JPH06134470A - Method for making fly ash harmless - Google Patents
Method for making fly ash harmlessInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06134470A JPH06134470A JP4287480A JP28748092A JPH06134470A JP H06134470 A JPH06134470 A JP H06134470A JP 4287480 A JP4287480 A JP 4287480A JP 28748092 A JP28748092 A JP 28748092A JP H06134470 A JPH06134470 A JP H06134470A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fly ash
- water
- separated liquid
- exhaust gas
- liquid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004931 aggregating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 20
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- NKWPZUCBCARRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OC([O-])=O.OC([O-])=O NKWPZUCBCARRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910000020 calcium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 abstract 4
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001784 detoxification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003311 flocculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明はごみ焼却、石炭等の燃焼
によって発生するフライアッシュの無害化処理方法に関
する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for detoxifying fly ash generated by incineration of refuse, combustion of coal or the like.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来のフライアッシュの無害化処理方法
では、フライアッシュと水を混和後、フライアッシュと
水の混和物に燃焼排ガスを吹き込んでスラリーを中和し
た後、高分子凝縮剤を混和して脱水固液分離している。2. Description of the Related Art In the conventional method for detoxifying fly ash, after mixing fly ash and water, combustion exhaust gas is blown into the mixture of fly ash and water to neutralize the slurry and then a polymer condensing agent is mixed. Then, dehydrated solid-liquid separation is performed.
【0003】即ち、図2に示すように、洗浄水流入管1
から混和槽3内に供給される洗浄水とフライアッシュ供
給管2から同混和槽3内に供給されるフライアッシュと
は、同混和槽3内において攪拌機3aによって混和され
て水洗浄され、灰表面に付着している重金属等の有害物
が洗浄水側へ移行したスラリーとなる。このスラリー
は、反応槽10内に供給され、同反応槽10内で排ガス
供給管9から吹き込まれる燃焼排ガスと攪拌機10aに
よって混和されて、スラリーが中和される。この中和さ
れたスラリーは、混和槽5内に供給され、同混和槽5内
において高分子凝集剤供給管4から供給される高分子凝
集剤と攪拌機5aによって混和され、フライアッシュを
凝集フロックとする。この凝集フロックを含むスラリー
は、脱水機6内に供給されて脱水作用を受け、脱水ケー
キ7と分離液8が得られる。That is, as shown in FIG. 2, the wash water inflow pipe 1
The washing water supplied from the mixing tank 3 to the mixing tank 3 and the fly ash supplied from the fly ash supply pipe 2 to the mixing tank 3 are mixed by the stirrer 3a in the mixing tank 3 and washed with water, and the ash surface is mixed. Hazardous substances such as heavy metals adhering to the sewage are transferred to the washing water side to form a slurry. The slurry is supplied into the reaction tank 10 and mixed with the combustion exhaust gas blown from the exhaust gas supply pipe 9 in the reaction tank 10 by the stirrer 10a to neutralize the slurry. This neutralized slurry is supplied into the mixing tank 5, and is mixed with the polymer flocculant supplied from the polymer flocculant supply pipe 4 in the mixing tank 5 by the stirrer 5a, and the fly ash is flocculated flocs. To do. The slurry containing the aggregated flocs is supplied into the dehydrator 6 and subjected to the dehydration action to obtain the dehydrated cake 7 and the separated liquid 8.
【0004】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】前記従来の方法では、
洗浄水とフライアッシュとを混和してフライアッシュを
洗浄した後、燃焼排ガスを吹き込んでスラリーを中和
し、その後高分子凝集剤を混和して脱水しているが、フ
ライアッシュの良好な凝集フロックができないため効果
的な脱水を行うことができない。この良好な凝集フロッ
クができない理由は、中和を行うためにスラリーに吹き
込む燃焼排ガス中の炭酸ガス(CO2 )がスラリー内の
水酸化カルシウム(Ca(OH)2 )を炭酸カルシウム
(CaCO3)に変化させ、この炭酸カルシウムが凝集
フロックの生成を妨げているものと考えられる。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In the above conventional method,
After mixing the wash water and fly ash to wash the fly ash, blowing combustion exhaust gas to neutralize the slurry, and then adding a polymer flocculant to dehydrate the fly ash. Therefore, effective dehydration cannot be performed. The reason why this good flocculation floc cannot be achieved is that the carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) in the combustion exhaust gas blown into the slurry for neutralization changes the calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2 ) in the slurry into calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). It is considered that this calcium carbonate hinders the formation of aggregated flocs.
