 kg of immobilized lipase prepared above was added with stirring, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ° C. for 0 to 1 hour for 1 hour.
The glycerolysis reaction is performed while decreasing the reaction temperature with time at 0 ° C. for 1 to 24 hours and at 5 ° C. for 24 to 120 hours, and is obtained 4, 8 and 12 hours after the start of the reaction and every 12 hours thereafter. Unreacted glycerin and immobilized lipase were separated and removed from the reaction mixture using an organic solvent such as acetone, and the obtained oily fraction was dissolved in chloroform. Thin film chromatography was performed with a developing solvent of benzene-chloroform-acetic acid (70: 30: 2), and glyceride isomers were analyzed using an Iatroscan (MK-5 type, manufactured by Yatron). The composition ratio was analyzed.
Further, after the completion of the first reaction, a glycerolysis reaction was performed using the same substrate as above using the immobilized lipase collected by filtration, and the same composition analysis was carried out. Thereafter, the same operation was repeated, and the results of carrying out the reaction 9 times in total were shown in Table 2 and FIG. As is clear from Table 2, the immobilized lipase exhibited a high MG-forming ability of 78.3% even after being recycled 9 times.

[0013]

[Table 2]

Example 2 Using 15 kg of purified fish oil and 7.8 kg of purified glycerin (water content 3%) as a substrate, 1.08 kg of the immobilized lipase prepared above was added with stirring, and at 20 ° C. for 0 to 1 hour. 5
The glycerolysis reaction was performed while lowering the reaction temperature over time at 1 to 24 hours at 0 ° C and 24 to 120 hours at 0 ° C, and was obtained 4, 8 and 12 hours after the start of the reaction and every 12 hours thereafter. Unreacted glycerin and immobilized lipase were separated and removed from the reaction mixture by using an organic solvent such as acetone, and the obtained oily fraction was dissolved in chloroform, and a sample was prepared by the same procedure as in Example 1. The composition ratio of isomers was analyzed. Further, after the completion of the first reaction, a glycerolysis reaction was performed using the same substrate as above using the immobilized lipase collected by filtration, and the same composition analysis was carried out. The same operation was repeated thereafter, and the results of carrying out the reaction 10 times in total are shown in Table 3.

[0015]

[Table 3]

As is clear from Table 3, the present immobilized lipase exhibited a high MG-forming ability of 71.8% even after 10 times of recycling.

The embodiments of the present invention and the desired products are as follows. (1) A method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester, wherein the content of monoglyceride in the reaction product obtained by the glycerolysis reaction is 70% or more when unpurified. (2) A method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester, wherein the content of monoglyceride in the reaction product obtained by the glycerolysis reaction is 90% or more when unpurified. (3) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (1) to (2), wherein the substrates in the glycerylsis reaction are fats and oils and glycerin. (4) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (3), wherein an oil or fat having an unsaturated fatty acid of an unsaturated fatty acid having 6 to 24 carbon atoms as a constituent fatty acid is used as a substrate. (5) As a constituent fatty acid, an oil or fat having one or more selected from oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, ricinoleic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosenoic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is used as a substrate. The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (3) to (4), characterized in that

(6) As the constituent fatty acid, 1 selected from oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and ricinoleic acid
The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (3) to (5), characterized in that a fat or oil having two or more species is used as a substrate. (7) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (3) to (6), wherein an oil or fat having oleic acid is used as a constituent fatty acid as a substrate. (8) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (3) to (6), characterized in that an oil or fat having linoleic acid is used as a substrate as a constituent fatty acid. (9) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (3) to (6), wherein an oil or fat having linolenic acid as a constituent fatty acid is used as a substrate. (10) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (3) to (6), wherein an oil or fat having ricinoleic acid as a constituent fatty acid is used as a substrate.

