JPH07313073A - Fish feed and its production - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a fish feed stably containing a large amount of water and a prescribed amount of fat and having excellent feed efficiency. CONSTITUTION:This fish feed at least contains crude fat, water and a protein source. It contains >=20wt.% of water based on the total composition, the WHC (a measure of the water-absorptivity of a composition) is >=0.4 and the WRC (a measure of the water content firmly adsorbable to a composition) is >=0.2. The feed can be produced in high efficiency by a fish feed production process containing the extrusion forming of each feed component with an extruder and the freezing of extrudate.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fish feed containing high water content and high fat and excellent in molding stability, and a method for producing the same. ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the water content and fat of high content are hold | maintained stably, and the fish feed excellent in feed efficiency is provided.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art A wide variety of fish feeds (or aquaculture feeds or feeds for fish cultures) have been proposed and some of them have been used in accordance with the target of cultured fish and the expansion of aquaculture scale.

[0003] For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-157939 discloses the disadvantages of directly administering minced fish such as sardines, mackerel, and shrimp to cultured fish, especially the dissolution of water-soluble nutrients and water. For the purpose of avoiding the crushing and dispersal of the bait, the fish feed, which is prepared by adding fish meal, oil cake, wheat flour, etc. to the minced meat, kneading the super absorbent polymer and granulating the fish feed is disclosed.

JP-A-2-257834 and 2-2
Japanese Patent No. 57836 discloses that, in order to solve the above-mentioned disadvantages such as variations in quality associated with the feeding of fish feed, proteins such as fish meal, soybean oil meal, corn gluten meal, and starches (starch, wheat flour). Etc.) contains vitamins and minerals, and the fat content as crude fat 13-
A porous fish feed containing 35 weights has been published. In addition,
These feeds are produced by heating and kneading the above-mentioned respective raw materials by using an extruder, discharging them into the air, then drying until the water content is reduced to a certain amount, and then spraying oils and fats. .

On the other hand, when the commonly used fish-culturing composition is primarily frozen and then re-thawed for feeding, the molded pellets are so softened that, in the worst case, they cannot be fed. As disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 257836, it is not possible to add a sufficient amount of fats and oils at the time of molding, and measures have been taken to eliminate the disadvantages of the fish feed in which fats and oils are adsorbed to the molding pellets before feeding. For example, according to Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-64552, a fish feed that is molded by using a composition for fish culture that does not contain raw bait, in which sufficient fats and oils can be added at the time of molding, and which has improved moldability is disclosed. Has been done. The improvement of this feed lies in the inclusion of a specific sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the fish farming composition and, if necessary, the inclusion of a specific emulsifier. It is claimed that the thus obtained feed has various advantages because the addition of CMC causes appropriate viscosity and lubricity to be exhibited, and the added water and the added oil are uniformly kneaded by constant shearing. .

[0006]

However, in consideration of the convenience of high-density aquaculture and handling in distribution, a fish feed containing as few additives as possible other than the essential components in the fish feed and excellent in handling in distribution. The demand for is still there. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a fish feed in which a high content of water and a desired amount of fat are stably retained and the feed efficiency is improved.

[0007]

[Means for Solving the Problems] The present inventors have conducted investigations to provide useful fish baits, paying attention to the variation of the characteristics of the molded products associated with the blending of various raw materials for fish baits and the molding method.
As a result, it was found that when a raw material having a constant composition was extruded under a constant condition and then frozen, a fish feed meeting the above purpose could be efficiently obtained. This molded product, for example,
As mentioned in the above-mentioned JP-A-5-64552,
It has a completely unexpected characteristic in that when it is thawed once and then re-thawed, the molded pellets are severely softened, and in the worst case, it cannot be fed.

[0008] Therefore, the above object is a fish feed according to the present invention containing at least fat, water and a protein source, which comprises (A) 20% by weight or more of water based on the total weight of the composition, and (B) ambient temperature. (I) WHC is 0.4 when measured by
And (ii) WRC is provided by providing a fish feed characterized by being 0.2 or more.

As another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a frozen fish feed having the above characteristics when thawed. The feed in such a state is excellent in distribution convenience, for example, storage stability, transport stability and the like.

The above-mentioned fish feed is another embodiment of the present invention, in which (a) the step of supplying the raw materials usually used for fish feed, (b) the step (a), simultaneously with or before and after, Adjusting the content of water to 20% by weight or more per weight of the composition, (c) kneading the mixture obtained in steps (a) and (b), and extruding through an extruder, and ( d) The step of freezing the molded product obtained in step (c), and the method for producing a frozen fish feed that has been molded through the method, and can be efficiently provided.

The WHC referred to in the present invention is a measure of the amount of water absorbed by the composition, and means the water holding capacity in a given composition,
It is a value obtained by dividing the weight of the stored water by the weight of the sample used to store the water. WRC is a measure of the amount of water that is firmly adsorbed in the composition, and is the water fixing ability (Water Retention Capacity) in a given composition.
is a value obtained by dividing the weight of water remaining after the water is removed by applying a certain external force to a sample that has been sufficiently absorbed by water, and divided by the weight of the sample.

