JPH027365B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH027365B2 JPH027365B2 JP10910784A JP10910784A JPH027365B2 JP H027365 B2 JPH027365 B2 JP H027365B2 JP 10910784 A JP10910784 A JP 10910784A JP 10910784 A JP10910784 A JP 10910784A JP H027365 B2 JPH027365 B2 JP H027365B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- constant velocity
- velocity joint
- joint outer
- outer cylinder
- manufacturing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010409 ironing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102220284308 rs1555738085 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102220259718 rs34120878 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102200082816 rs34868397 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は等速ジヨイント外筒の製造方法に関
し、詳しくは、従来の等速ジヨイント外筒の製造
にあたつて、熱間鍛造後に必須とされていた焼入
焼もどし処理を廃止しても等速ジヨイント外筒と
しての必要特性を確保することができ、しかも、
製造工程を短縮することによつて製造コストを低
減することのできる等速ジヨイント外筒の製造方
法にかかる。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder, and more specifically, in manufacturing a conventional constant velocity joint outer cylinder, the following steps are required after hot forging. Even if the conventional quenching and tempering treatment is abolished, the necessary characteristics as a constant velocity joint outer cylinder can be secured, and moreover,
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder that can reduce manufacturing costs by shortening the manufacturing process.
従来、等速ジヨイント外筒（GIタイプ、BJタ
イプ、DOJタイプ、レブロタイプ等）の製造に
おいて、耐摩耗性が要求されるローラ溝、もしく
は、ポール溝等のレース面を表面硬化させる手段
として、浸炭焼入処理や高周波焼入処理が一般に
採用されている。
Conventionally, in the production of constant velocity joint outer cylinders (GI type, BJ type, DOJ type, Rebro type, etc.), immersion was used as a means of hardening the race surface of roller grooves or pole grooves that required wear resistance. Charcoal hardening treatment and induction hardening treatment are generally employed.
そして、等速ジヨイント外筒における上述のよ
うな耐摩耗性が要求される部位を高周波焼入によ
り表面硬化する場合には、JIS規格S43C〜S55C
等の炭素鋼素材を用い、熱間鍛造後焼入焼もどし
処理を行い、ほぼ全面削り出し加工した後に高周
波焼入・低温焼もどしを実施し、最後に研削仕上
を行うのが通常であつた。 When surface hardening the parts of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder that require wear resistance as described above by induction hardening, JIS standard S43C to S55C
It was normal to use carbon steel materials such as hot forging, quenching and tempering, machining almost the entire surface, induction hardening and low temperature tempering, and finally grinding. .
これは、熱間鍛造し高周波焼入した後における
レース面の研磨加工を廃止すると、焼入焼もどし
処理時の表面脱炭が避けられず、表面硬さを確保
できないからである。 This is because if polishing of the race surface after hot forging and induction hardening is abolished, surface decarburization during the quenching and tempering process is unavoidable, making it impossible to ensure surface hardness.
また、レース面の機械加工をしないで等速ジヨ
イント外筒を製造する場合には、焼入焼もどし処
理時における雰囲気を無脱炭、無浸炭に調整する
ことが重要となるが、その制御が難しいという問
題点があつた。 In addition, when manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder without machining the race surface, it is important to adjust the atmosphere during the quenching and tempering treatment to a non-decarburizing and non-carburizing atmosphere, but this control is difficult. The problem was that it was difficult.
ところで、最近、温間鍛造もしくは熱間鍛造し
た後、冷間しごき加工により部品精度を確保し、
ローラ溝、ボール溝等のレース面の機械加工を廃
止する試みがなされている。 By the way, recently, after warm forging or hot forging, parts accuracy has been ensured by cold ironing.
Attempts have been made to eliminate machining of race surfaces such as roller grooves and ball grooves.
しかし、このような製造方法では焼入焼もどし
処理時において脱炭や浸炭を伴うと、後工程での
ローラ溝、ボール溝等のレース面における高周波
焼入品質が安定しないという問題点があつた。 However, this manufacturing method has the problem that if decarburization or carburization is involved during the quenching and tempering process, the quality of induction hardening on race surfaces such as roller grooves and ball grooves in the subsequent process is unstable. .
