JPH04271755A - Crude feed for ruminant livestock and its production - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the title feed excellent in taste and preservability and useful for promotion of health by finely cutting a raw material plant into a prescribed length, compressing the cut plant, mixing the treated plant with a concentrated feed so as to keep specific gravity to a prescribed range and feeding the blend to livestocks. CONSTITUTION:A raw material plant such as stem, leaf, etc., of sweet corn is finely cut and/or fibrized into average length of 1-12cm and compressed so as to keep the specific gravity to average 0.2-0.6g/cm<3> to provide the objective feed.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

0001

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to roughage for ruminant livestock and a method for producing the same.

0002

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventionally, roughage for ruminant livestock such as cows has needed to be longer than a certain length in order to be chewed.

0003

[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] Therefore, it is difficult to mix concentrate feed and roughage and feed them to cattle, etc., and feeding roughage requires manpower. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide roughage for ruminant livestock that can be supplied by mixing with concentrate feed.

0004

[Means for Solving the Problems] In order to achieve the above object, the invention of claim 1 provides a method for producing roughage for ruminant livestock, comprising a step of shredding a raw material plant into pieces having an average length of 1 cm to 12 cm. and compressing the raw material plant that has undergone the shredding process,
Average specific gravity: 0.2 g/cm3 to 0.6 g/cm3
A method for producing roughage for ruminant livestock is created, and the invention according to claim 2 is a method for producing roughage for ruminant livestock, comprising the steps of: converting at least a part of a raw material plant into a fiber state; The plants that have undergone the process of
cm3, the invention of claim 3 creates a method for producing roughage for ruminant livestock, which has a step of making the average size 1 cm to 12 cm3.
A roughage for ruminant livestock that is made by compressing plants that have been shredded into lengths of m long and made into a solid form, with an average specific gravity of 0.2
g/cm 3 to 0.6 g/cm Rough feed for ruminant livestock with an average specific gravity of 0.2 g/cm3 to 0.6 g/cm3
In the invention as claimed in claim 5, a plant that has been shredded into pieces having an average length of 1 cm to 12 cm and at least a part of which is in a fibrous state is compressed, and a solid form is produced. Rough feed for ruminant livestock with an average specific gravity of 0.2 g/cm3 to 0.6
A roughage for ruminant livestock was created, which is characterized by having a low concentration of g/cm3. In addition, in the invention of claim 6, claims 3 to 5
A feed for ruminant livestock was created by mixing the roughage for ruminant livestock according to any one of the inventions of the invention with a conventional concentrate feed.

[0005]

[Function] According to the forage or the method for producing the same according to claims 1 to 5, the raw material plant is shredded into pieces with an average length of 1 cm to 12 cm, and/or at least a part of the raw material plant is made into a fiber state. Average 0.2 g/cm3 ~
Since it is compressed to 0.6 g/cm3,
Roughage produced by the production method according to claim 1 or 2 or roughage according to claims 3 to 5 (hereinafter referred to as the roughage)
has plant fibers of a certain length or more, and the average specific gravity is less than 0.6 g/cm3, so the plant tissue is maintained without collapsing, making it a good plant for use as roughage for ruminant livestock. It is. In addition, the roughage has an average specific gravity of 0.2
g/cm3 or more, which is close to the specific gravity of concentrated feed, so it can be mixed with concentrated feed.

[0006]

[Example] Next, a specific example of the roughage production method according to the present invention and a specific example of the roughage according to the present invention produced by the same method will be described in detail. First, the manufacturing method will be explained in chronological order.

Step 1: Selection of raw material plants [0007] In this example, the whole sweet variety of corn, ie, the stems, leaves, ears, etc. (hereinafter referred to as stems, leaves, etc.) at the growth stage of the paste ripening stage, was used as the raw material plants.

[0008] Here, as the sweet variety of corn, corn having the scientific name Zea Mays L. is exemplified. Another example is corn that has a high sugar content and is edible. Note that conventional feed corn, that is, corn that has a low sugar content and is not used for human consumption, is excluded from the sweet variety corn. In this example, since sweet corn is used as the raw material plant, roughage with a high sugar content can be obtained.

[0009] Also, the glue ripening period is the period around 20 days after fertilization. In general, before the ripening stage, the stalk of corn contains a lot of sugar, and after the yellowing stage, the sugar content gradually transfers from the stalk to the fruit, and in the fruit, the sugar is converted to starch, so the sugar content of the whole corn increases. The content decreases. Therefore, if the stems and leaves of corn harvested before the ripening stage are used as raw materials, roughage with a high sugar content can be obtained.

[0010] It is difficult to strictly distinguish between the pasty ripe stage and the yellow ripe stage, so it is best to check the amount of sugar contained in the corn stalks and harvest the corn at a time when the sugar content is high. However, it is important to note that the sugar content varies depending on the moisture content of the stem and the part of the stem, such as the top, middle, and bottom.

[0011] Regarding the value of sugar content, in this example, the raw material plant is green-cut sweet corn, so when this is dried to a moisture content of about 12%, the average sugar content is 7.0% or more, preferably 7.0% or more. It is 15% or more, more preferably 20% or more. In addition, in this specification, sugar content means the total amount of fructose, glucose, and sucrose content.

[0012] Also, in this example, the stems and leaves of corn, ie, the whole plant, are used as raw materials to increase the yield, which is advantageous in terms of cost.

In addition to sweet corn, the raw material plant may be a plant that can be used as roughage for ruminant livestock such as cattle; for example, feed corn, sorghum or barley may also be used.

Step 2: Green Harvesting Step In the production method of this example, first of all, the raw material plants are harvested early in the morning. Aokari refers to cutting down living plants, and includes cutting down living plants that are no longer growing. For example, harvesting the stems and leaves of corn after the corn has fully ripened is also called green cutting. By using green cut plants as raw materials, it is possible to obtain roughage that is not too hard and has a good flavor, and is therefore palatable to cattle and the like.

Further, in this example, since the green grass is harvested early in the morning, it is easy to utilize the sun in the drying process described later.

[0016] Even if dead plants or pre-dried plants are used, roughage that can be mixed with concentrate feed can be obtained by performing the shredding and/or fiberization process and compression process described below.

Step 3: Pressure Step In this example, the green cut corn stems, leaves, etc. are subjected to an average pressure of 30 kg using a grooved roller within 2 hours after the green cutting step.
Pressure was applied at g/cm2. After the green cutting process, the components contained in the plant begin to change, especially the sugar content decreases,
Therefore, roughage with better flavor can be obtained if the pressing step is performed immediately after the green cutting step. Preferably, if the pressing step is carried out within 2 hours after harvesting, the flavor will be better.

The pressure in the pressurizing step is determined depending on the type of the raw material plant, the thickness of the stem, etc., and is set to such a level that a part of the sap inside the raw material plant oozes out onto the surface of the plant. Applying enough pressure to squeeze out much of the sap inside the plant will spoil the flavor, and applying too little pressure to prevent the sap from leaching to the surface won't improve the flavor. For example, in the case of the corn in this example, the weight is 20 kg/c.
When a pressure of m2 to 50 kg/cm2 is applied, a portion of the sap inside the corn stalk leaches out onto the surface of the stalk. This pressure process causes some of the plant stems to crack vertically and/or softens the plant (hereinafter referred to as "softening"), but this softening also creates a flavor that is easier for cows to eat. It can be used as a good roughage.

Step 4: Drying Step Next, the leaves, etc. after the pressurization step are immediately tied into a circle with a diameter of about 15 cm, hung up and dried in the sun for about 20 to 25 hours to remove moisture from the leaves, etc. The average content was 12.0% by weight.

[0020] As mentioned above, after green cutting, the composition of the plant changes, so this drying process should be started within 5 hours at the latest, preferably within 4 hours, and more preferably within 1 hour after the end of the pressure process. Produces roughage with better flavor.

Furthermore, in this example, the sun is used for drying, so drying can be done at low cost.

[0022] The shorter the time between cutting the corn and performing the drying process, the higher the sugar content of roughage can be obtained. Therefore, it is preferable to carry out both the pressing step and the drying step immediately after the green cutting step.

[0023] Through this drying process, the plant sap dries and adheres to the surface of the cut plants, improving the aroma, taste, and other flavors, and preserving these flavors. Also, the palatability of cattle etc. is improved by making it more flexible.

[0024] The average moisture content of the roughage after drying is 7~
The content is preferably 15% by weight; if it is less than 7%, it will be too hard for cattle etc. and the flavor will be poor, while if it is more than 15%, the storage stability will be poor.

