JPH03503753A - vehicle aerodynamic shape - Google Patents
vehicle aerodynamic shapeInfo
- Publication number
- JPH03503753A JPH03503753A JP2503003A JP50300390A JPH03503753A JP H03503753 A JPH03503753 A JP H03503753A JP 2503003 A JP2503003 A JP 2503003A JP 50300390 A JP50300390 A JP 50300390A JP H03503753 A JPH03503753 A JP H03503753A
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- Prior art keywords
- vehicle
- trailer
- box
- inclined surface
- vehicle according
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 102000011195 Profilin Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108050001408 Profilin Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000239290 Araneae Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021419 vinegar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000052 vinegar Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D35/00—Vehicle bodies characterised by streamlining
- B62D35/001—For commercial vehicles or tractor-trailer combinations, e.g. caravans
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
- Control Of Vehicles With Linear Motors And Vehicles That Are Magnetically Levitated (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。 (57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 の０ ・ヅ゛ 本発明は、車両の空気力学的形状、特に、限定的ではないが、車両／トレーラ連 結の空気力学的形状に関するものである。[Detailed description of the invention] 0 ・゛ The present invention relates to the aerodynamic shape of a vehicle, particularly, but not exclusively, to vehicle/trailer connections. It concerns the aerodynamic shape of the knot.
貨物車両は、通常、ボックス形のボディをキャブの後方に有し、そして、その様 な車両は、矢張りボックス形のボディのついた別のユニフトをトレーラとして牽 引するために使用されることが多い。Freight vehicles usually have a box-shaped body behind the cab and are The vehicle is driven by a separate unit with a box-shaped body as a trailer. Often used to draw.
本発明の一つの目的は、車両及び車両／トレーラ連結の空気力学的性質を改善し 得る手段を提供することである。One object of the invention is to improve the aerodynamic properties of vehicles and vehicle/trailer connections. It is to provide a means to obtain
本発明の一態様によれば、車両は、上面と直立側面とを有するボックス状のボデ ィを有し、該上面が、大部分水平であり且つその後端側にプロフィリング手段（ ｐｒｏｆｉｌｉｎｇ ｍｅａｎｓ）を有し、該プロフィリング手段が、ボックス 状ボディの後部に向かって延びる後方に下傾する面を有する、ボックス状ボディ 付の車両である。According to one aspect of the invention, a vehicle has a box-like body having a top surface and upright side surfaces. The upper surface is mostly horizontal and has profiling means ( profiling means), and the profiling means a box-shaped body having a rearwardly downwardly sloping surface extending toward the rear of the body; This is a vehicle with a
好適には、前記プロフィリング手段は、傾斜面の両側に、該傾斜面の高さよりも 上に延びる隆起部を有し、該隆起部の上縁は概ね水平になっている。Preferably, the profiling means are arranged on both sides of the inclined surface at a height greater than the height of the inclined surface. It has an upwardly extending ridge, the upper edge of which is generally horizontal.
好都合には、前記プロフィリング手段は、傾斜面の先端部分に隣接した上面より 上に且つ進行方向を横切って延びる小さな隆起部を存する。Conveniently, the profiling means are arranged to extend from the top surface adjacent to the distal end portion of the ramp. There is a small ridge extending above and across the direction of travel.
一つの構成においては、前記傾斜面は、水平に対、して５〜１０００角度になっ ている。In one configuration, the inclined surface is at an angle of 5 to 1000 with respect to the horizontal. ing.
ボディの直立側面とボディの後方面との間の接合部は、曲線まが、ボディの上面 上側面との接合部を形成することができる。The junction between the upright side of the body and the rear side of the body is a curved or A joint with the upper surface can be formed.