【0005】このために、スラリーを脱水して得られる
脱水ケーキの含水率が80〜90%と高く、また分離液
中のCaCl、Ca(OH)2 等の浮遊物質(SS)の
濃度が高くなる。For this reason, the water content of the dehydrated cake obtained by dehydrating the slurry is as high as 80 to 90%, and the concentration of suspended substances (SS) such as CaCl and Ca (OH) 2 in the separated liquid is high. Become.
【0006】本発明は、以上の問題点を解決することが
できるフライアッシュの無害化処理方法を提供しようと
するものである。The present invention is intended to provide a method for detoxifying fly ash which can solve the above problems.
【0007】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、燃焼排ガス中
に含まれるフライアッシュを水洗浄してその表面に付着
している重金属類等の有害物を洗浄水側に移行させ、フ
ライアッシュを無害化した後の洗浄水を処理するフライ
アッシュの無害化処理方法において、フライアッシュを
水洗浄した後フライアッシュと水の混合物に高分子凝集
剤を添加して灰を凝集させてフロックを生成させた上、
前記混合物を脱水して固液分離し、その分離液に燃焼排
ガスを吹き込んで中和することを特徴とする。According to the present invention, fly ash contained in combustion exhaust gas is washed with water and harmful substances such as heavy metals adhering to the surface of the fly ash are transferred to the washing water side. In the method of detoxifying fly ash, which treats the washing water after detoxification, after washing the fly ash with water, a polymer flocculant is added to the mixture of fly ash and water to flocculate the ash by flocculating it. On top of that
It is characterized in that the mixture is dehydrated for solid-liquid separation, and combustion exhaust gas is blown into the separated liquid for neutralization.
【0008】[0008]
【作用】本発明では、燃焼によって発生するフライアッ
シュを水洗浄してその表面に付着している重金属等の有
害物を洗浄水側に移行させ、このフライアッシュと水の
混合物に直ちに高分子凝集剤を混和して脱水し固液分離
する。これによって、洗浄したフライアッシュが良好な
フロックを形成して、効果的に脱水を行うことが可能で
ある。In the present invention, the fly ash generated by combustion is washed with water to transfer harmful substances such as heavy metals adhering to the surface to the washing water side, and the polymer is immediately aggregated in the fly ash and water mixture. The agents are mixed, dehydrated, and solid-liquid separated. As a result, the washed fly ash can form good flocs for effective dehydration.
【0009】また、以上の通り効果的に脱水された分離
液に燃焼排ガスを吹き込むことによって分離液を中和
し、以後の中和に要する薬品コストを低減する。さら
に、この燃焼排ガスによる中和を行うことによって、分
離液中の炭酸カルシウムを重炭酸カルシウムに変換して
配管等へのスケール付着を防止する。Further, by blowing combustion exhaust gas into the dehydrated separated liquid as described above, the separated liquid is neutralized, and the chemical cost required for the subsequent neutralization is reduced. Further, by performing neutralization with this combustion exhaust gas, calcium carbonate in the separated liquid is converted into calcium bicarbonate to prevent scale from adhering to pipes and the like.