(11) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (1) to (10), wherein the glycerolysis reaction is carried out by an enzyme. (12) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein the glycerolysis reaction is carried out by lipase. (13) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (12), wherein the lipase is derived from the genus Pseudomonas. (14) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (12) to (13), wherein the lipase is an immobilized lipase. (15) The method for producing glycerin fatty acid ester according to (14), wherein the immobilized lipase is prepared by a carrier adsorption method.

(16) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any of (14) to (15), wherein the carrier of the immobilized lipase is a calcium salt. (17) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (14) to (16), wherein the carrier of the immobilized lipase is an insoluble calcium salt. (18) The carrier of the immobilized lipase is one or more calcium salts selected from calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium pyrophosphate (1)
4) The manufacturing method of glycerin fatty acid ester in any one of (17). (19) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (14) to (18), wherein the carrier of the immobilized lipase is calcium carbonate. (20) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (14) to (19), wherein the carrier has an average particle size of 30 micrometers or less.

(21) The average particle size of the carrier is 2 to 20 micrometers, (14) to (20)
The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of claims. (22) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any of (11) to (21), wherein the enzyme can be repeatedly used. (23) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any of (12) to (21), wherein the lipase can be repeatedly used. (24) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (14) to (21), wherein the immobilized lipase can be repeatedly used. (25) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is carried out under temperature control conditions of room temperature or lower (11) to
(24) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of the above.

(26) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (11) to (24), wherein the reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is carried out while gradually lowering the reaction temperature. (27) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is carried out under at least two stages of temperature reaction conditions (11) to (2)
4) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of the above. (28) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is carried out under reaction conditions of at least three steps (11) to (2)
4) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of the above. (29) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is started at room temperature or below,
The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (11) to (28), wherein the reaction temperature is lowered when the monoglyceride content in the reaction composition reaches 30 to 40%. (30) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (29), wherein the lowered reaction temperature is 15 degrees or less.

(31) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (29), wherein the lowered reaction temperature is 10 ° C. or lower. (32) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is started at room temperature or below,
The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (11) to (29), wherein the reaction temperature is lowered when the monoglyceride content in the reaction composition reaches 50 to 60%. (33) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (32), wherein the lowered reaction temperature is 5 degrees or less. (34) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (32), wherein the lowered reaction temperature is 0 ° C. or lower. (35) When the reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is started at room temperature or lower and the monoglyceride content in the reaction composition reaches 30 to 40%, the reaction temperature is lowered and the monoglyceride content in the reaction composition becomes 50%. (11) to (2), which is characterized in that the reaction temperature is lowered at a stage of reaching ~ 60%.
9) A method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of the items.

(36) Monoglyceride content of 30-40
The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (35), wherein the reaction temperature lowered in the step of% is 15 degrees or less. (37) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (35), wherein the reaction temperature lowered at the stage where the monoglyceride content is 30 to 40% is 10 degrees or less. (38) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (35), wherein the reaction temperature lowered at the stage where the monoglyceride content is 50 to 60% is 5 degrees or less. (39) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to (35), wherein the reaction temperature lowered at the stage where the monoglyceride content is 50 to 60% is 0 ° C. or lower. (40) The number of times the enzyme can be used repeatedly is at least 2.
The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (11) to (38), which is more than once. (41) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (11) to (38), wherein the number of times of repeated use is at least 5 or more. (42) The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to any one of (11) to (38), wherein the number of times of repeated use is at least 10 or more.

[0025]

Industrial Applicability According to the production method of the present invention, it is possible to obtain unsaturated fatty acid monoglyceride excellent in flavor and color tone in a high yield, which does not require a reactor such as a large-scale bioreactor and is industrial. Can be advantageously synthesized.

[0026]

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a diagram listing the results of repeated experiments of immobilized lipase.

Claims (2)

[Claims] 1. The monoglyceride content in the reaction product obtained by the glycerolysis reaction is 7 when unpurified.
A method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester, characterized in that it is 0% or more. 2. The method for producing a glycerin fatty acid ester according to claim 1, wherein the immobilized lipase used in the glycerolysis reaction is a calcium salt fine powder having an average particle diameter of 30 μm or less as a carrier.