[0025] The roughage obtained by the above-mentioned pressurization and drying process has dried sap attached to its surface, and can retain some of the aroma from harvesting, so it has a good flavor. In addition, since it is properly dried, it is not too hard and therefore has good palatability and good storage stability. Therefore, it is a highly palatable roughage that can be stably supplied.

Step 5: Shredding step and fiberizing step Next, the cut corn that had undergone the pressing and drying steps was cut with a cutting machine to an average length of 8 cm. After that, a tearing machine (shredder) is used to cut the stalks lengthwise along the corn trunk into pieces with an average thickness of 3 m.
It was set as m. At the same time, the corn stems and leaves were loosened using a tearing machine, and most of them were made into fibers.

After pressurization and drying, the corn stems and leaves are cut with a cutting machine to an average length of 8 cm, which maintains the effect of the fiber as roughage while making it easier for cattle to eat and making it more palatable. The purpose is to increase Here, the stems and leaves of corn are preferably cut into lengths of 1 to 12 cm on average; if the length is less than 1 cm, the physical properties as roughage will decrease, and if the length is more than 12 cm, the palatability will decrease. A more preferable length is an average of 5 to 10 cm.

[0028] After that, use a tearing machine to reduce the thickness to an average of 3
It is for the same reason that it is set as mm, and the average is 0.1 to 5 mm.
In other words, if it is less than 0.1 mm, its physical properties as a roughage will decrease, and if it is more than 5 mm, its palatability will decrease. Through the above-mentioned shredding process, the raw material plants are processed into lengths and thicknesses that are easy for cattle to eat and which do not impair their physical properties as roughage.

In fact, since the roughage of this example has most of the raw material plants loosened into fibers, it is more palatable to cattle and the like. Here, fibrous state means that the fibers forming the stems, leaves, etc. of a plant are divided into one to several tens of fibers at a time. However, it is not necessary that all of the raw material plants be in a fibrous state, and only shredded stems, leaves, etc. may remain, or the shredded stems, leaves, etc. may be partially turned into fibers. However, the greater the proportion of the raw material plant in the fibrous state in the entire raw material plant, the better the palatability of roughage for cattle etc., and it is desirable that all the raw material plants be in the fibrous state.

[0030] In this example, both the shredding process and the fibrous process are carried out, but even if either one of the processes is omitted, the roughage obtained through the next compression process will remain concentrated. Can be mixed with feed. However, if both of the above steps are carried out, roughage that is easier for cattle to eat and therefore has better palatability can be obtained.

Step 6: Compression step At the end, the green-cut corn that has undergone the above-mentioned shredding and fiberization process is extruded through a cylindrical tube with a diameter of 10 cm, using a press machine at an average pressure of about 200 kg.
/cm2 and extrude to harden, about 10cm in diameter,
The roughly cylindrical shape of about 5 cm in length was used to obtain the roughage of the present invention. The average hardness of the corn roughage hardened by this press machine is 4 kg/cm2, and the average specific gravity is 0.45.
g/cm3.

[0032] When the raw material plant that has been subjected to the above-mentioned shredding process and fibrous process is solidified using a press machine, the pressure is preferably 170 to 250 kg/cm2. 170
If the pressure is less than 250 kg/cm2, it is difficult to make it into a solid state, and if the pressure is more than 250 kg/cm2, the hardness will be too high and palatability will decrease. Furthermore, as will be described later, the roughage of this example does not easily collapse into an appropriate size when mixed with concentrate feed.

[0033] It should be noted that the corn stems, leaves, etc. before the compression process using the press machine do not need to be all in a fibrous state, and may only be in a shredded state. There may also be some that are partially in a fibrous state. In addition, if the compression process is performed after removing the leaves and stems of corn that have been reduced to powder through the shredding and fiberization process, the physical properties of the roughage will improve and better roughage can be obtained.

[0034] The average specific gravity of the roughage in this example was 0.2 g/c.
Since it is more than m3, it can be mixed with concentrate feed. In other words, if the average specific gravity is 0.2 g/cm3 or less, the difference in specific gravity from the concentrate feed is too large, so mixing with the concentrate feed is difficult. Further, since the average specific gravity of the roughage of this example is 0.6 g/cm3 or less, the physical properties as roughage are good. That is, if the average specific gravity is 0.6 g/cm3 or more, the structure of corn stems, leaves, etc. will collapse, reducing its effectiveness as roughage. For the above reasons, the more preferable average specific gravity of the roughage of this example is 0.4 to 0.6 g/cm3.