本発明の他の態様においては、車両は、それぞれボックス状のボディを有する牽 引車両とトレーラ車両との連結から成り、各ボディが、殆ど大部分平坦な上面を 有し、牽引車両のボディは、上面の後部に咳面を後方に下傾させるプロフィリン グ手段を有し、トレーラ車両は、トレーラのボックス状ボディの上面の前方に接 面を後方に上傾させるプロフィリング手段を存する。In another aspect of the invention, each vehicle has a box-like body. It consists of a combination of a tow vehicle and a trailer vehicle, each body having a mostly flat top surface. The body of the towing vehicle has a profilin that tilts the coughing surface backwards and downwards at the rear of the top surface. The trailer vehicle is connected to the front of the upper surface of the box-like body of the trailer. There are profiling means for tilting the surface backwards and upwards.
好適には、牽引車両のボディ及びトレーラ車両のボディの前記各プロフィリング 手段が、それぞれの上面の高さよりも高く上方へ延びる傾斜面の側方に隆起部を 存する。Preferably, said respective profiles of the body of the towing vehicle and the body of the trailer vehicle. The means includes a ridge on the side of the slope extending upwardly higher than the height of the respective upper surface. Exists.
好都合には、上伸及び下傾する面の水平に対する傾斜は、各プロフィリング手段 について実質的に同じである。Conveniently, the inclination of the upwardly extending and downwardly inclined surfaces with respect to the horizontal is determined by each profiling means. are substantially the same.
プロフィリング手段を設けることは、トレーラの先端が牽引車両から比較的接近 して隔てられている場合に、車両とトレーラと連結における空気力学的性質を改 善するのに特に効果的である。Providing the profiling means means that the tip of the trailer is relatively close to the towing vehicle. Improve the aerodynamics of the vehicle-trailer connection when separated by It is particularly effective in improving
好適には、その間隔は、小で且つ１５ｃ１１程度に小であり得るが、２ｍまでの 広い間隔でもよい効果を得ることができる。Preferably, the spacing is small and may be as small as 15c11, but up to 2m. Good effects can be obtained even with wide spacing.
空気力学的に更に改善することは、トレーラ車両のボックス状のボディの前方直 立縁をカーブした先頭縁にする様に丸みをつけるプロフィリング手段によっても 得られる。更に、トレーラ車両のボックス状のボディの後方直立縁をプロフィリ ングしてカーブした後方縁にすることもできる。Further aerodynamic improvements include the front straight line of the box-like body of trailer vehicles Also by profiling means to round the standing edge into a curved leading edge. can get. Furthermore, the rear upright edge of the box-like body of the trailer vehicle is profiled. It can also be curved to create a curved rear edge.
プロフィリング手段を設けることによって車両／トレーラ連結して、それを確実 にすることによって、ボディ面の空気の渦の発生が減少されると信じられる。そ の様な渦が発生しないで、ボディ面の空気を円滑な流動形態で維持し、それによ って、車両／トレーラ連結における抵抗を減少する。Vehicle/trailer coupling is ensured by providing profiling means It is believed that by doing so, the generation of air vortices on the body surface is reduced. So The air on the body surface is maintained in a smooth flowing form without the generation of vortices such as This reduces drag in the vehicle/trailer connection.
後方に下傾する面を形成する様に、トレーラ上面の後端に更にプロフィリング手 段を設けることもできる。Add a profiled hand at the trailing edge of the top of the trailer to create a surface that slopes downward to the rear. It is also possible to provide steps.
本発明の更に特徴とするところは、例示的に且つ図面を参照してなされる本発明 の一実施例についての以下の記述から明らかになるであろう。図中、 第１図は、牽引車両／トレーラ車両の連結の斜視図である。Further features of the invention are that the invention is made by way of example and with reference to the drawings. It will become clear from the following description of one embodiment. In the figure, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a tow vehicle/trailer vehicle connection.
第２図は、第１図に示される連結の側面図である。2 is a side view of the connection shown in FIG. 1; FIG.