[0012]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The fish feed of the present invention may include any material that can be used as a raw material for ordinary fish feeds, as long as it does not adversely affect the characteristics of the present invention. Specific examples of such raw materials include fish meal such as white fish meal and brown fish meal, meat meal, bone meat meal, feather meal, blood meal, skim milk powder, krill meal, squid meal, soybean meal, gluten meal and 1 of these. Mixtures of two or more species, and a main raw material that may be a protein source such as minced raw fish such as sardines, mackerel, and shrimp (may be referred to as a protein source in the present invention) and optional ingredients such as wheat flour, rice flour, rice bran, defatted rice bran, and bran , Starch materials such as tapioca starch, viscous polysaccharides such as CMC, sodium alginate and guar gum, minerals,
Vitamin B ₁ , vitamin B ₂ , vitamin B ₆ , folic acid, and auxiliary materials such as vitamins such as biotins can be mentioned. In order to easily achieve the characteristics of the fish feed of the present invention, it is generally preferred that the protein source comprises at least 20%, preferably about 30% by weight of the total composition as crude protein.
On the other hand, the amount of the auxiliary material added can be appropriately selected depending on the mixing ratio of the essential components, the purpose of feeding, the type of target fish, and the like. Starch may have a favorable effect on the molding characteristics of the fish feed of the present invention.

Further, the fish feed of the present invention contains fat derived from the above-mentioned raw materials. Generally, the fat is 10% by weight or more as a crude fat based on the total weight of the composition, specifically 10 to 40% by weight, preferably. Contains 10-35%. Fat is generally added as an external component by fish oil or the like. The fat content in the fish feed of the present invention is based on the amount determined by the method for measuring crude fat described below. Such fats, as long as they do not adversely affect the feed efficiency or the meat thickening coefficient of fish,
Animal or vegetable oils other than fish oil may be included. Specific ingredients for fish oil include sardines, salmon roe, squid,
Fish oils derived from other various fish can be mentioned.

Further, the fish feed of the present invention contains 20% by weight or more, specifically 20 to 50% by weight, preferably 20 to 40% by weight of water based on the total weight of the composition.

The fish feed of the present invention containing each of the above components is provided as another aspect of the present invention, and is advantageously manufactured by the method described in detail below. Without being bound by theory, the fish feed of the present invention having the above composition by kneading, heating and / or pressure extruding by the method of the present invention, and freezing, is kneaded into the composition and homogenized. It is speculated that a unique matrix structure is formed through freezing of the dispersed water. Thus, the fish feed of the present invention has a WHC value and a WRC value of, for example, almost the same composition and is extruded in the same manner. In some cases, the value exceeds about 2 times, and in WRC, the value exceeds about 3 times. This means that the fish food of the present application
It is speculated that this is due to the fact that it has a substantially identical composition, and although it is extruded similarly, it has a special structure. That is, the fish feed of the present invention has a significantly higher water-accommodating capacity and water-fixing capacity than the comparative feed having almost the same composition.

Regarding the definitions of WHC and WRC, as described above, the larger these values are, the more stable the molded article can be provided with the high water content. Therefore, WHC
Is 0.45 or more and WRC is 0.35 or more is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Surprisingly, the above-mentioned WH
The fish feed satisfying both the C and WRC values is not only excellent in water storage capacity and fixation capacity, but also in fat storage capacity and fixation capacity. It can provide excellent fish food.

The above-mentioned WHC and WRC values indicate that the sample has an ambient temperature, that is, a measurement environment temperature, for example, 15 ° C.
It is a value measured at -30 ° C.

Furthermore, surprisingly, the fish feed of the present invention has almost the same composition except that it does not freeze, and generally has a superior chewability as compared with a similarly extruded molded product. For example, when a uniaxial extruder is used as the molding means, the chewability exceeds about 4 times. This chewability can be calculated by using an appropriate rheometer, usually using the energy required for chewing to a state where solid food can be swallowed as a scale.

The fish feed of the present invention having the above excellent properties can be advantageously produced by the method of the present invention provided as another embodiment.

[0021] Conventionally, moist pellets have been frozen and stored for the purpose of improving stickiness and storability at the time of feeding. However, frozen storage may have a drawback that the whole freezes and freezes. Known (for example, JP-A-6
See JP-A-3-157939).

However, according to the present invention, the fish bait having excellent characteristics as described above is not intended for mere preservation purpose, but by actively introducing the freezing step into the manufacturing process of the fish bait. It has been found that it can be manufactured efficiently.

According to the method of the present invention, first, when a raw material containing at least a predetermined amount of fat, water and a protein source mixed in advance is fed to an extruder, the total water content in these components is adjusted in advance (usually). , Adding) and adjusting the fat if necessary, and kneading the mixture thus obtained. As the kneading means, any kneading means can be used regardless of the type such as roll type, gear type or screw type, as long as it can uniformly knead the respective components. Generally, it is advantageous to use a screw type extruder (extruder) having an excellent kneading effect and to perform extrusion molding simultaneously with kneading. As the extruder, a single-screw extruder or a multi-screw extruder having two or more axes can be used.

Taking a case of molding using a uniaxial extruder as an example, the extrusion pressure is generally 5 to 15 kg / c.
Select the rotation speed of the screw and the diameter of the die so that it will be m ² . The temperature of the composition rises when pressure is applied to the composition to be molded, but the temperature of the composition is maintained at about 80 to 130 ° C. by externally heating as necessary.
The extrusion amount, screw diameter and the like can be appropriately selected according to the target treatment amount. The size and shape of the die can be appropriately selected according to the type and size of the fish to be fed, and the diameter is usually 0.8 to 50 mm, preferably 1.5 to 30 mm.

The composition obtained by using the extruder is said to have a certain structure, but the composition thus extruded into the air is generally in a structured state. Then, a molded product can be obtained by cutting them into a predetermined length with a cutter. The length of cutting can be appropriately selected depending on the kind and size of the fish to be fed, like the die, and is usually 1 to 60 mm, preferably 2 to
30 mm.