Furthermore, the average hardness of the roughage in this example is 1 kg.
Since the specific gravity is between 10 kg/cm2 and 10 kg/cm2, the specific gravity is appropriate, and therefore it can be mixed with concentrate feed. In addition, it is a rough feed with good palatability because it has a consistency that is easy for cattle to eat. That is, if the average hardness is less than 1 kg/cm2, it cannot be mixed with concentrated feed, and if it is more than 10 kg/cm2, it will not crumble to an appropriate size when mixed with concentrated feed, and because it is too hard, the palatability of cattle etc. will be reduced. A more preferable average hardness is 3 to 4 kg/cm2.

Furthermore, since the roughage of this example is made of compressed vegetable fibers having a length of more than a certain length, it does not take up much space while maintaining the physical properties of the roughage, and is therefore convenient for transportation and storage.

[0037] The roughage of this example can be mixed with concentrate feed in the usual manner, but since its hardness and specific gravity are appropriate, it crumbles into chunks of a size that are easy to eat for cattle etc. during this mixing. Since many fibers are compressed and present in this mass, a large amount of fiber can be fed to cattle etc. at one time. Furthermore, since the fibers of a certain length or more are compressed, the physical properties as roughage are good, and there is no need to manually feed long roughage in addition to the present roughage. Furthermore, the roughage of this example can be mixed with concentrated feed and automatically fed to cattle, etc., so labor can be reduced. In addition, it is possible to prevent cattle etc. from being selective in their eating habits.

Next, the general ingredients of the roughage of this example are shown in Table 1. Note that the numerical units in Table 1 are weight %.

[0039]

[Table 1]

As shown in Table 1, the roughage of this example has a high total amount of sugar and nutrients, and is excellent in terms of nutrition and palatability. The roughage of this example has a sugar content of 7.0% or more, preferably 15% or more, and more preferably 20% or more.

Next, an example of use will be described in which the feed obtained by mixing the roughage of this example with a conventional concentrate feed etc. was fed to cattle. The roughage of this example and the concentrate were mixed in a conventional manner, and the powder produced from the roughage of this example was removed before mixing in order to improve the physical properties and palatability of the roughage. Therefore, the mixing ratio of this roughage to the concentrate feed is the value when the powder produced from the roughage of this example is removed.

The compounding ratio of the roughage in this example is preferably 1 to 50% by weight based on the total feed. For dairy cows, when the blending ratio is less than 25% by weight, the milk fat percentage in the milk component decreases, while when the blending ratio is 50% by weight or more, problems arise in terms of blending, handling, and feeding. Further, for beef cattle, a more preferable blending ratio is 3 to 30% by weight, which can improve productivity.

Use Example 1 Effects on milk yield and milk quality when 40% by weight of the roughage of the present invention is fed to the total feed using 4 dairy cows with an average body weight of 600 kg and an average milk fat percentage of 3.6% I investigated as follows.

[0044] 24 kg of feed consisting of 14 kg of concentrate feed and 10 kg of roughage was fed per cow per day. During the experiment, the same concentrate feed was provided. The feed ingredients of this concentrate feed are shown in Table 2, and the general ingredients of the concentrate feed are shown in Table 3. The numerical units in Tables 2 and 3 are % by weight.

[0045]

[Table 2]

[0046]

[Table 3]

As shown in Table 4, the first two roughages are used as roughage.
Dried oat hay, dried timothy hay and beet pulp were fed per cow per day for a period of 1 day (before feeding) at a total of 10 kg, 2 kg, 4 kg and 4 kg, respectively, and then continuously for the next 21 day period (before feeding). (Middle), 10 kg of the roughage of this example was fed per cow per day, and for the next 21 days (after feeding), roughage with the same composition and amount as in the period before feeding was fed. was paid.

Table 4 shows the composition of the feed fed per cow per day before, during and after feeding. Note that the numerical unit in Table 4 is kg.