このため、熱間鍛造後の焼入焼もどし処理を非
酸化性雰囲気で実施することも試みられているも
のの、若干の脱炭や浸炭等は完全には防止するこ
とが困難であり、脱炭、浸炭等を完全に防止しよ
うとすると雰囲気ガスを使用し、しかも、充分な
雰囲気制御を必要とすることから、熱処理費が著
しく高騰するという問題点があつた。 For this reason, although attempts have been made to perform quenching and tempering treatment after hot forging in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, it is difficult to completely prevent some decarburization and carburization, and In order to completely prevent carburization, etc., an atmospheric gas is used and, moreover, sufficient atmosphere control is required, resulting in a significant increase in heat treatment costs.
本発明は、上述のような従来技術の問題点を解
決するためになされたもので、等速ジヨイント外
筒における耐摩耗性の要求される部位に対して、
高周波焼入により表面硬化させて等速ジヨイント
外筒を製造する方法において、従来の熱間鍛造法
による等速ジヨイント外筒の製造においては必須
とされていた焼入焼もどし処理を廃止しても等速
ジヨイント外筒として必要な内部硬さ（Hv200以
上）、表面硬さ、高周波焼入深さ等の高周波焼入
特性、ならびに、優れた高周波焼入歪特性を確保
することができ、しかも、製造工程の短縮を可能
として製造コストを低減することのできる等速ジ
ヨイント外筒の製造方法を提供することを目的と
している。
The present invention has been made in order to solve the problems of the prior art as described above, and has been made to solve the problems of the prior art as described above.
In the method of producing constant velocity joint outer cylinders by surface hardening by induction hardening, the quenching and tempering treatment, which was essential in the production of constant velocity joint outer cylinders using the conventional hot forging method, can be eliminated. It is possible to secure the induction hardening characteristics such as internal hardness (Hv200 or more), surface hardness, induction hardening depth, etc. necessary for a constant velocity joint outer cylinder, as well as excellent induction hardening strain characteristics, and, It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder that can shorten the manufacturing process and reduce manufacturing costs.
このような目的は、本発明によれば、等速ジヨ
イント外筒における耐摩耗性が要求されるレース
面等の部位を、高周波焼入により表面硬化させる
等速ジヨイント外筒の製造方法であつて、
制御圧延により細かい整粒組織状態とした素材
を使用し、高周波加熱等の加熱手段により600〜
720℃のA1変態点以下の温度に加熱して温間鍛造
後放冷し、ついで、冷間しごき加工仕上により必
要な部品精度を確保した後、等速ジヨイント外筒
における耐摩耗性が要求される部位に対し、高周
波焼入して表面硬化することを特徴とする等速ジ
ヨイント外筒の製造方法によつて達成される。
According to the present invention, such an object is to provide a method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder, in which parts such as race surfaces that require wear resistance in the constant velocity joint outer cylinder are surface hardened by induction hardening. , We use a material that has been made into a fine grained structure through controlled rolling, and use heating means such as high frequency heating to
After heating to a temperature below the A1 transformation point of 720℃, allowing it to cool after warm forging, and then cold ironing to ensure the required part accuracy, wear resistance is required for the constant velocity joint outer cylinder. This is achieved by a method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder, which is characterized by subjecting the parts to be surface hardened by induction hardening.
以下、本発明の作用について説明する。 Hereinafter, the effects of the present invention will be explained.
本発明法による等速ジヨイント外筒の製造工程
を、従来工程と対比させて第１図に示す。 The manufacturing process of a constant velocity joint outer cylinder according to the method of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 in comparison with a conventional process.