Next, the obtained molded products are subjected to a freezing treatment in a state where they do not form a block because they are mutually bonded. As the freezing means, any device and method may be used as long as it can effectively prevent blocking of each molded product during processing, but it is preferable to use a tunnel freezer having excellent freezing efficiency. Is. Normally, tunnel freezers operate at -10 to -35 ° C. The lower the temperature is, the shorter the freezing time is, which is advantageous. However, as described above, a temperature at which each molded product does not block can be used for producing the fish feed of the present invention.

The fish feed thus produced has almost the above-mentioned excellent characteristics, but in the production method of the present invention, not all molded products have the aforementioned WHC and W.
It will be appreciated that it is not required to indicate the RC value. In a preferred embodiment, the average value of WHC and WRC for the molded product is 0.4 or more and 0.2 or more, respectively, and in a more preferred embodiment, the average value of WHC and WRC is 0 or more, respectively. An example is one in which the manufacturing conditions are selected so as to be 0.45 or more and 0.35 or more. These include, for example, a water content of 20% by weight or more, specifically 20% by weight.
It can be achieved by adjusting the content to 50% by weight. At that time, from the viewpoint of feed efficiency, it is advantageous to adjust the content of fat to 10% by weight or more as crude fat.

Since the fish feed of the present invention usually includes a freezing step in its production process, the product can be provided in a frozen state or in a partially or completely thawed state. Products in the frozen state (or in some cases even partially frozen products) by their nature can be stored or preserved without contamination by microorganisms, deterioration of the components, and during transport and handling. Excellent shape retention.

Further, even in a completely thawed state, since it is excellent in the water containing capacity and the water fixing capacity as described above, it shows resistance to adhesion between molded products and blocking.
Easy to feed. It has also been confirmed that feeding a product in which a part of the molded product remains frozen does not adversely affect the feeding efficiency.

[0030]

The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited thereto. In addition, the part or percentage in each example is
Weight / weight basis unless otherwise stated.

Examples 1 to 30 Fish meal (brown meal) 73 kg, wheat flour 5 kg, tapioca starch 15 kg, CMC (manufactured by Daicel: CMC Daicel <2280>) 2 kg, mineral mix 3 kg,
Vitamin mix 2kg compound (mixture) with water and fish oil (Alaska pollack liver oil: Riken Vitamin Co.)
Was appropriately added, and the mixture was adjusted to 105 ° C. with steam, and then kneaded and pressure-molded with a uniaxial extruder (EP100 type manufactured by Ueda Iron Works, die diameter 8 mm). Each extruded molded product was directly frozen using a tunnel freezer at -20 ° C for a contact time (passing time) of 20 minutes. The frozen product was left at room temperature (about 20 ° C.) for 1 hour to thaw it, and the water content, crude fat, WHC, WRC and chewability were measured by the methods described below. The results are shown in the following Table 1 (invention unless otherwise specified), and Examples 16 to 30 used those corresponding to the compositions of Examples 1 to 15 of Table 1, respectively, without freezing and in a cool place ( The results of cooling at about 5 ° C.) are shown in Table 2 (all examples are comparative examples).

Table 1 Frozen Samples Sample No. Moisture Crude Fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example No.) (%) (%) (g) 1 38.2 28.4 0.66 0.47 3575 2 37.7 29.4 0.65 0.35 2338 3 35.3 29.7 0.73 0.53 1267 4 31.7 27.4 0.81 0.58 1639 5 28.3 27.9 1.93 0.63 1919 6 24.8 29.9 1.09 0.67 1818 7 (Comparison) 17.6 27.5 − * − * 1903 8 (Comparison) 15.2 28.5 − * − * 870 9 28.9 32.0 0.94 0.52 3905 10 28.3 27.9 1.93 0.63 1919 11 28.3 20.7 1.10 0.67 1005 12 28.3 20.4 1.29 0.87 2379 13 28.6 12.7 1.40 0.92 2924 14 29.7 8.9 1.50 0.97 4340 15 29.4 4.4 1.63 1.06 3466 * Difficult to measure when immersed in water Table 2 Refrigerated sample Sample No. Moisture Crude fat WHC WRC Chewability (example) (%) (%) (g) 16 38.4 28.7 0.24 0.12 297 17 36.4 30.1 0.25 0.12 426 18 35.5 30.1 0.20 0.05 288 19 31.1 27.8 0.20 0.04 121 20 28.2 28.1 0.35 0.15 377 21 25.5 28.9 0.28 0.11 130 22 18.0 28.4 − * − * 227 23 15.6 27.7 − * − * 0 ** 24 29.5 31.4 0.34 0.1 1 63 25 28.2 28.1 0.35 0.15 377 26 27.7 21.7 0.36 0.16 153 27 29.7 19.9 0.43 0.27 50 28 28.3 11.0 0.46 0.30 358 29 29.7 9.4 0.63 0.40 477 30 30.2 5.6 0.72 0.42 542 * Measured because the shape collapses completely when immersed in water Impossible ** The shape collapses after the first press.

Examples 31 to 70 74 kg of fish meal (brown meal), 8 kg of wheat flour, 10 kg of tapioca starch, 3 kg of CMC (manufactured by Daicel: CMC Daicel <2280>), 3 kg of mineral mix,
Vitamin mix 2kg compound (mixture) with water and fish oil (Alaska pollack liver oil: Riken Vitamin Co.)
Was added appropriately and the temperature was adjusted to 105 ° C. with steam, and then a uniaxial extruder (EP50 type manufactured by Ueda Tekko KK, die diameter 6
mm), and kneaded and pressure-molded. Each extruded molded product was brought into contact with crushed dry ice to be frozen. Thaw the frozen product at room temperature (about 20 ° C) for 1 hour to thaw,
Water, crude fat, WHC, WRC and chewability were measured. The results are shown in Table 3 (invention) below, and the results obtained by allowing to stand in a cool place (about 5 ° C.) without freezing are shown in Table 4 (all examples are comparative examples). The compositions of Examples 51 to 70 substantially correspond to Examples 31 to 50 of Table 3, respectively.