【0010】[0010]
【実施例】本発明の一実施例を、図1によって説明す
る。3は、攪拌機3aを収容し、洗浄水流入管1からの
洗浄水とフライアッシュ供給管2からのフライアッシュ
が供給される混和槽である。同混和槽3は、攪拌機5a
を収容する混和槽5に接続されており、混和槽5内には
高分子凝集剤供給管4から高分子凝集剤が供給されるよ
うになっている。6は混和槽5に接続され固液分離を行
う脱水機であり、同脱水機6で得られた分離水8は、反
応槽10内に供給されるようになっている。同反応槽1
0は攪拌機10aを収容しており、かつ同反応槽10内
には排ガス供給管9より燃焼排ガスが吹き込まれるよう
になっている。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. Reference numeral 3 is a mixing tank that accommodates the stirrer 3a and is supplied with the wash water from the wash water inflow pipe 1 and the fly ash from the fly ash supply pipe 2. The mixing tank 3 is a stirrer 5a.
The polymer coagulant is supplied from the polymer coagulant supply pipe 4 into the admixture tank 5 for storing the polymer coagulant. A dehydrator 6 is connected to the mixing tank 5 to perform solid-liquid separation, and the separated water 8 obtained by the dehydrator 6 is supplied into the reaction tank 10. Same reaction tank 1
Reference numeral 0 accommodates a stirrer 10a, and combustion exhaust gas is blown into the reaction tank 10 through an exhaust gas supply pipe 9.
【0011】なお、7は脱水機6における固液分離によ
って得られた脱水ケーキである。また、反応槽10から
排出された処理液11は、pHを一定値にコントロール
した状態で重金属イオン等を除去して放流可能な水質に
するために、次工程において、酸・アルカリ薬品によっ
て処理される。また、前記の混和槽5内に供給される高
分子凝集剤としては、ダイヤフロックのAP520、A
P630(商品名)等を使用することができる。Numeral 7 is a dehydrated cake obtained by solid-liquid separation in the dehydrator 6. In addition, the treatment liquid 11 discharged from the reaction tank 10 is treated with an acid / alkali chemical in the next step in order to remove heavy metal ions and the like so that the water quality can be discharged while the pH is controlled to a constant value. It The polymer flocculant supplied into the mixing tank 5 is Diafloc AP520, A
P630 (trade name) or the like can be used.
【0012】本実施例では、フライアッシュは混和槽3
内において、攪拌機3aによって洗浄水と混和されて水
洗浄され、その表面に付着した重金属等の有害物が洗浄
水側に移行したスラリーとなる。このスラリーは、混和
槽5内に供給され、同混和槽5内で攪拌機5aによって
高分子凝集剤と混和されてフライアッシュの凝集フロッ
クが形成される。この際、スラリー中には凝集フロック
の形成を阻害するCaCO3 は存在していないために、
フライアッシュは効果的に凝集してフロックとなる。In this embodiment, the fly ash is the mixing tank 3
In the inside, it is mixed with the washing water by the stirrer 3a and washed with water, and harmful substances such as heavy metals adhering to the surface thereof are transferred to the washing water side to form a slurry. The slurry is supplied into the mixing tank 5 and mixed with the polymer coagulant by the stirrer 5a in the mixing tank 5 to form fly ash coagulation flocs. At this time, since CaCO 3 that inhibits the formation of aggregated flocs is not present in the slurry,
Fly ash effectively aggregates into flocs.
【0013】以上の通り、効果的に凝集フロックが形成
されたスラリーは、脱水機6内に供給されて固液分離作
用を受け、脱水ケーキ7と分離液8が得られる。スラリ
ーには、前記のように効果的に凝集フロックが形成され
ているために、脱水機6による脱水は充分に行われ、含
水率の低い脱水ケーキ7が得られると共に浮遊物質の濃
度が低下した分離液8が得られる。As described above, the slurry in which the flocs are effectively formed is supplied into the dehydrator 6 and subjected to the solid-liquid separation action, so that the dehydrated cake 7 and the separated liquid 8 are obtained. As described above, since the flocs of flocs are effectively formed in the slurry, dehydration by the dehydrator 6 is sufficiently performed, a dehydrated cake 7 having a low water content is obtained, and the concentration of suspended solids is reduced. The separated liquid 8 is obtained.
【0014】この浮遊物質の濃度が低い分離液8は、反
応槽10内に供給されて、攪拌機10aによって吹き込
まれた燃焼排ガスと混和され、燃焼排ガス中のCO2 に
より化1に示す中和を受ける。The separated liquid 8 having a low concentration of suspended solids is supplied into the reaction tank 10 and mixed with the combustion exhaust gas blown by the stirrer 10a, and the neutralization shown in Chemical formula 1 is performed by CO 2 in the combustion exhaust gas. receive.
【0015】[0015]
【化1】 [Chemical 1]
【0016】分離液8中に更にCO2 を吹き込み続ける
と、分離液のpHが低下することによって、分離液8中
のCO3 2- がHCO3 - に変化し、分離液中の炭酸カル
シウム(CaCO3 )が重炭酸カルシウム(Ca(HC
O3 )2 )に変化する。これによって、配管等へのスケ
ールの付着が防止される。[0016] Further continuing blowing of CO 2 in the separated liquid 8, by the pH of the separated liquid is decreased, CO 3 2-is in the separated liquid 8 HCO 3 - changes to calcium carbonate in the separated liquid ( CaCO 3 is calcium bicarbonate (Ca (HC
O 3 ) 2 ). This prevents the scale from adhering to the pipe or the like.
【0017】以上説明したように、本実施例では、混和
槽3内で水洗浄を行ったフライアッシュのスラリーに混
和槽5内で高分子凝集剤を混和することによって、フロ
ックの生成を阻害するCaCO3 が存在しない状態でス
ラリーが高分子凝集剤によって処理され、効果的な凝集
フロックの形成を行うことができる。従って、脱水機6
では効果的な脱水が行われ、含水率の低い脱水ケーキ7
と浮遊物質の濃度が低い分離液8とを得ることができ
る。As described above, in this embodiment, the floc formation is hindered by mixing the high-molecular flocculant in the mixing tank 5 with the fly ash slurry that has been washed with water in the mixing tank 3. The slurry can be treated with a polymeric flocculant in the absence of CaCO 3 to effect effective floc floe formation. Therefore, the dehydrator 6
In this way, dehydration cake 7 which is effectively dehydrated and has a low water content is used.
It is possible to obtain the separated liquid 8 having a low concentration of suspended solids.
【0018】また、この分離液8を反応槽10内で燃焼
排ガスによって中和しているために、分離液8中の炭酸
カルシウムが重炭酸カルシウムに変換されて配管等にお
ける炭酸カルシウムスケールの発生を抑制することがで
きる。これに加えて、分離液8は浮遊物質の濃度が低い
ために、次工程における分離液処理用の薬品量を減少す
ることができる。Further, since the separated liquid 8 is neutralized in the reaction tank 10 by the combustion exhaust gas, the calcium carbonate in the separated liquid 8 is converted into calcium bicarbonate, so that the calcium carbonate scale is generated in the pipes and the like. Can be suppressed. In addition to this, since the separated liquid 8 has a low concentration of suspended solids, the amount of chemicals for treating the separated liquid in the next step can be reduced.
【0019】[0019]
【発明の効果】本発明では、フライアッシュを水洗浄し
た直後に高分子凝集剤を添加しているために、従来の方
法ではフロック化が難かしいフライアッシュを効果的に
高分子凝集剤でフロック化させることができ、その上で
脱水を行うことによって、含水率の低い脱水ケーキと浮
遊物質濃度の低い分離液を得ることができる。According to the present invention, since the polymer flocculant is added immediately after washing the fly ash with water, the fly ash, which is difficult to be flocculated by the conventional method, can be effectively flocculated with the polymer flocculant. By performing dehydration thereon, a dehydrated cake having a low water content and a separated liquid having a low suspended solid concentration can be obtained.
【0020】また、この浮遊物質濃度の低い分離液を燃
焼排ガスによって中和しているために、スケール付着を
防止し、かつ、次工程における分離液の処理に要する薬
品量を減少することができる。Further, since the separated liquid having a low concentration of suspended solids is neutralized by the combustion exhaust gas, scale adhesion can be prevented and the amount of chemicals required for treating the separated liquid in the next step can be reduced. .
【図1】本発明の一実施例の系統図である。FIG. 1 is a system diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
【図2】従来のフライアッシュの無害化処理方法の系統
図である。FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a conventional method for detoxifying fly ash.
1 洗浄水流入管 2 フライアッシュ供給管 3 混和槽 4 高分子凝集剤供給管 5 混和槽 6 脱水器 7 脱水ケーキ 8 分離液 9 排ガス供給管 10 反応槽 11 処理液 1 Washing water inflow pipe 2 Fly ash supply pipe 3 Mixing tank 4 Polymer flocculant supply pipe 5 Mixing tank 6 Dehydrator 7 Dehydration cake 8 Separation liquid 9 Exhaust gas supply pipe 10 Reaction tank 11 Treatment liquid
Claims (1)
水洗浄してその表面に付着している重金属類等の有害物
を洗浄水側に移行させ、フライアッシュを無害化した後
の洗浄水を処理するフライアッシュの無害化処理方法に
おいて、フライアッシュを水洗浄した後フライアッシュ
と水の混合物に高分子凝集剤を添加して灰を凝集させて
フロックを生成させた上、前記混合物を脱水して固液分
離し、その分離液に燃焼排ガスを吹き込んで中和するこ
とを特徴とするフライアッシュの無害化処理方法。1. Fly ash generated by combustion is washed with water to move harmful substances such as heavy metals adhering to the surface to the wash water side, and the wash water after detoxifying the fly ash is treated. In the method for detoxifying fly ash, after washing the fly ash with water, a polymer flocculant is added to the mixture of fly ash and water to form flocs by aggregating the ash, and the mixture is dehydrated and solidified. A method for detoxifying fly ash, which comprises performing liquid separation, and blowing combustion exhaust gas into the separated liquid for neutralization.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP4287480A JP2865958B2 (en) | 1992-10-26 | 1992-10-26 | Detoxification method of fly ash |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP4287480A JP2865958B2 (en) | 1992-10-26 | 1992-10-26 | Detoxification method of fly ash |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH06134470A true JPH06134470A (en) | 1994-05-17 |
JP2865958B2 JP2865958B2 (en) | 1999-03-08 |
Family
ID=17717889
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP4287480A Expired - Lifetime JP2865958B2 (en) | 1992-10-26 | 1992-10-26 | Detoxification method of fly ash |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP2865958B2 (en) |
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JP2007253029A (en) * | 2006-03-22 | 2007-10-04 | Kyoei Bussan Kk | Incineration residue treatment method and incineration residue treated matter |
JP2010075849A (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-08 | Denka Consult & Eng Co Ltd | Treatment method for chlorine-containing fine powder waste |
JP2017225960A (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2017-12-28 | 株式会社土壌環境プロセス研究所 | Quick continuous insolubilization/cleaning method of contaminant |
JP2021133322A (en) * | 2020-02-27 | 2021-09-13 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | Method for desalination cleaning of chlorine-containing ash |
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CN110092567A (en) * | 2019-04-11 | 2019-08-06 | 湖南锦佳环保科技有限公司 | A kind of shield soil processing method |
-
1992
- 1992-10-26 JP JP4287480A patent/JP2865958B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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WO2005084837A1 (en) * | 2004-03-03 | 2005-09-15 | Dowa Mining Co., Ltd. | Method for treatment of fly ash involving fixation of carbon dioxide |
JP2007253029A (en) * | 2006-03-22 | 2007-10-04 | Kyoei Bussan Kk | Incineration residue treatment method and incineration residue treated matter |
JP2010075849A (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-08 | Denka Consult & Eng Co Ltd | Treatment method for chlorine-containing fine powder waste |
JP4723624B2 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2011-07-13 | デンカエンジニアリング株式会社 | Disposal of chlorine-containing fine powder waste |
JP2017225960A (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2017-12-28 | 株式会社土壌環境プロセス研究所 | Quick continuous insolubilization/cleaning method of contaminant |
JP2021133322A (en) * | 2020-02-27 | 2021-09-13 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | Method for desalination cleaning of chlorine-containing ash |
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JP2865958B2 (en) | 1999-03-08 |
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