第２Ａ図は、第１図及び第２図の連結の屋根の形状を断面で示す破断図である。FIG. 2A is a cutaway view showing the shape of the roof of the connection of FIGS. 1 and 2 in cross section.
図面を参照すると、車両／トレーラの連結が図示されており、そこでは、牽引車 両１０には、車両の前端のキャブ１１と後方に位置するボックス状のボディ１２ とが設けられている。キャブ１１は、概ね矩形状のボディ１２よりも小さな前面 領域を占め、そして、ヨーロッパ特許出１１１０２６６８９３号で記述され図示 された態様においては、キャブ及びボディには、牽引車両の前面領域の空気力学 的性質を改良して、キャブとボディとの接続部位における空気流特性を改良する ための手段が設けられている０図示された車両には、その様な手段が設けられて おり、従って、ボディ】２の上面１３に沿い及び側面１４に沿う空気流は、少な くともボディの前の部分にわたって空気力学的に効率的な線をたどる。Referring to the drawings, a vehicle/trailer connection is illustrated in which the tow vehicle Both 10 have a cab 11 at the front end of the vehicle and a box-shaped body 12 located at the rear. and is provided. The cab 11 has a front surface smaller than the generally rectangular body 12. occupies the area and is described and illustrated in European Patent No. 1110266893 In a modified embodiment, the cab and body include aerodynamics in the front area of the towing vehicle. improve the airflow characteristics at the connection point between the cab and the body. 0 The illustrated vehicle is equipped with such means. Therefore, the air flow along the top surface 13 and the side surface 14 of the body 2 is small. The spider follows an aerodynamically efficient line across the front part of the body.
本発明は、主として、牽引車両の後端における、及び牽引車両１０の後に位置す るトレーラ車両１６に亘る良好な空気力学的状態の維持に関するものである。The present invention is primarily intended for use at the rear end of the tow vehicle and at the rear of the tow vehicle 10. This relates to maintaining good aerodynamic conditions throughout the trailer vehicle 16.
トレーラ車両１６は、牽引車両１０によって牽引され、そして、トレーラの前端 が車両のボディ１２の後端から距離Ｘだけ隔てられる様に矢張り棒１７によって 牽引車両１０に付随されている。A trailer vehicle 16 is towed by a tow vehicle 10 and the front end of the trailer is separated by a distance X from the rear end of the vehicle body 12 by the arrow bar 17. It is attached to the towing vehicle 10.
通常の走行の間は距離Ｘを小さな量に維持し、そして、ある場合にはコーナーを 曲がるときの様な動作の間は距離を増大するための備えがある種々の手段がこれ までに提案されている。その様な手段は、本発明の一部ではない。然しながら、 本発明は、距離Ｘが相対的に小であり、約１５ｃｍから約２ｍである車両／トレ ーラの連結に特定の用途を有する。Keep the distance X a small amount during normal driving, and in some cases This includes various means that provide for increasing distance during movements such as turning. has been proposed so far. Such measures are not part of the invention. However, The present invention provides a vehicle/trailer where the distance X is relatively small, from about 15 cm to about 2 m. has a specific use in connecting rollers.
トレーラ１６は、ボックス状ボディ１７に亘ってトレーラの側面形状の両端から みると、車両１０のボディ１２と概ね同じ側面形状を有している。即ち、それは 、上面１８及び側面１９が、それぞれボディ１２の上面１３及び側面１４と一直 線になっている。The trailer 16 extends from both ends of the side shape of the trailer over the box-like body 17. When viewed, it has approximately the same side shape as the body 12 of the vehicle 10. That is, it is , the top surface 18 and side surface 19 are aligned with the top surface 13 and side surface 14 of the body 12, respectively. It's a line.
その様な上面１３及び１８は、その大部分において概ね水平に配置され且つ平坦 である。Such upper surfaces 13 and 18 are generally horizontally disposed and flat for the most part. It is.