Table 3 Frozen Samples Sample No. Moisture Crude Fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example No.) (%) (%) (g) 31 25.3 20.9 0.94 0.54 1074 32 25.6 20.7 0.76 0.43 1352 33 26.6 20.2 0.70 0.46 1098 34 31.7 18.3 0.46 0.20 812 35 34.3 18.5 0.46 0.13 882 36 24.4 21.5 0.62 0.24 938 37 27.2 21.8 0.64 0.35 1234 38 28.0 18.4 0.64 0.36 1045 39 29.9 18.0 0.73 0.42 1384 40 33.6 16.0 0.42 0.30 929 41 31.6 16.1 0.44 0.38 1555 42 30.2 15.4 0.52 0.44 1837 43 30.5 15.8 0.45 0.42 1476 44 31.0 15.0 0.48 0.44 1288 45 30.7 16.3 0.45 0.41 1492 46 30.7 18.4 1.01 0.85 1294 47 26.4 19.5 0.66 0.51 998 48 28.3 21.7 0.75 0.56 851 49 30.5 20.9 0.68 0.53 791 50 32.3 19.9 0.44 0.41 888 Table 4 Refrigerated samples Sample number Moisture Crude fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example number) (%) (%) (g) 51 24.0 21.4 0.54 0.15 125 52 24.8 21.2 0.32 0.13 364 53 26.8 20.5 0.29 0.08 510 54 31.4 18.7 0.19 0.10 518 55 31.8 19.2 0.19 0.05 278 56 25.3 21.0 0.36 0.15 561 57 26.4 19.9 0. 29 0.13 61 58 28.2 18.7 0.27 0.13 240 59 32.2 17.7 0.18 0.10 593 60 33.8 16.3 0.19 0.12 672 61 30.3 16.5 0.26 0.13 951 62 29.9 15.6 0.29 0.15 767 63 29.8 15.9 0.27 0.13 1145 64 31.1 15.2 0.28 0.15 437 65 28.7 17.4 0.29 0.15 582 66 23.8 22.5 0.40 0.16 44 67 26.2 22.5 0.24 0.06 75 68 28.3 21.2 0.23 0.06 219 69 29.9 21.0 0.18 0.05 532 70 31.9 20.4 0.21 0.02 39 Example 71 to 120 Fish meal (brown meal) 73 kg, wheat flour 5 kg, tapioca starch 15 kg, CMC (Manufactured by Daicel: CMC Daicel <2280>) 2 kg, mineral mix 3 kg,
Water and fish oil (Alaska pollack liver oil: manufactured by Riken Vitamin Co.) are appropriately added to a compound (mixture) of 2 kg of vitamin mix, and a twin-screw extruder (KEX-50 type manufactured by Kurimoto Tekko Co., Ltd., die diameter φ5.6 mm) is used. The barrel temperature was set to 80 to 110 ° C. and the die temperature was set to 70 ° C., and kneading and pressure molding were performed. Each extruded molded product was brought into contact with crushed dry ice to be frozen. The frozen product was left at room temperature (about 20 ° C.) for 1 hour to be thawed, and water content, crude protein (hereinafter, simply referred to as “crude protein”), crude fat, WHC, WRC, and chewability were measured. The results are shown in Table 5 (invention) below, and the results obtained by allowing to stand in a cool place (about 5 ° C.) without freezing are shown in Table 6 (all examples are comparative examples). The compositions of Examples 96 to 120 substantially correspond to those of Examples 71 to 95 in Table 5, respectively.