[0049]

[Table 4]

Table 5 shows the average milk yield (Kg), average milk fat percentage (%) and non-fat solid content (%) during the three periods (before feeding, during feeding and after feeding) in this use example.

[0051]

[Table 5]

As shown in Table 5, even during the period when the roughage of this example was fed as roughage (during feeding), the milk yield, milk fat percentage, and A non-fat solid was obtained. Therefore, it was confirmed that when the roughage of this example was fed to dairy cows, milk of the same quality and quantity was obtained as when conventional roughage was fed to dairy cows.

Use Example 2 Next, the effect on fattening state and meat quality when the roughage of this example was fed to beef cattle in an amount of 10% by weight based on the total feed was investigated as follows. Two groups, a control group and a test group, each consisting of 10 dairy bullocks with an average body weight of about 350 kg, were fed 10.8 kg or 11.0 kg of feed consisting of concentrate feed and roughage, respectively, per cow per day. , fattened for 320 days. The same concentrate feed was used for both groups. Table 6 shows the feed raw materials and general ingredients of this concentrated feed.
, shown in Table 7. Note that the numerical units in Tables 6 and 7 are weight %.

[0054]

[Table 6]

[0055]

[Table 7]

Furthermore, in this usage example, rice straw was used as the roughage for the control group, and the roughage of this example was used for the test group.

Average body weight (end weight) (Kg) of cows in both groups after 320 days of fattening period, average daily weight gain (Kg) during fattening period, and average feed intake per cow per day The amounts (Kg) are shown in Table 8.

[0058]

[Table 8]

As shown in Table 8, compared to the control group fed rice straw, which is a conventional roughage, the test group fed the roughage of this example had similar results in terms of final body weight and daily weight gain. and the amount of feed intake per day.

Regarding the quality of the meat obtained from the beef cattle of the control group and the test group, the carcass weight (Kg) was measured, and the yield grade and meat quality grade were determined based on carcass trading standards. The results are shown in Table 9.

[0061]

[Table 9]

As shown in Table 9, there was no difference in carcass weight between the control group fed rice straw, which is a conventional forage, and the test group fed the roughage of this example, and carcass evaluation was similar to that of this example. The test group fed the forage had slightly better results than the control group.

[0063]

According to the roughage for ruminant livestock or the method for producing the same according to claim 1 or 2, roughage for ruminant livestock with good flavor, easy storage, and good shelf life can be obtained. Therefore, by improving the reduction in forage penetration, especially during hot and humid periods, it is possible to maintain the health of livestock, maintain and improve milk quality and quantity in milking livestock, and weight gain and meat quality in meat livestock. It is considered possible. Further, the roughage of the present invention can be easily and well stored, so that it can be stably supplied.

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. A method for producing roughage for ruminant livestock, comprising the steps of shredding a raw material plant into pieces with an average length of 1 cm to 12 cm, compressing the raw material plant after the shredding step, and reducing the specific gravity to an average of 0.5 cm. 2 g/cm3 to 0.6 g/cm3. A method for producing roughage for ruminants. 2. A method for producing roughage for ruminant livestock, comprising the steps of: converting at least a portion of a raw material plant into a fiber state; and compressing the plant that has undergone the step of converting into a fiber state, to have a specific gravity of 0.2 g/g on average. cm3 to 0.6 g/cm3. A method for producing roughage for ruminant livestock. 3. Rough feed for ruminant livestock, which is made by compressing plants shredded into pieces with an average length of 1 cm to 12 cm to form a solid form, the specific gravity of which is on average 0.2 g/cm3 to 0.
．． 6 g/cm3 of roughage for ruminant livestock. 4. A roughage for ruminant livestock in which a plant at least partially in a fibrous state is compressed into a solid form, the specific gravity of which is on average 0.2 g/cm3 to 0.2 g/cm3.
6 g/cm3 of roughage for ruminant livestock. 5. Rough feed for ruminant livestock, which is obtained by compressing a plant that has been shredded into pieces with an average length of 1 cm to 12 cm and at least a portion of which is in a fibrous state and made into a solid form, the specific gravity of which is 0 on average. .2 g/cm3 ~0.6 g/c
Rough feed for ruminant livestock, characterized in that it is m3. 6. A feed for ruminant livestock prepared by mixing the roughage for ruminant livestock according to any one of claims 3 to 5 with a conventional concentrate feed.