側面１４及び１９は、概ね直立型であり且つ平坦である。前述した様に上面及び 側面の矩形形状を維持することにより、車両のボディ１２及びトレーラのボディ １７の内部は、貨物のｉ！ＩｗＬのための望ましい内部寸法になっている。Side faces 14 and 19 are generally upright and flat. As mentioned above, the top surface and By maintaining the rectangular shape of the side surfaces, the vehicle body 12 and the trailer body The interior of 17 is the cargo i! It has the desired internal dimensions for the IwL.
牽引車両のボディ１２は、車両のボディに亘っての空気の空気力的流れを改善す るために車両のボディ１２とトレーラのボディ１７との間の遷移域に後述される プロフィリング手段を設けることによって変形されている。ボディ１２の上面の ためのプロフィリング手段２１は、ボディ１２の両側に置かれ、横方向に隔てら れた雨降起部２３の間に位置する下方及び後方に傾斜した面２２を形成する。隆 起部２３は、ボディ１２の各対向側に位置し、且つそれぞれボディ１２の屋根面 １３と概ね一直線にｔった上面２４を有しており、そして、直立型の側面は内側 面２５を有している。隆起部２３は、それぞれの外側では、円弧状または曲線の 断面を有するボディ１２の上部側縁２６と隣接している。The body 12 of the towing vehicle is configured to improve the aerodynamic flow of air across the body of the vehicle. The transition area between the vehicle body 12 and the trailer body 17 is described below in order to It has been modified by providing profiling means. on the top of body 12 profiling means 21 are placed on both sides of the body 12 and are laterally separated. A downwardly and backwardly inclined surface 22 is formed between the rain shower parts 23. Takashi The starting portions 23 are located on opposite sides of the body 12 and are located on the roof surface of the body 12, respectively. 13, and has an upper surface 24 generally in line with It has a surface 25. The raised portions 23 each have an arcuate or curved outer side. Adjacent to the upper side edge 26 of the body 12 having a cross section.
ボディ１２の後部直立ａ２７は、矢張り円弧状または曲線の断面として形成され ている。同様に、トレーラのボディの先端及び後端の直立縁２８及び２９には、 それぞれ円弧状または曲線の断面が形成されている。The rear upright a27 of the body 12 is formed as an arcuate or curved cross section. ing. Similarly, the upright edges 28 and 29 of the leading and trailing ends of the trailer body include Each has an arcuate or curved cross section.
トレーラのボディ１７の上面１８のためのプロフィリング手段３１及び３２が、 矢張りボディの前端で後方へ上傾した面３３と、及びボディの後端で後方に向か って下傾した面３４とを形成するために設けられている。profiling means 31 and 32 for the upper surface 18 of the body 17 of the trailer; A surface 33 that is tilted upward to the rear at the front end of the arrow body, and a surface 33 that is tilted upward to the rear at the rear end of the body. This is provided to form a downwardly inclined surface 34.
いずれの場合においても、プロフィリング手段３１及び３２は、プロフィリング 手段２１と同じ形状をしており、プロフィリング手段３２は、プロフィリング手 段２１と同じ様な傾斜になっているが、プロフィリング手段３１は逆傾斜になっ ている。水平に対する傾斜の角度は、いずれの場合でも同じであってもよく、そ して、５°〜１０″の範囲にある。更に、各面３３及び３４の両側には、プロフ ィリング手段２１の隆起部２３と同じ様な形状の隆起部３６が配されており、そ の上面３７は、上部屋根面１８及び内側直立面３８のそれぞれと一直線になって いる。In either case, the profiling means 31 and 32 The profiling means 32 has the same shape as the profiling means 21. It has a slope similar to step 21, but the profiling means 31 has a reverse slope. ing. The angle of inclination to the horizontal may be the same in each case; In addition, on both sides of each surface 33 and 34, there is a profile. A raised portion 36 having the same shape as the raised portion 23 of the filling means 21 is disposed. The upper surface 37 is in line with each of the upper roof surface 18 and the inner upright surface 38. There is.
車両のボディ及びトレーラのボディを前述した様に変形することにより、車両／ トレーラ連結の空気力学的効率が大いに増進されることが判った。風洞試験にお いて、一方、該変形がないと、連結域の上面及び側面での空気の流れが平坦でな く渦流を形成することが判る。変形された構成では、空気の流れは、その様な面 に亘って平坦な流れを維持する、平坦でない流れ特性の相対的不存在は、抵抗係 数が改善されたことを示している。By deforming the vehicle body and trailer body as described above, the vehicle/ It has been found that the aerodynamic efficiency of the trailer hitch is greatly enhanced. For wind tunnel testing On the other hand, without this deformation, the air flow on the top and side surfaces of the connection area would not be flat. It can be seen that a vortex is formed. In the modified configuration, the air flow is The relative absence of non-flat flow characteristics that maintain a flat flow over This shows that the numbers have improved.
更に、牽引車両１０がトレーラ１６をつけないで用いられる場合には、プロフィ リング手段２１は、牽引車両だけに対して、増進された空気力学的効率をもたら す。Additionally, if the tow vehicle 10 is used without a trailer 16, the profile The ring means 21 provides increased aerodynamic efficiency for towing vehicles only. vinegar.
車両１０のプロフィリング手段２１のいくらか前方に、屋根面１３の高さより数 Ｃ上に延び且つ進行方向を横切る小さな隆起部４０を設けることは有利である。Somewhere in front of the profiling means 21 of the vehicle 10, a number below the height of the roof surface 13 is located. It is advantageous to provide a small ridge 40 extending over C and transverse to the direction of travel.
その様な隆起部は、該屋根面１３に最も近い空気の流れを“再付着させる”効果 、即ち核間１３から遠ざかろうとする傾向を打ち消す効果を存するであろう。Such ridges have the effect of "reattachment" of the air flow closest to the roof surface 13. In other words, it will have the effect of canceling out the tendency to move away from the internuclear region 13.
平成２年ｌＯ月４日October 4th, 1990
Claims (13)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB898902640A GB8902640D0 (en) | 1989-02-07 | 1989-02-07 | Vehicle aerodynamics |
| GB8902640.5 | 1989-02-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH03503753A true JPH03503753A (en) | 1991-08-22 |
Family
ID=10651221
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2503003A Pending JPH03503753A (en) | 1989-02-07 | 1990-02-02 | vehicle aerodynamic shape |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5094503A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0429559A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH03503753A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU5044590A (en) |
| GB (2) | GB8902640D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1990009303A1 (en) |
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| US8870265B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-10-28 | Paccar Inc | Trailer with improved aerodynamic characteristics |
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| DE202013006716U1 (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2014-10-27 | Brüggen Oberflächen- und Systemlieferant GmbH | Structure for transport vehicles with corner stanchions |
| DE202013006715U1 (en) * | 2013-07-26 | 2014-10-27 | Brüggen Oberflächen- und Systemlieferant GmbH | Box body for transport vehicles with beveled roof truss and corner stanchions |
| US9694644B2 (en) * | 2014-10-29 | 2017-07-04 | International Truck Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Active control of trailer pitch |
| US10414448B2 (en) | 2015-09-07 | 2019-09-17 | Transtex Llc | Support system for aerodynamic skirt assembly and method of installation thereof |
| US10384728B2 (en) | 2016-03-28 | 2019-08-20 | Transtex Llc | Beam connector and method of installation thereof |
| GB2573038B (en) * | 2019-02-15 | 2020-06-03 | Gray And Adams Ltd | A trailer for a heavy goods vehicle and method of manufacture |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE160103C (en) * | ||||
| US827899A (en) * | 1906-05-15 | 1906-08-07 | Casper Zimmerman | Railway-car. |
| US2243906A (en) * | 1933-12-19 | 1941-06-03 | Huet Andre | Apparatus for shielding a body from fluid currents |
| FR805960A (en) * | 1935-08-24 | 1936-12-04 | Device for reducing resistance to advancement, due to breaks or other interruptions of vehicles | |
| US2182640A (en) * | 1937-06-21 | 1939-12-05 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Electric locomotive structure |
| US2208075A (en) * | 1939-02-27 | 1940-07-16 | Jabelmann Otto | Railway car |
| DE730027C (en) * | 1939-03-08 | 1943-01-06 | Forsch Kraftfahrwesen Und Fahr | Device on motor vehicles with an exterior shape that is favorable to the flow of air to automatically maintain the direction of travel in cross winds |
| US3999797A (en) * | 1974-04-01 | 1976-12-28 | Systems, Science And Software | Airvane device for bluff vehicles and the like |
| US4057280A (en) * | 1974-09-05 | 1977-11-08 | Aerovironment Inc. | Aerodynamic drag reduction devices for surface vehicles |
| FR2366980A1 (en) * | 1976-10-06 | 1978-05-05 | Etudes Realis Automobile | Lorry air drag reducing attachment - is mounted on top, near rear with rear part of small angle to horizontal |
| DE3202812A1 (en) * | 1982-01-26 | 1983-08-04 | Werner 1000 Berlin Schlick | Wind deflector |
| US4553782A (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1985-11-19 | Consolidated Freightways, Inc. | Air resistance reducing assembly for trucks |
| US4508380A (en) * | 1982-08-20 | 1985-04-02 | Sankrithi Mithra M K V | Truck afterbody drag reducing device |
| US4738203A (en) * | 1984-02-27 | 1988-04-19 | Pullman Standard, Inc. | Aerodynamically structured railway car with corner, air flow guides |
| US4601508A (en) * | 1984-06-18 | 1986-07-22 | Kerian Paul D | Streamlining appendage for vehicles |
| GB2164298B (en) * | 1984-09-18 | 1989-05-04 | Wadham Stringer | Road vehicles |
| US4682808A (en) * | 1985-07-24 | 1987-07-28 | Bilanin Alan J | Vehicle drag reducer |
| US4688841A (en) * | 1986-06-10 | 1987-08-25 | Moore Mark A | Drag reduction device for tractor-trailers |
| GB8623901D0 (en) * | 1986-10-04 | 1986-11-05 | Smallhorn A P | Vehicle aerodynamics |
| US4789117A (en) * | 1986-12-29 | 1988-12-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Bodies with reduced base drag |
| US4741569A (en) * | 1987-03-04 | 1988-05-03 | Sutphen Paul F | Inflatable drag reducer for land transport vehicles |
| US4867397A (en) * | 1987-11-13 | 1989-09-19 | Vigyan Research Associates, Inc. | Vehicle aerodynamic drag reduction system and process |
-
1989
- 1989-02-07 GB GB898902640A patent/GB8902640D0/en active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-02-02 WO PCT/GB1990/000210 patent/WO1990009303A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-02-02 US US07/576,525 patent/US5094503A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-02-02 EP EP90902809A patent/EP0429559A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-02-02 JP JP2503003A patent/JPH03503753A/en active Pending
- 1990-02-02 AU AU50445/90A patent/AU5044590A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-02-05 GB GB9002483A patent/GB2228456B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010137784A (en) * | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-24 | Hino Motors Ltd | Full-trailer, trailer and air-resistance reduction member for trailer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2228456A (en) | 1990-08-29 |
| GB2228456B (en) | 1993-04-21 |
| WO1990009303A1 (en) | 1990-08-23 |
| US5094503A (en) | 1992-03-10 |
| EP0429559A1 (en) | 1991-06-05 |
| GB8902640D0 (en) | 1989-03-30 |
| AU5044590A (en) | 1990-09-05 |
| GB9002483D0 (en) | 1990-04-04 |
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