Table 5 Frozen samples Sample number Water Crude protein Crude fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example number) (%) (%) (%) 71 28.0 39.4 4.6 0.41 0.35 3395 72 30.7 37.8 7.9 0.48 0.39 2662 73 29.7 36.4 10.5 0.50 0.41 1897 74 29.3 35.2 13.3 0.61 0.50 2635 75 29.6 33.1 16.1 0.58 0.50 1628 76 28.2 32.2 18.4 0.67 0.53 1925 77 30.9 32.2 16.3 0.75 0.60 1333 78 26.2 31.1 19.7 0.72 0.53 1323 79 24.7 30.5 22.1 0.76 0.54 1387 80 26.6 30.9 21.9 0.74 0.53 1460 81 36.7 36.1 4.3 0.42 0.35 2673 82 34.0 34.1 9.7 0.40 0.32 2151 83 33.1 31.7 14.3 0.46 0.35 1211 84 31.1 30.6 18.8 0.56 0.46 1326 85 30.0 29.2 22.0 0.65 0.52 907 86 32.9 28.3 20.7 0.68 0.42 1409 87 21.9 37.1 17.4 1.11 0.76 2035 88 21.5 36.5 17.3 1.10 0.73 2098 89 27.2 35.0 15.5 0.52 0.43 2180 90 31.7 32.7 14.0 0.36 0.33 1405 91 35.4 32.0 12.4 0.33 0.30 1449 92 42.5 28.6 12.0 0.29 0.29 798 93 19.9 37.1 19.4 1.33 0.93 1208 94 32.4 37.5 14.5 0.53 0.41 1967 95 37.8 28.6 15.3 0.52 0.34 988 Table 6 Refrigerated samples Sample number Water Crude protein Crude fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example number) (%) (%) (%) 96 33.3 38.9 4.7 0.25 0.17 4562 97 30.7 37.7 9.3 0.29 0.18 3472 98 30.1 36.1 11.3 0.36 0.20 3143 99 27.2 36.3 13.9 0.35 0.20 3265 100 26.9 33.5 16.6 0.28 0.14 2001 101 26.1 33.2 19.1 0.27 0.13 2309 102 26.6 31.7 21.1 0.28 0.10 1796 103 27.2 30.3 22.9 0.36 0.13 890 104 24.7 31.5 23.6 0.35 0.08 758 105 24.9 31.3 23.4 0.30 0.09 1268 106 35.4 33.5 4.6 0.23 0.18 3043 107 33.9 34.5 9.9 0.24 0.17 1620 108 32.9 31.7 15.0 0.18 0.19 1326 109 30.1 31.4 19.2 0.21 0.13 1094 110 29.2 29.3 22.8 0.25 0.03 1148 111 28.3 28.5 24.0 0.20 0.04 661 112 18.7 39.4 18.1 1.12 0.63 1483 113 21.5 37.3 17.3 0.98 0.52 2277 114 27.4 34.8 16.0 0.37 0.20 205 115 31.7 32.9 14.5 0.20 0.12 645 116 35.6 32.0 12.3 0.17 0.12 2251 117 39.1 29.7 14.7 0.17 0.09 1399 118 20.5 36.5 19.5 1.18 0.58 1913 119 30.5 33.4 16.0 0.30 0.17 1194 120 39.7 29.0 13.7 0.19 0.10 2218 Examples 121 to 130 Fish meal (brown meal) 73 kg, wheat flour 5 kg, tapioca starch 15 kg, CMC (manufactured by Daicel Corporation: CMC Daicel <1300>) 2 kg, mineral mix 3 kg,
Water and fish oil (Alaska pollack liver oil: manufactured by Riken Vitamin) are appropriately added to a compound (mixture) of 2 kg of vitamin mix, and a twin-screw extruder (KEX-50 type manufactured by Kurimoto Tekko Co., Ltd., die diameter φ5.6 mm) is used. The barrel temperature was set to 80 to 110 ° C. and the die temperature was set to 70 ° C., and kneading and pressure molding were performed. Each extruded molded product was brought into contact with crushed dry ice to be frozen. The frozen product was left to thaw at room temperature (about 20 ° C.) for 1 hour, and the water content, crude protein, crude fat, WHC, WRC, and chewability were measured. The results are shown in Table 7 (invention) below, and the results obtained by allowing to cool in a cool place (about 5 ° C.) without freezing are shown in Table 8.
(All examples are comparative examples). Note that Examples 126 to 13
The compositions of 0 substantially correspond to Examples 121 to 125 in Table 7, respectively.

Table 7 Frozen samples Sample number Water Crude protein Crude fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example number) (%) (%) (%) (g) 121 34.6 34.1 9.5 0.39 0.32 1334 122 32.5 32.0 14.3 0.39 0.32 2067 123 31.0 29.9 12.0 0.41 0.32 918 124 31.8 32.9 13.9 0.38 0.31 1317 125 39.1 29.4 12.4 0.39 0.28 1460 Table 8 Refrigerated samples Sample number Water Crude protein Crude fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example number) (%) (%) (%) (g) 126 34.0 34.2 10.6 0.17 0.14 3237 127 32.2 31.7 15.2 0.16 0.10 2280 128 29.6 31.2 19.7 0.15 0.05 977 129 31.8 33.4 14.3 0.15 0.09 1638 130 39.7 29.6 11.8 0.14 0.08 1646 Examples 131-138 Fish meal (brown meal) 73 kg, wheat flour 5 kg, tapioca starch 15 kg, mineral mix 3 kg, and vitamin mix 2 kg in a compound (mixture).
And CMC (manufactured by Daicel: CM
C Daicel <2280>), water and fish oil (Alaska pollack liver oil: manufactured by Riken Vitamin Co., Ltd.) were appropriately added, and a barrel temperature was adjusted by using a twin-screw extruder (KEX-50 type manufactured by Kurimoto Iron Works Co., Ltd., die diameter φ5.6 mm). 80-110 ℃,
The die temperature was set to 70 ° C., and kneading and pressure molding were performed. Each extruded molded product was brought into contact with crushed dry ice to be frozen. Frozen products are left at room temperature (about 20 ° C) for 1 hour to thaw, and then water, crude protein, crude fat, WHC, WRC
And chewability was measured. The results are shown in Table 9 (invention) below, and the results obtained by allowing to cool in a cool place (about 5 ° C.) without freezing are shown in Table 10 (all examples are comparative examples). The compositions of Examples 135 to 138 are the same as Example 131 of Table 9, respectively.
Corresponds to ~ 134.

Table 9 Frozen samples Sample Number CMC Water Crude Protein Crude Fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example Number) (%) (%) (%) (%) (g) 131 2 41.4 28.3 12.0 0.42 0.34 3523 132 3 37.6 28.8 14.5 0.64 0.48 1886 133 4 35.5 27.7 13.6 0.72 0.54 2110 134 5 41.0 26.5 19.7 0.70 0.52 1633 Table 10 Refrigerated samples Sample Number CMC Water Crude Protein Crude Fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example No.) (%) (%) (%) (g) 135 2 38.8 29.6 13.2 0.18 0.12 1196 136 3 38.4 27.8 14.9 0.30 0.19 3052 137 4 38.2 29.0 14.7 0.37 0.14 3021 138 5 43.3 27.2 14.0 0.37 0.18 2015 Example 139-140 73 kg of fish meal (brown meal), 5 kg of wheat flour, 15 kg of tapioca starch, 2 kg of CMC (manufactured by Daicel: CMC Daicel <1300>), 3 kg of mineral mix,
Water and fish oil (Alaska pollack liver oil: manufactured by Riken Vitamin Co.) are appropriately added to a compound (mixture) of 2 kg of vitamin mix, and a twin-screw extruder (KEX-50 type manufactured by Kurimoto Tekko Co., Ltd., die diameter φ9 mm) is used, and the barrel temperature is used. Was set to 80 to 110 ° C. and the die temperature was set to 70 ° C., and kneading and pressure molding were performed. Each extruded molded product was brought into contact with crushed dry ice to be frozen. The frozen product (invention) was left at room temperature (about 20 ° C.) for 1 hour to be thawed, and water content, crude protein, crude fat, WHC, WRC and chewability were measured. In addition, using a compound having almost the same composition as the following composition, instead of the step of freezing, and simply cooling in a cool place (about 5 ° C.) (comparative example), water, crude protein, crude fat, WHC, WRC and chewability were measured.

The results are summarized in Table 11 below.

Table 11 Sample number Water Crude protein Crude fat WHC WRC Chewability (Example number) (%) (%) (%) (g) 139 (invention) 34.0 30.9 14.6 0.42 0.32 1271 140 (comparative) 33.7 31.3 14.6 0.33 0.16 986 WHC Value and WRC value measuring method WHC and WRC displayed in the present specification including the above example
The value was determined as follows.

[WHC] After measuring the weight (W ₀ ) of 30 grains of each sample, the sample was transferred to a beaker having a capacity of 100 ml and 20 ml of water was added.
Is added and left for 1 hour to allow the sample to absorb water. After removing excess water by natural filtration, the weight (W ₁ ) of the sample that absorbed water was measured. WHC was calculated by the following equation.

WHC = (W ₁ -W ₀ ) / W ₀ [WRC] After measuring the weight (W ₀ ) of 30 grains of each sample, the sample was transferred to a 100 ml beaker, 20 ml of water was added and left for 1 hour. Allow the sample to absorb water. Then put a centrifuge tube filled with paper for water absorption at the bottom and centrifuge at 500 G,
After removing water from the sample for 15 minutes, the weight (W ₂ ) of the sample was measured. WRC was calculated by the following equation.

WRC = (W₂-W₀) / W₀ Masticatory measurement method Starting from the above examples, the chewability referred to in this specification is as follows.
Decided.

SUN RHEO M as rheometer
Using ETER CR-200D (manufactured by Sun Kagaku Co., Ltd.), the first mastication and the second mastication were measured for each sample under the following conditions.

Pressure-sensitive shaft: Shape: Flat plate Size: Diameter 15 mm Height: 10 mm Material: Acrylic resin Sample shape: Height 5 mm, contact area with pressure-sensitive shaft 1 cm
Clearance assumed to be ² (minimum position of pressure sensitive axis and bottom of sample dish): 2 mm Speed of pressure sensitive axis: 60 mm / min Number of measurements: 2 times Maximum load of pressure sensitive axis: 10 kg Obtained data It was calculated and calculated by the data analysis software CR-200D (manufactured by Sun Kagaku Co., Ltd.). The masticatory formula of the data analysis software CR-200D used in this decision is, for example, the same as the masticatory formula described on page 629 of “Cooking Science” (Cooking Science Study Group, published by Koseikan). As stated.

The calculation formula is generally expressed by the following formula.

Masticatory property = hardness × cohesiveness × elasticity The masticatory property calculated from the above is a measure of the energy required to masticate a solid food into a swallowable state.

Method for Measuring Moisture, Crude Fat and Crude Protein Starting from the above-mentioned examples, the water, fat and crude protein in the composition (or sample) shown in the present specification are as described in “Feed Analysis Standard Note (Second Edition). ) ”(Edited by the Feed Analysis Standards Research Group, published by the Japan Feed Association), and measured by the following methods according to the analysis methods for water, crude fat and crude protein.

[Water content] 2 to 5 g of a sample is accurately weighed and placed in an aluminum weighing dish. After drying at 135 ± 2 ° C. for 2 hours and allowing it to cool in a desiccator (drying agent: silica gel) for 45 minutes, it is accurately weighed to determine the water content (reduced weight).

[Crude fat] Accurately weigh 2 to 5 g of a sample,
After putting a cylindrical filter paper (diameter 22 mm, height 90 mm) and putting absorbent cotton on it lightly, 95-
Dry at 100 ° C. for 2 hours. This is placed in a Soxhlet extractor, connected to a fat weighing bottle, diethyl ether is added and extraction is carried out for 16 hours. Next, remove the fat weighing bottle, volatilize diethyl ether, and dry at 95-100 ° C for 3 hours.
After allowing to cool in a desiccator, weigh accurately and calculate the crude fat in the sample by the following formula.

Crude fat (%) in sample = [(W1-W2)
/ W] × 100 W1: weight of fat weighing bottle + extract (g) W2: weight of fat weighing bottle (g) W: weight of sample used for analysis (g) [crude protein] A. Preparation of Reagents 1) N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard solution: A saturated solution of sodium hydroxide (special grade) was prepared, stoppered and allowed to stand for 10 days or longer, and then 50 ml of the supernatant was added with boiling water. Make up to 10 liters to prepare N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard solution, and then standardize the concentration thereof.

2-2.5 g of sulfamic acid (standard reagent) (dried in a desiccator (vacuum) for 48 hours) was accurately weighed and placed in a 250 ml volumetric flask, and water was added to dissolve it. Prepare a sulfamic acid standard solution by adding water. Accurately measure 25 ml and 200 m
Put it in an Erlenmeyer flask of l, add a few drops of Bromthymol Blue Reagent, titrate with N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard solution,
The coefficient of N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard solution is calculated by the following formula.

Coefficient of N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard solution
(f ₁ ) = (W × 10 ⁴ ) / (V × 97.10) W: Sulfamic acid weight (g) in the sulfamic acid standard solution (25 ml) used for standardization V: N / 10 required for titration Amount of sodium hydroxide standard solution (ml) 2) N / 10 sulfuric acid standard solution: 2.8 ml of sulfuric acid (special grade) was added to 1 liter of water while stirring, and after cooling, water was added to 10 ml.
1 and prepare an N / 10 sulfuric acid standard solution, and then standardize the concentration thereof.

25 ml of N / 10 sulfuric acid standard solution was accurately weighed and put in a 200 ml Erlenmeyer flask, a few drops of methyl red reagent solution was added, and titration was carried out with N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard solution. Calculate the coefficient of the standard solution.

Coefficient of N / 10 sulfuric acid standard solution (f ₂ ) = (V × f ₁ ) / 25 f ₁ : coefficient of N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard solution V: N / 10 sodium hydroxide standard required for titration Volume of liquid (ml) B. Preparation of sample solution 1-5 g of analytical sample was accurately weighed and put in a Kjeldahl flask, and potassium sulfate (special grade) 9 g and copper sulfate (special grade) 1
g, and then 30 to 40 ml of sulfuric acid (special grade) are added, and the mixture is shaken, gradually heated, and ignited when no blisters are formed, and after the content liquid becomes transparent, the sample solution is further heated for 2 hours or more. And

C. Quantitatively measure the total amount of the sample solution, or a certain amount of a solution that is exactly diluted with water to 250 ml, put it in a Kjeldahl flask, add an appropriate amount of water, and add a sufficient amount of hydroxylation to make it strongly alkaline. Sodium (special grade) solution (50w / v%)
Was added in advance and boric acid (special grade) solution (4 w /
(v%) is accurately weighed out and connected to a steam distillation apparatus to which a receiver is connected. A few drops of Bromcresol Green-Methyl Red reagent solution were added to the distillate, titrated with N / 10 sulfuric acid standard solution, the nitrogen [N] content was calculated by the following formula, and this was multiplied by 6.25 to obtain the crude protein content. Ask.

Nitrogen [N] amount (%) = 1.40 × f ₂ × V ₁ × (2
50 / V) × (100 / W) × 10 ⁻³ f ₂ : coefficient of N / 10 sulfuric acid standard solution V ₁ : amount of N / 10 sulfuric acid standard solution required for titration (ml) V: sample used for distillation Amount of solution (ml) W: Weight of sample used for analysis (g) Micrograph Scanning particle structure of the above samples 11 (invention) and 26 (comparative), and 44 (invention) and 64 (comparative) A photograph of an image that can be observed with an electron microscope at a magnification of 3500 times is shown in A and B of FIG. 1 and A of FIG. 2, respectively.
And B.

Examples 141-152: Hamachi Preference Tests Examples 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14, 1 above.
Samples prepared in Nos. 5, 18, 20 and 26 were fed to yellowtail fish with a fish weight of 300 to 400 g, and their palatability was evaluated. The number of breeding tails was set to 30 in each test group, a sample of 3% of the fish body weight was administered, and the feeding time was measured. The food having a feeding time of 2 minutes or less was marked with ◯, the food having a feeding time of 2 to 5 minutes was marked with Δ, and the meal exceeding 5 minutes was marked with x. The results are shown in Table 12. The table shows the following.

Examples 1, 3, which are samples within the scope of the present invention,
The samples produced in Nos. 4, 5 and 12 were all highly palatable, and the fed yellowtail was completely consumed within 2 minutes.

Examples 7 and 8 in which the water content is outside the scope of the invention
The sample prepared in (1) is not preferable because it easily disintegrates in water and pollutes the breeding environment.

WH prepared by allowing to cool in a cool place (5 ° C.)
The samples produced in Examples 18, 20 and 26 in which C and WRC are out of the range of the present invention may have a partial chewing property even if they are fed, because the chewability is low, and the feeding time is 2 minutes or more. Needed.

Table 12 Example No.Supply sample Water, crude fat WHC WRC Chewability Preference (number) 141 1 38.2 28.4 0.66 0.47 3575 ○ 142 3 35.3 29.7 0.73 0.53 1267 ○ 143 4 31.7 27.4 0.81 0.58 1639 ○ 144 5 28.3 27.9 1.93 0.63 1919 ○ 145 12 28.3 20.4 1.29 0.87 2379 ○ 146 (Comparison) 7 17.6 27.5 − * − * 1903 × ** 147 (Comparison) 8 15.2 28.5 − * − * 870 × ** 148 14 29.7 8.9 1.50 0.97 4340 ○ 149 15 29.4 4.4 1.63 1.06 3466 ○ 150 (Comparison) 18 35.5 30.1 0.20 0.05 288 △ 151 (Comparison) 20 28.2 28.1 0.35 0.15 377 △ 152 (Comparison) 26 27.7 21.7 0.36 0.16 153 △ *: Not measured **: Total amount due to collapse of feed morphology Not ingestible Examples 153 to 158 A breeding test was conducted in which yellowtail was fed with the feeds of sample numbers 9 to 10 and 12 to 15 for one month. The number of breeding tails was 30 in each test group, and the feed was administered until the patient was fed. The results are shown in Table 13. As a result of the test, the test section (Example 155-1)
58) had a good breeding performance and the test plots (Examples 153 and 15).
In 4), as shown in Examples 148 and 149 above, the desired thickening factor was not shown although the chewability preference was good.

However, the thickness increase coefficient is a dry matter conversion value.

Table 13 Example number 153 154 155 156 157 158 Sample number 15 14 13 12 10 9 Crude fat (%) 4.4 8.9 12.7 20.4 27.9 32.0 Moisture (%) 29.4 29.7 28.6 28.3 28.3 28.9 Starting average weight (g) 703 704 703 702 702 702 702 Number of open tails 30 30 30 30 30 30 Average weight at end (g) 854 870 889 904 913 905 Number of open tails 29 30 30 30 30 30 Thickening factor 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 Example 159-165 Sample Nos. 15, 14, 13 , 43, 49, 10 and 9
The feeding test was conducted by feeding the sample of No. 2 to red sea bream for 2 months.
The number of breeding tails was 15 in each test group, and the feed was administered until the patient was fed. The results are shown in Table 14. As a result of the test, the breeding performance of the test plots (Examples 161 to 165) was good, and the test plots (Examples 159 and 160) did not show a good thickness increase coefficient.

However, the thickness increase coefficient is a dry matter conversion value.

Table 14 Example number 159 160 161 162 162 163 164 165 Sample number 15 14 13 43 49 10 9 Crude fat (%) 4.4 8.9 12.7 15.8 20.9 27.9 32.0 Moisture (%) 29.4 29.7 28.6 30.5 30.5 28.3 28.9 Starting average weight (g) 30.3 30.5 30.6 30.5 30.3 30.3 30.6 Number of open fish 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 Average weight at end (g) 51.0 53.7 58.8 60.2 63.3 64.0 62.8 Number of open fish 15 14 15 15 15 15 15 Thickening factor 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 Example 166 Fish meal (Brown meal) 70%, flour 25%, vitamin mix 3%, mineral mix 2% To the raw material, add fish oil (feed oil) and water, and steam 1
After adjusting the temperature to 05 ° C, press molding with a uniaxial extruder (EP100 type manufactured by Ueda Tekko KK, die diameter 12.0 mm), moisture 24.0%, crude fat 22.7%, WHC
A feed of 0.81 and WRC 0.42 was prepared. This was frozen in a tunnel freezer (-25 ° C) for 20 minutes.

With this frozen, the fish weight is about 800 g.
10,000 red sea breams were fed for 3 months. The red sea bream fed this diet had a fast growth rate and a good thickening coefficient, and excellent results were obtained.

Example 167 Fish meal (brown meal) 30%, raw sardines mince 50
%, Soybean meal 6%, wheat flour 5%, tapioca starch 5%, CM
C2%, vitamin mix 1%, mineral mix 1%
After adding fish oil (moisture oil) and water to the raw material of the composition, and adjusting the temperature to 105 ° C. with steam, a uniaxial extruder (manufactured by Ueda Iron Works, EP100 type, die diameter 10.0)
mm), water pressure 35.8%, crude fat 30.1%
%, WHC 0.75, WRC 0.52 was prepared. This was frozen in a tunnel freezer (-30 ° C) for 15 minutes.

After thawing, the fish was fed to 5,000 yellowtail, which weighed about 500 g, for 3 months. The yellowtail fed this diet had a fast growth rate and a good thickening coefficient, and the excellent results were obtained.

Example 168 Fish oil (feed oil) and water were added to a raw material having a composition of 65% fish meal (brown meal), 30% wheat flour, 3% vitamin mix, and 2% mineral mix, and steamed to 1
After adjusting to 03 ° C, the mixture was pressure-molded with a uniaxial extruder (Ueda Tekko KK, EP100 type, die diameter 3.0 mm), moisture 27.0%, crude fat 14.1%, WHC 1.
A feed of 20 and WRC 0.80 was prepared. This was frozen in a tunnel freezer (-15 ° C) for 25 minutes.

After thawing, 5,000 rainbow trouts having a fish weight of about 50 g were fed for 3 months. The rainbow trout fed this diet had a fast growth rate and a good thickening coefficient, and the results were excellent.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph as an alternative to a view showing the structure of particles of fish feed obtained in Examples 11 and 26. A and B correspond to the samples of Examples 11 and 26, respectively.

FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph as an alternative to a drawing, which shows the structure of particles of the fish feed obtained in Examples 44 and 64. A and B correspond to the samples of Examples 44 and 64, respectively.

Claims (8)

[Claims] 1. A fish feed containing at least fat, water and a protein source, wherein (A) contains 20% by weight or more of water based on the total weight of the composition, and (B) is measured at ambient temperature (1). WHC is 0.4
And (2) WRC is 0.2 or more. 2. The fish feed according to claim 1, wherein the fat is contained as crude fat in an amount of 10% by weight or more based on the total weight of the composition. 3. The fish feed according to claim 1, wherein the raw material usually used for fish feed contains a protein source as a crude protein in an amount of at least 20% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. 4. The fish feed according to claim 1, wherein the WHC is 0.45 or more and the WRC is 0.35 or more. 5. A frozen fish feed which has the features of any one of claims 1 to 4 when thawed. 6. (a) a step of supplying a raw material usually used for fish feed, (b) simultaneously with or before or after the step (a),
Adjusting the water content to 20% by weight or more based on the total composition weight, (c) kneading the mixture obtained in steps (a) and (b), and extruding through an extruder, and (D) a step of freezing the molded product obtained in step (c), a method for producing a fish feed. 7. In the step (b), the crude fat based on the total weight of the composition is adjusted to 10 at the same time as the adjustment of the water content or the separation thereof.
7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of adjusting so as to contain at least wt%. 8. The method for producing a fish feed according to claim 6, wherein the frozen fish feed has the characteristics according to any one of claims 1 to 4 when it is thawed.