本発明法の特徴とするところは、素材として、
従来工程においては熱間圧延材を使用していたの
に対し、本発明法においてはビレツト温度を管理
して圧延した、いわゆる、制御圧延材を使用して
いることと、また、鍛造成形法を従来の熱間鍛造
法に対し温間鍛造法としたことにある。 The characteristics of the method of the present invention are as follows:
In contrast to the conventional process that uses hot-rolled material, the method of the present invention uses so-called controlled-rolled material, which is rolled while controlling the billet temperature, and also uses the forging method. The reason is that a warm forging method is used instead of the conventional hot forging method.
ここで、素材として制御圧延材を使用すること
としているのは、制御圧延材とすることにより等
速ジヨイント外筒として必要なHv200以上の内部
硬さを確保できるとともに、高周波焼入に適した
細かい整粒組織とすることができるからである。 The reason for using a controlled rolled material here is that by using a controlled rolled material, it is possible to secure an internal hardness of Hv200 or more, which is necessary for a constant velocity joint outer cylinder, and also to have a fine material suitable for induction hardening. This is because it is possible to form a granular structure.
そして、温間鍛造温度としては、高周波加熱等
の加熱手段により600〜720℃のA1変態点以下と
するのがよい。 The warm forging temperature is preferably set to below the A1 transformation point of 600 to 720°C using heating means such as high frequency heating.
この温度範囲において温間鍛造すると、素材が
変態して２相領域となることが殆どないため、素
材の細い整粒組織が維持され、後工程で実施する
高周波焼入時における高周波焼入特性が均一とな
り、必要な高周波焼入深さが確保できるととも
に、優れた高周波焼入歪とすることができるから
である。 When warm forging is performed in this temperature range, the material hardly transforms into a two-phase region, so the fine grained structure of the material is maintained, and the induction hardening characteristics during induction hardening performed in the subsequent process are improved. This is because it becomes uniform, the necessary induction hardening depth can be secured, and excellent induction hardening distortion can be achieved.
即ち、A1変態点以上の温度とすると組織変態
を惹起するため素材組織が変化して望ましくない
からである。 That is, if the temperature is higher than the A1 transformation point, the structure of the material will change, which is undesirable, as it will induce structural transformation.
また、温間鍛造温度が600〜720℃のA1変態点
以下としているのは、この温間鍛造温度範囲とす
れば、温間鍛造後において、熱間鍛造後焼入焼も
どし処理を実施した場合と同等の内部硬さを確保
することができるからである。 In addition, the reason why the warm forging temperature is below the A1 transformation point of 600 to 720°C is because if this warm forging temperature range is used, quenching and tempering treatment after hot forging is performed after warm forging. This is because it is possible to ensure the same internal hardness as in the case.
なお、600℃未満では温間鍛造時に加工硬化し
て、後工程での冷間しごき加工仕上において割れ
が発生しやすくなるが、割れが問題とならない場
合には600℃未満においてもこの製造方法を適用
することが可能であることはいうまでもない。 Note that if the temperature is below 600℃, work hardening occurs during warm forging, and cracks are likely to occur during the cold ironing process in the subsequent process, but if cracking is not a problem, this manufacturing method can also be used at temperatures below 600℃. Needless to say, it can be applied.
つぎに、本発明法においては、焼入焼もどし処
理を実施することなく冷間しごき加工仕上するこ
ととしているが、これは、等速ジヨイント外筒の
ローラやボールが転動するローラ溝、ボール溝等
のレース面やカツプの内側および外側のプロフイ
ルの精度を確保するためである。 Next, in the method of the present invention, a cold ironing finish is performed without performing quenching and tempering treatment, but this is because the roller grooves and balls in which the rollers and balls of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder roll, This is to ensure the accuracy of the race surfaces such as grooves and the inner and outer profiles of the cup.
そして、冷間しごき加工仕上におけるしごき
は、温間鍛造温度や材質により異なるものの、炭
素量が重量比率で0.4〜0.5％の炭素鋼であれば平
均しごき率で20％程度のしごき加工が可能であ
り、従つて、充分にレース面の精度を確保するこ
とができる。 Although the ironing required for finishing cold ironing varies depending on the warm forging temperature and the material, if the carbon steel has a carbon content of 0.4 to 0.5% by weight, ironing can be performed at an average ironing rate of about 20%. Therefore, sufficient accuracy of the race surface can be ensured.
