JPH07196345A - Production of modified portland cement for alc - Google Patents

Production of modified portland cement for alc

Info

Publication number
JPH07196345A
JPH07196345A JP35034793A JP35034793A JPH07196345A JP H07196345 A JPH07196345 A JP H07196345A JP 35034793 A JP35034793 A JP 35034793A JP 35034793 A JP35034793 A JP 35034793A JP H07196345 A JPH07196345 A JP H07196345A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
cement
portland cement
slurry
alc
hardness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP35034793A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2846232B2 (en
Inventor
Masao Sato
雅男 佐藤
Tatsuo Isohata
達夫 五十畑
Hideji Yoshida
秀司 吉田
Masahiko Sasaki
雅彦 佐々木
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd filed Critical Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd
Priority to JP5350347A priority Critical patent/JP2846232B2/en
Publication of JPH07196345A publication Critical patent/JPH07196345A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP2846232B2 publication Critical patent/JP2846232B2/en
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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B38/00Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
    • C04B38/02Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by adding chemical blowing agents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/02Portland cement

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a modified portland cement for ALC, which holds a low viscosity during the period from pouring of a slurry to its hardening, further quickly reaches to the hardness fitted for cutting and holds the hardness for a long time and to provide a process for producing ALC. CONSTITUTION:This is a modified portland cement in which the content of 3CaO.SiO2 is 45-70wt.%, the grain size of the cement is adjusted so as to have (n) value of >=1.100. The Production method for ALC comprises the processe as shown below. A slurry is prepared by adding water to the modified portland cement and a compounded material consisting of powder of siliceous material and powder of calcareous material and further adding a foaming agent. The slurry is poured into a formwork, made to foam and cut into a desired size after a specified period of time in a semiplastc state. Then, the blocks are placed in an autoclave and subjected to steam aging at high temperature and under high pressure to obtain ALC.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】Detailed Description of the Invention

【0001】[0001]

【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、セメントの粒度を調整
してセメントのn値を増加させることにより、初期流動
性を高め、かつその硬化を早めた改良ポルトランドセメ
ントと、これを用いたALCの製造方法に関する。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an improved Portland cement which has an improved initial fluidity and an accelerated hardening by adjusting the particle size of the cement to increase the n value of the cement, and an ALC using the same. Manufacturing method.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】一般にALC(軽量気泡コンクリート)
を製造するには、まずケイ石、ケイ砂などのケイ酸質原
料粉末と生石灰などの石灰質原料粉末とポルトランドセ
メントとからなる配合物に水を加えて混合し、次にこれ
にアルミニウム粉末のような発泡剤を添加し調製してス
ラリーを作製し、次いでこのスラリーを型枠に注入して
発泡させ、さらに所定時間経過し可塑性状態となったと
きにピアノ線で所望寸法に切断し、その後これをオート
クレーブに入れて高温高圧で水蒸気養生して製品を得る
といった方法が採用されている。
2. Description of the Related Art Generally, ALC (lightweight aerated concrete)
In order to produce, a mixture of siliceous raw material powder such as silica stone and sand, calcareous raw material powder such as quicklime, and Portland cement is mixed with water, and then aluminum powder is added. A foaming agent is added to the slurry to prepare a slurry, which is then poured into a mold to foam, and when a plastic state has been reached for a predetermined time, the slurry is cut into a desired size with a piano wire, which is then cut. The method of putting into a autoclave and steam-curing at high temperature and high pressure to obtain a product is adopted.

【0003】ところで、このような製造方法において好
ましい条件としては、ALC製造用の配合物から得られ
るスラリーが型枠注入後硬化するまでは低い粘性を保
ち、かつ、これがより早く切断可能な硬度に達するとと
もにその硬度がなるべく長く維持されることである。な
ぜなら、スラリーが高粘性になると発泡が乱れ、気泡の
大きさが不均一になるとともに、その分布も片寄った状
態となってしまうからである。
By the way, a preferable condition in such a manufacturing method is that the slurry obtained from the ALC manufacturing compound has a low viscosity until it is hardened after being poured into the mold, and has a hardness that allows cutting faster. As soon as it is reached, its hardness is maintained as long as possible. This is because if the slurry becomes highly viscous, foaming will be disturbed, the size of the bubbles will be non-uniform, and the distribution will be biased.

【0004】一方、切断可能な硬度に達するまでの時間
が長くなると、発泡工程から切断工程までの間が延びて
生産性が悪くなり、また切断可能時間が短くなると、切
断作業可能な時間が限られてしまい、作業の自由度がか
えって低下するからである。そして、前述した条件を満
たすため、例えば粘度を低下させるためには水比を大き
くしたり、早く硬化させるためにはいわゆる早強セメン
トを使用するといったことが考えられる。
On the other hand, if the time to reach the cuttable hardness becomes long, the time from the foaming process to the cutting process is extended and the productivity deteriorates, and if the cuttable time becomes short, the cutting workable time is limited. This is because the degree of freedom of work is rather reduced. Then, in order to satisfy the above-mentioned conditions, it is conceivable that, for example, the water ratio is increased in order to reduce the viscosity, or so-called early-strength cement is used in order to cure quickly.

【0005】[0005]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、一般に
セメント配合物では、スラリーの粘度を低くさせれば硬
化時間が長くなり、早く硬化させれば切断可能な硬度を
持続する時間が短くなる傾向があることから、粘度を低
下させるため水比を大きくしても、硬化に長時間を要し
てしまい生産性が悪くなってしまう。また、単に早強性
セメントを使用しても、硬化速度が早すぎ、切断可能な
硬度を維持する時間も短くなって切断可能時間が短くな
り、作業性が低下してしまう。
However, in general, when the viscosity of the slurry is lowered in the cement mixture, the curing time tends to be long, and when the slurry is rapidly cured, the duration of maintaining the cuttable hardness tends to be short. Therefore, even if the water ratio is increased in order to reduce the viscosity, it takes a long time to cure and the productivity deteriorates. Further, even if only the high-strength cement is used, the hardening rate is too fast, the time for maintaining the hardness at which cutting is possible is shortened, the cutting possible time is shortened, and the workability is reduced.

【0006】本発明は前記事情に鑑みてなされたもの
で、その目的とするところは、スラリー注入後硬化する
までの間低粘性を保ち、かつ早く切断可能な硬度に達す
るとともに、その硬度を長く維持できる改良ポルトラン
ドセメントと、これを用いたALCの製造方法を提供す
ることにある。
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to maintain a low viscosity until it hardens after pouring a slurry, and reaches a hardness at which cutting can be quickly performed, and the hardness becomes long. An object of the present invention is to provide an improved Portland cement that can be maintained and a method for producing ALC using the same.

【0007】[0007]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の請求項1記載の
改良ポルトランドセメントでは、3CaO・SiO2
有量が45重量%〜70重量%のポルトランドセメント
であり、セメントの粒度が調整されてセメントのn値が
1.100以上であることを前記課題の解決手段とし
た。請求項2記載の改良ポルトランドセメントでは、セ
メントのn値が1.100以上〜1.500以下であ
り、かつ粉末度がブレーン比表面積で3000cm2
g〜10000cm2/gであることを前記課題の解決
手段とした。請求項3記載のALCの製造方法では、前
記改良ポルトランドセメントと、ケイ酸質原料粉末およ
び石灰質原料粉末とからなる配合物に水を加え、さらに
発泡剤を添加してスラリーを作製し、次いでこのスラリ
ーを型枠に注入して発泡させ所定時間経過後に半可塑性
状態で所望寸法に切断し、その後オートクレーブに入れ
て高温高圧で水蒸気養生することを前記課題の解決手段
とした。
The improved Portland cement according to claim 1 of the present invention is a Portland cement having a 3CaO.SiO 2 content of 45% by weight to 70% by weight, and the cement particle size is adjusted. An n value of 1.100 or more was taken as a means for solving the above problems. In the improved Portland cement according to claim 2, the n value of the cement is 1.100 or more and 1.500 or less, and the fineness is 3000 cm 2 / Blaine specific surface area.
It was set as g-10000 cm < 2 > / g as the means to solve the said subject. In the method for producing an ALC according to claim 3, water is added to a mixture of the improved Portland cement, a siliceous raw material powder and a calcareous raw material powder to further add a foaming agent to prepare a slurry, and then the slurry is prepared. The means for solving the above problems was to inject the slurry into a mold, foam it, cut it to a desired size in a semi-plastic state after a lapse of a predetermined time, and then put it in an autoclave and perform steam curing at high temperature and high pressure.

【0008】ここで、本発明におけるセメントのn値
は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定機(商品名:マイクロ
トラック)により測定した各ふるい残分(体積%)測定
値の中で、ふるい残分が10体積%以上〜90体積%以
下の範囲に含まれる測定期間を、Rosin−Ramm
ler式によって補間して得られる粒度分布から算出さ
れるものとする。
Here, the n value of the cement in the present invention is the value of the sieve residue among the measured values of the sieve residue (volume%) measured by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring instrument (trade name: Microtrac). The measurement period included in the range of 10% by volume or more and 90% by volume or less is determined by the Rosin-Ramm.
It is calculated from the particle size distribution obtained by interpolation using the Ler equation.

【0009】[0009]

【作用】従来のポルトランドセメントは、通常、焼成ク
リンカーをボールミルや竪型ミルにより非常に多様な粒
度分布を有する微粉末に粉砕することによって得られ
る。よって、全ての市販のポルトランドセメントは、そ
の粒度分布が広い範囲にわたっており、具体的にはサブ
ミクロンから約100ミクロンの連続的粒度分布を有し
ており、セメントのn値は低い値となり、1.100未
満である。本発明者らの研究結果より、セメントのn値
が高く、特に、セメントのn値が1.100以上〜1.
500以下の範囲内であると、セメントスラリーの初期
における粘性が低いものとなり、かつ中期における硬化
速度が速くなることが明らかになっている。
The conventional Portland cement is usually obtained by pulverizing a calcined clinker into a fine powder having a very wide variety of particle size distribution by a ball mill or a vertical mill. Therefore, all commercially available Portland cements have a wide range of particle size distribution, specifically a continuous particle size distribution from submicron to about 100 microns, and the n value of the cement is low and 1 It is less than 100. From the results of the study by the present inventors, the n value of cement is high, and particularly, the n value of cement is 1.100 or more to 1.
It has been clarified that when it is in the range of 500 or less, the initial viscosity of the cement slurry is low and the hardening rate in the middle period is high.

【0010】すなわち、本発明における請求項1記載の
改良ポルトランドセメントによれば、セメントの粒度が
調整されてセメントのn値が1.100以上であること
から、該改良ポルトランドセメントを含有してなるスラ
リーの初期における粘度が低いものとなるとともに、中
期における硬化速度が早くなり、かつ短期強度発現性お
よび長期強度発現性のいずれもが大である3CaO・S
iO2 の含有量が45重量%以上であることから、早期
に十分な硬度に達するとともに、その硬度が長く維持さ
れる。なお、3CaO・SiO2 の含有量については、
より多い方が強度発現性が大となり好ましいものの、7
0重量%程度がセメント製造上の製造限界であり、それ
以上含有させるのは現状では極めて困難である。
That is, according to the improved Portland cement according to the first aspect of the present invention, since the particle size of the cement is adjusted and the n value of the cement is 1.100 or more, the improved Portland cement is contained. The viscosity of the slurry is low in the initial stage, the curing rate in the middle period is fast, and both short-term strength development and long-term strength development are large.
Since the content of iO 2 is 45% by weight or more, a sufficient hardness is reached early and the hardness is maintained for a long time. Regarding the content of 3CaO / SiO 2 ,
The more the amount is, the more the strength development becomes large, which is preferable, but 7
About 0% by weight is the production limit in cement production, and it is extremely difficult to contain more than that at present.

【0011】請求項2記載の改良ポルトランドセメント
によれば、セメントの粒度調整によりセメントのn値が
1.100以上〜1.500以下となるので、該改良ポ
ルトランドセメントから得られるスラリーの初期におけ
る粘度が低いものとなり、かつ中期における硬化速度が
早くなる。また、粉末度がブレーン比表面積で3000
cm2/g以上であるので、該改良ポルトランドセメン
トから得られるスラリーの、発泡後所定時間経過した後
の硬度が十分に高くなるとともに、その硬度が十分な時
間維持される。
According to the improved Portland cement described in claim 2, since the n value of the cement becomes 1.100 or more and 1.500 or less by adjusting the particle size of the cement, the viscosity of the slurry obtained from the improved Portland cement at the initial stage is high. Is low, and the curing rate in the middle stage is high. Further, the fineness of Blaine specific surface area is 3000.
Since it is cm 2 / g or more, the hardness of the slurry obtained from the improved Portland cement after the elapse of a predetermined time after foaming becomes sufficiently high and the hardness is maintained for a sufficient time.

【0012】請求項3記載のALCの製造方法によれ
ば、請求項1又は2記載の改良ポルトランドセメントを
用いて製造するので、得られたスラリーの初期の粘度が
低く、しかもこのスラリーの、発泡後所定時間経過した
後の硬度が十分に高くなるとともに、その硬度が十分な
時間維持される。
According to the method for producing ALC described in claim 3, since the improved portland cement according to claim 1 or 2 is used for production, the initial viscosity of the obtained slurry is low, and the foaming of this slurry is performed. The hardness becomes sufficiently high after a predetermined time elapses thereafter, and the hardness is maintained for a sufficient time.

【0013】[0013]

【実施例】ポルトランドセメントクリンカーに石膏を加
えて粉砕し、3CaO・SiO2含有量が61重量%、
セメントのSO3量が3重量%、ブレーン比表面積が4
520cm2/g、セメントのn値が1.158の改良
ポルトランドセメントを得た。この改良ポルトランドセ
メントと、市販の普通ポルトランドセメント、および早
強ポルトランドセメントをそれぞれ用い、同一の原料配
合、水比でスラリーを調製し、これらスラリーの環境温
度50℃における反応時間とセメント反応率との関係を
調べ、得られた結果を図1に示す。
[Example] Gypsum was added to Portland cement clinker and crushed to obtain 3CaO / SiO 2 content of 61% by weight,
The cement has an SO 3 content of 3% by weight and a Blaine specific surface area of 4
An improved Portland cement having a cement n value of 1.158 of 520 cm 2 / g was obtained. The improved Portland cement, commercially available ordinary Portland cement, and early strength Portland cement were used to prepare slurries with the same raw material composition and water ratio, and the reaction time and the cement reaction rate of these slurries at an ambient temperature of 50 ° C. The relationship was investigated and the results obtained are shown in FIG.

【0014】図1より、本発明品である改良ポルトラン
ドセメントから得られたスラリーは、その初期における
反応率が低いことから、低粘度でありしたがってその流
動性がよいことが推測される。また、早強セメントより
は遅いものの、普通ポルトランドセメントに比べると十
分に中期における硬化速度が早く、したがってピアノ線
で切断可能な半可塑性体の硬度に達する時間が、普通ポ
ルトランドセメントに比べ十分に早くなることが推測さ
れる。
From FIG. 1, it is presumed that the slurry obtained from the improved Portland cement, which is the product of the present invention, has a low reaction rate in the initial stage, and therefore has a low viscosity and therefore a good fluidity. Although it is slower than early-strength cement, it cures faster in the medium term than ordinary Portland cement, and therefore the time to reach the hardness of a semi-plastic material that can be cut with a piano wire is sufficiently faster than ordinary Portland cement. It is supposed to be.

【0015】[0015]

【発明の効果】以上説明したように本発明における請求
項1記載の改良ポルトランドセメントは、セメントの粒
度が調整されてセメントのn値が1.100以上である
から、該改良ポルトランドセメントを含有してなるスラ
リーの初期における粘度が低いものとなり、よって成形
性が向上し、複雑な形状に成形することが可能になる。
また、短期強度発現性および長期強度発現性のいずれも
が大である3CaO・SiO2 の含有量が45重量%以
上であることから、早期に十分な硬度に達するととも
に、その硬度が長く維持され、したがってALC製造用
のセメントとして極めて好適となる。請求項2記載の改
良ポルトランドセメントは、セメントの粒度調整により
セメントのn値が1.100以上〜1.500以下の範
囲内であるので、セメントペーストの軟度水量の低減お
よび混和剤の効果の向上を図ることができ、あるいは水
和発熱速度を著しく低下させることができる。
As described above, the improved Portland cement according to claim 1 of the present invention contains the improved Portland cement because the particle size of the cement is adjusted and the n value of the cement is 1.100 or more. The viscosity of the slurry thus obtained is low at the initial stage, whereby the moldability is improved and it becomes possible to mold into a complicated shape.
Moreover, since the content of 3CaO.SiO 2 which has a large short-term strength development property and a long-term strength development property is 45% by weight or more, sufficient hardness is reached early and the hardness is maintained for a long time. Therefore, it is extremely suitable as a cement for ALC production. The improved Portland cement according to claim 2 has an n value within the range of 1.100 or more and 1.500 or less by adjusting the particle size of the cement, so that the softening water content of the cement paste is reduced and the effect of the admixture is improved. It can be improved, or the hydration exothermic rate can be significantly reduced.

【0016】請求項3記載のALCの製造方法は、請求
項1又は2記載の改良ポルトランドセメントを用いて製
造するものであるから、得られたスラリーの初期の粘度
が低く、しかもこのスラリーの、発泡後所定時間経過し
た後の硬度が十分に高くなるとともに、その硬度が十分
維持され、よってスラリーを型枠内に注入する際には水
と原料との分離が生じることが防止され、かつ可塑性状
態となりピアノ線での切断が可能となるまでの時間が短
縮されるとともに、切断が可能な時間が長くなり、した
がって生産性、作業性に優れたものとなる。また、特に
ピアノ線での切断が可能になるまでの時間が短縮される
ことから、スラリーを型枠に注入した後、脱型してオー
トクレーブに入れるまでの時間が短縮でき、よって、従
来切断処理待ちの型枠を多く並べて置いていたのを、切
断処理待ちの時間が少なくなることからスラリーを入れ
た型枠を置くための敷地を少なくすることができ、これ
により工場等の敷地を今以上に有効に活用することがで
きる。
Since the method for producing ALC according to claim 3 is the method for producing using the improved Portland cement according to claim 1 or 2, the initial viscosity of the obtained slurry is low, and further, The hardness becomes sufficiently high after the elapse of a predetermined time after foaming, and the hardness is sufficiently maintained. Therefore, when pouring the slurry into the mold, the separation of water and the raw material is prevented, and the plasticity is high. The time required for cutting into a state and cutting with a piano wire is shortened, and the time during which cutting is possible is lengthened, so that productivity and workability are excellent. In addition, since the time until cutting with a piano wire can be shortened in particular, the time from pouring the slurry into the mold, demolding it and putting it in the autoclave can also be shortened. A lot of waiting formwork was placed side by side, but because the waiting time for cutting processing was reduced, it was possible to reduce the site for placing the formwork containing the slurry. Can be used effectively.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]

【図1】反応時間とセメント反応率との関係を示すグラ
フである。
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between reaction time and cement reaction rate.

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 佐々木 雅彦 千葉県船橋市豊富町585番地 住友セメン ト株式会社中央研究所内 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor Masahiko Sasaki 585 Tomimachi, Funabashi, Chiba Sumitomo Cement Corporation Central Research Laboratory

Claims (3)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】 3CaO・SiO2 含有量が45重量%
〜70重量%のポルトランドセメントであり、セメント
の粒度が調整されてセメントのn値が1.100以上で
ある改良ポルトランドセメント。
1. The content of 3CaO.SiO 2 is 45% by weight.
-70 wt% Portland cement, wherein the cement particle size is adjusted and the cement has an n value of 1.100 or more.
【請求項2】 請求項1記載の改良ポルトランドセメン
トにおいて、セメントの粒度調整によるセメントのn値
が1.100以上〜1.500以下であり、かつ粉末度
がブレーン比表面積で3000cm2/g〜10000
cm2/gである改良ポルトランドセメント。
2. The improved Portland cement according to claim 1, wherein the n value of the cement obtained by adjusting the grain size of the cement is 1.100 or more and 1.500 or less, and the fineness is 3000 cm 2 / g or less in terms of Blaine specific surface area. 10,000
Modified Portland cement which is cm 2 / g.
【請求項3】 請求項1又は2記載の改良ポルトランド
セメントと、ケイ酸質原料粉末および石灰質原料粉末と
からなる配合物に水を加え、さらに発泡剤を添加してス
ラリーを作製し、次いでこのスラリーを型枠に注入して
発泡させ所定時間経過後に半可塑性状態で所望寸法に切
断し、その後オートクレーブに入れて高温高圧で水蒸気
養生することを特徴とするALCの製造方法。
3. Water is added to a mixture comprising the improved Portland cement according to claim 1 and a siliceous raw material powder and a calcareous raw material powder to further add a foaming agent to prepare a slurry. A method for producing ALC, which comprises injecting a slurry into a mold, foaming it, cutting it into a desired size in a semi-plastic state after a lapse of a predetermined time, and then putting it in an autoclave and steam-curing at high temperature and high pressure.
JP5350347A 1993-12-28 1993-12-28 Improved Portland cement and method for producing ALC Expired - Fee Related JP2846232B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP5350347A JP2846232B2 (en) 1993-12-28 1993-12-28 Improved Portland cement and method for producing ALC

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP5350347A JP2846232B2 (en) 1993-12-28 1993-12-28 Improved Portland cement and method for producing ALC

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH07196345A true JPH07196345A (en) 1995-08-01
JP2846232B2 JP2846232B2 (en) 1999-01-13

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Country Link
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101486651B1 (en) * 2013-07-26 2015-01-29 (주) 에스와이씨 Method manufacturing for a mineral hydrate insulation panel

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101486651B1 (en) * 2013-07-26 2015-01-29 (주) 에스와이씨 Method manufacturing for a mineral hydrate insulation panel

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2846232B2 (en) 1999-01-13

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