上述の結果として、本発明の等速ジヨイント外
筒の製造方法によれば、等速ジヨイント外筒の製
造において、そのレース面や内側および外側のプ
ロフイルの機械加工が不要とすることができるわ
けである。 As a result of the above, according to the method of manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder of the present invention, machining of the race surface and inner and outer profiles can be made unnecessary in manufacturing the constant velocity joint outer cylinder. be.
以下、添付図面に基づいて、本発明の実施例を
説明する。
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below based on the accompanying drawings.
第２図の等速ジヨイント外筒を製造する第１の
実施例に基づいて、本発明法の加工工程を具体的
に説明する。 The processing steps of the method of the present invention will be specifically explained based on the first embodiment of manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder shown in FIG.
素材には、ピーリングしたJIS規格S45Cの制御
圧延材を用い、素材硬さはHv180〜220の範囲に
あり、フエライト結晶粒度は７以上であつた。 The material used was a peeled JIS standard S45C controlled rolled material, the material hardness was in the range of Hv180 to 220, and the ferrite grain size was 7 or more.
そして、この素材を等速ジヨイント外筒製造に
適した寸法に切断する。 Then, this material is cut into a size suitable for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder.
その後、素材表面清浄のために必要に応じてシ
ヨツトブラスト処理し、さらに、100〜150℃に予
熱した後、グラフアイトコーテイングした。 Thereafter, shot blasting was performed as necessary to clean the surface of the material, and after preheating to 100 to 150°C, graphite coating was applied.
ついで、高周波加熱装置により温間鍛造前加熱
した。 Then, it was heated before warm forging using a high-frequency heating device.
このときの温間鍛造のための加熱温度はA1変
態点を越えないように、素材における最高温度を
720℃とした。 The heating temperature for warm forging at this time is the maximum temperature of the material so as not to exceed the A1 transformation point.
The temperature was 720℃.
次に、温間鍛造前加熱した後、第３図に示す４
工程を順次ａ，ｂ，ｃ，ｄの順に温間鍛造により
成形した。 Next, after heating before warm forging, 4
The molding was performed by warm forging in the order of steps a, b, c, and d.
このようにして温間鍛造した後シヨツトブラス
ト処理し、さらに、ボンデライト、ボンダリユー
ベによる潤滑処理をした。 After warm forging in this manner, it was subjected to shot blasting treatment, and was further lubricated with Bonderite and Bonderuve.
その後、冷間しごき加工により、等速ジヨイン
ト外筒カツプ部の内側および外側のプロフイル、
並びに、ローラ溝、ボール溝等のレース面の仕上
げを実施した。 Then, by cold ironing, the inner and outer profiles of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder cup,
Additionally, the race surfaces such as roller grooves and ball grooves were finished.
つぎに、必要部位を機械加工した後、高周波焼
入低温焼もどしを行い、最後に、シヤフト部を研
削して完成等速ジヨイント外筒に仕上げた。 Next, after machining the necessary parts, induction hardening and low-temperature tempering were performed, and finally, the shaft part was ground to create a completed constant velocity joint outer cylinder.
第４図および第５図は、本発明法を適用して製
造することのできる等速ジヨイント外筒の他の実
施例を示している。 4 and 5 show other embodiments of constant velocity joint outer cylinders that can be manufactured by applying the method of the present invention.
その製造工程は、第２図および第３図にしめす
第１の実施例における等速ジヨイント外筒の製造
工程と同様であるので説明は省略する。 The manufacturing process is the same as the manufacturing process of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder in the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, so a description thereof will be omitted.
以上により明らかなように、本発明にかかる等
速ジヨイント外筒の製造方法によれば、等速ジヨ
イント外筒における耐摩耗性の要求される部位に
対して、高周波焼入により表面硬化させて等速ジ
ヨイント外筒を製造する方法において、従来の熱
間鍛造法による等速ジヨイント外筒の製造におい
ては必須とされていた焼入焼もどし処理を廃止し
ても等速ジヨイント外筒として必要な内部硬さ、
表面硬さ、高周波焼入深さ等の高周波焼入特性、
ならびに、優れた高周波焼入歪特性を確保するこ
とができ、しかも、製造工程の短縮を可能として
製造コストを著しく低減することができる利点が
ある。
As is clear from the above, according to the method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder according to the present invention, the parts of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder that require wear resistance are surface hardened by induction hardening. In the method of manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder, even if the quenching and tempering treatment, which was essential in the production of constant velocity joint outer cylinders using the conventional hot forging method, is abolished, the inner part necessary for a constant velocity joint outer cylinder is Hardness,
Induction hardening characteristics such as surface hardness and induction hardening depth,
In addition, it has the advantage that excellent induction hardening strain characteristics can be ensured, and the manufacturing process can be shortened to significantly reduce manufacturing costs.
第１図は、本発明法と従来法との等速ジヨイン
ト外筒製造工程の比較図、第２図は、第１の実施
例の等速ジヨイント外筒を示す図、第３図は、第
１の実施例の等速ジヨイント外筒の温間鍛造工程
を示す説明図、第４図および第５図は、本発明法
を適用することのできる他の実施例を示す図であ
る。
Figure 1 is a comparison diagram of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder manufacturing process of the present invention method and the conventional method, Figure 2 is a diagram showing the constant velocity joint outer cylinder of the first embodiment, and Figure 3 is a diagram showing the constant velocity joint outer cylinder of the first embodiment. Explanatory drawings showing the warm forging process of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder of the first embodiment, FIGS. 4 and 5 are diagrams showing other embodiments to which the method of the present invention can be applied.
Claims (1)
されるレース面等の部位を、高周波焼入により表
面硬化させる等速ジヨイント外筒の製造方法であ
つて、 制御圧延により細かい整粒組織状態とした素材
を使用し、高周波加熱等の加熱手段により600〜
720℃のA1変態点以下の温度に加熱して温間鍛造
後放冷し、ついで、冷間しごき加工仕上により必
要な部品精度を確保した後、等速ジヨイント外筒
における耐摩耗性が要求される部位に対し、高周
波焼入して表面硬化することを特徴とする等速ジ
ヨイント外筒の製造方法。[Scope of Claims] 1. A method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder in which parts of the constant velocity joint outer cylinder that require wear resistance, such as race surfaces, are hardened by induction hardening, the method comprising: 600 ~ 600 using heating means such as high frequency heating using a material with a regular grain structure
After heating to a temperature below the A1 transformation point of 720℃, allowing it to cool after warm forging, and then cold ironing to ensure the required part accuracy, wear resistance is required for the constant velocity joint outer cylinder. 1. A method for manufacturing a constant velocity joint outer cylinder, which comprises surface hardening the parts by induction hardening.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10910784A JPS60251220A (en) | 1984-05-29 | 1984-05-29 | Production of outside cylinder for uniform joint |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10910784A JPS60251220A (en) | 1984-05-29 | 1984-05-29 | Production of outside cylinder for uniform joint |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS60251220A JPS60251220A (en) | 1985-12-11 |
| JPH027365B2 true JPH027365B2 (en) | 1990-02-16 |
Family
ID=14501746
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10910784A Granted JPS60251220A (en) | 1984-05-29 | 1984-05-29 | Production of outside cylinder for uniform joint |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS60251220A (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61166920A (en) * | 1985-01-18 | 1986-07-28 | Nippon Steel Corp | Manufacture of unrefined warm-forged article having high strength |
| JPS61166919A (en) * | 1985-01-18 | 1986-07-28 | Nippon Steel Corp | Manufacture of unrefined warm-forged article having high toughness |
| JPH0791583B2 (en) * | 1986-02-25 | 1995-10-04 | 大同特殊鋼株式会社 | Induction hardened parts manufacturing method |
-
1984
- 1984-05-29 JP JP10910784A patent/JPS60251220A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS60251220A (en) | 1985-12-11 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |