JPH024563B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH024563B2 JPH024563B2 JP8120682A JP8120682A JPH024563B2 JP H024563 B2 JPH024563 B2 JP H024563B2 JP 8120682 A JP8120682 A JP 8120682A JP 8120682 A JP8120682 A JP 8120682A JP H024563 B2 JPH024563 B2 JP H024563B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- diethyltoluamide
- insect repellent
- repellent composition
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000077 insect repellent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- KUYQDJOFVBGZID-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethyl-2-methylbenzamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C KUYQDJOFVBGZID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- MMOXZBCLCQITDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide Chemical group CCN(CC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC(C)=C1 MMOXZBCLCQITDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 hydroxypropyl groups Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[CH]O Chemical group C[CH]O GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 241000255925 Diptera Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229960001673 diethyltoluamide Drugs 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000777300 Congiopodidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- YYRFKEZGNCUVCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide Chemical compound CCC1=CC=C(C)C(CC)=C1C(N)=O YYRFKEZGNCUVCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- VCUFZILGIRCDQQ-KRWDZBQOSA-N N-[[(5S)-2-oxo-3-(2-oxo-3H-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl]methyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C1O[C@H](CN1C1=CC2=C(NC(O2)=O)C=C1)CNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F VCUFZILGIRCDQQ-KRWDZBQOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001346 alkyl aryl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005211 alkyl trimethyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002511 behenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- SYELZBGXAIXKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] SYELZBGXAIXKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001117 oleyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Description
この発明はN,N―ジエチルトルアミドを含む
虫よけ剤組成物に関するものである。
蚊、あぶ、刺ばえ、ぶよ等の害虫から、人や動
物等の肌を守る虫よけ剤としてN,N―ジエチル
トルアミドが使用されている。このN,N―ジエ
チルトルアミドは水に不溶であるため、20〜50%
エタノール水溶液に、5〜15%の濃度に溶解して
使用するのが一般的である。
ところが、このような虫よけ剤組成物は人間に
対して使用する場合はとくに問題はないが、競争
馬などのように、エタノールの使用が禁じられて
いる場合には、レース直前には使用できないとい
う問題があり、このためレース直前でも使用でき
る虫よけ剤組成物の開発が渇望されていた。
この発明は、このような要望に応えるためにな
されたもので、特定のアミンオキシドを配合する
ことにより、エタノールを使用することなく、
N,N―ジエチルトルアミドを溶解でき、しかも
持続効果が大きい虫よけ剤組成物を提供すること
を目的としている。
この発明はN,N―ジエチルトルアミド5〜25
重量%、下記一般式(1)で示されるアミンオキシド
4〜20重量%、および水50〜90重量%を含む虫よ
け剤組成物である。
(ただし、Rは炭素数8〜22のアルキル基また
はアルケニル基、R1およびR2はメチル基、エチ
ル基、ヒドロキシエチル基、またはヒドロキシプ
ロピル基、mは1または2、nは0または1であ
る。)
N,N―ジエチルトルアミドとしては、N,N
―ジエチル―m―トルアミドが使用できる。
上記一般式(1)において、Rで表わされる炭素数
8〜22のアルキル基またはアルケニル基として
は、オクチル基、2―エチルヘキシル基、ノニル
基、デシル基、ウンデシル基、ラウリル基、トリ
デシル基、ミリスチル基、パルミチル基、ステア
リル基、イソステアリル基、オレイル基、リノー
ル基、ベヘニル基などが例示でき、これらは1種
でも数種でもよく、またヤシアルキル基のよう
に、これらを複数種含む天然物に起因する基であ
つてもよい。
本発明の虫よけ剤は、N,N―ジエチルトルア
ミド、一般式(1)のアミンオキシドおよび水を前記
割合で混合することによつて製造される。N,N
―ジエチルトルアミドの配合割合は10〜20重量%
が好ましい。上記の混合の順序は特に限定され
ず、任意の順序で混合することができるが、N,
N―ジエチルトルアミドをアミンオキシド単独で
可溶化する場合は、N,N―ジエチルトルアミド
100重量部をアミンオキシド75〜110重量部で可溶
化するのが望ましい。また混合時の温度も特に限
定されないが、N,N―ジエチルトルアミドが揮
発性であるため、60℃以下で混合するのが望まし
い。
本発明において、N,N―ジエチルトルアミド
の配合割合が限定されるのは、5重量%未満であ
ると持続効果がなく、また25重量%を越えるとア
ミンオキシドの配合割合を増加する必要があり、
組成物の粘度が著しく上昇してスプレーすること
が不可能になるためである。アミンオキシドの配
合割合が限定されるのは、4重量%未満であると
他の界面活性剤を併用しても、N,N―ジエチル
トルアミドを溶解することができず、組成物が白
濁し、経時的に分離するためであり、また20重量
%を越えると組成物の粘度が著しく上昇してスプ
レーすることが不可能になるためである。
本発明の虫よけ剤組成物は上記のように配合さ
れたものをそのまま使用してもよいが、さらに20
重量%以下の他の界面活性剤を配合してもよい。
この界面活性剤としては、組成物に殺菌性を持た
せるための、アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニ
ウムクロリド、アルキルトリメチルアンモニウム
クロリド等の陽イオン性界面活性剤およびアルキ
ルベタイン等の両性界面活性剤、あるいはN,N
―ジエチルメタトルアミドの可溶化を補助するた
めの、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル、ポ
リオキシエチレンアルキルアリールエーテル等の
非イオン性界面活性剤などがあげられる。このほ
か本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で他の成分を配
合することも可能である。
以上によつて得られる虫よけ剤組成物は、人ま
たは動物等の皮膚に直接塗布あるいはスプレー等
の手段により施用することにより、蚊、あぶ、刺
ばえ、ぶよ等の害虫より肌を守ることができる。
以上説明してきたように、本発明によれば、虫
よけ剤組成物に特定のアミンオキシドを配合した
ので、エタノールを配合することなく、N,N―
ジエチルトルアミドを可溶化できるため、競争馬
にも使用可能であり、しかもエタノールで可溶化
したものよりも持続効果が大きいなどの効果があ
る。
次に本発明の実施例について説明する。
実施例 1
N,N―ジエチル―m―トルアミド10g、表1
に示した界面活性剤10g、および水80gを混合
し、N,N―ジエチル―m―トルアミドの溶解性
を外観観察により調べた。結果を表1に示す。表
1において、ポリオキシエチレンに付記した数字
はエチレンオキシドの平均付加モル数を示す。
表1の結果より、アミンオキシドを前記範囲で
配合することにより、N,N―ジエチル―m―ト
ルアミドを可溶化できることがわかる。
This invention relates to an insect repellent composition containing N,N-diethyltoluamide. N,N-diethyltoluamide is used as an insect repellent to protect the skin of humans and animals from pests such as mosquitoes, gadflies, biting flies, and gnats. This N,N-diethyltoluamide is insoluble in water, so 20 to 50%
It is generally used by dissolving it in an ethanol aqueous solution at a concentration of 5 to 15%. However, although there are no particular problems with such insect repellent compositions when used on humans, in cases where the use of ethanol is prohibited, such as on racehorses, it is recommended that they be used immediately before a race. Therefore, there has been a desire to develop an insect repellent composition that can be used even just before a race. This invention was made in response to such demands, and by blending a specific amine oxide, it can be used without using ethanol.
The object of the present invention is to provide an insect repellent composition that can dissolve N,N-diethyltoluamide and has a long-lasting effect. This invention relates to N,N-diethyltoluamide 5-25
This is an insect repellent composition containing 4 to 20% by weight of an amine oxide represented by the following general formula (1) and 50 to 90% by weight of water. (However, R is an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, R 1 and R 2 are methyl, ethyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl groups, m is 1 or 2, and n is 0 or 1. ) As N,N-diethyltoluamide, N,N
-diethyl-m-toluamide can be used. In the above general formula (1), the alkyl group or alkenyl group having 8 to 22 carbon atoms represented by R includes octyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, lauryl group, tridecyl group, myristyl group. Examples include palmityl group, stearyl group, isostearyl group, oleyl group, linole group, behenyl group, etc. These may be one type or several types, and natural products containing multiple types of these such as coconut alkyl group may be used. It may also be a group that causes The insect repellent of the present invention is produced by mixing N,N-diethyltoluamide, the amine oxide of general formula (1), and water in the above ratio. N,N
-The blending ratio of diethyltoluamide is 10 to 20% by weight.
is preferred. The above mixing order is not particularly limited and can be mixed in any order, but N,
When solubilizing N-diethyltoluamide with amine oxide alone, N,N-diethyltoluamide
Preferably, 100 parts by weight are solubilized with 75 to 110 parts by weight of amine oxide. Further, the temperature during mixing is not particularly limited, but since N,N-diethyltoluamide is volatile, it is desirable to mix at a temperature of 60° C. or lower. In the present invention, the blending ratio of N,N-diethyltoluamide is limited because if it is less than 5% by weight, there will be no sustained effect, and if it exceeds 25% by weight, it is necessary to increase the blending ratio of amine oxide. can be,
This is because the viscosity of the composition increases significantly, making it impossible to spray. The reason why the blending ratio of amine oxide is limited is that if it is less than 4% by weight, N,N-diethyltoluamide cannot be dissolved even if other surfactants are used together, and the composition becomes cloudy. This is because the composition will separate over time, and if it exceeds 20% by weight, the viscosity of the composition will increase significantly, making it impossible to spray. The insect repellent composition of the present invention may be used as is as formulated as above, but
Other surfactants may be added in amounts up to % by weight.
This surfactant includes cationic surfactants such as alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, amphoteric surfactants such as alkylbetaine, or N,N
-Nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and polyoxyethylene alkylaryl ether may be used to assist in solubilizing diethyl metatoluamide. In addition, it is also possible to blend other components within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention. The insect repellent composition obtained in the above manner protects the skin from insect pests such as mosquitoes, gadflies, bites, and gnats by applying it directly to the skin of humans or animals, etc. or by means such as spraying. be able to. As explained above, according to the present invention, since a specific amine oxide is blended into the insect repellent composition, N,N-
Because it can solubilize diethyltoluamide, it can also be used for racehorses, and it has a longer-lasting effect than those solubilized with ethanol. Next, examples of the present invention will be described. Example 1 10 g of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, Table 1
10 g of the surfactant shown in 1. and 80 g of water were mixed, and the solubility of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide was examined by visual observation. The results are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, the number appended to polyoxyethylene indicates the average number of moles of ethylene oxide added. The results in Table 1 show that N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide can be solubilized by blending amine oxide within the above range.
【表】
実施例 2
N,N―ジエチル―m―トルアミド120g、ジ
メチルラウリルアミンオキシドの35重量%水溶液
240g、およびヤシアルキルジメチルベンジルア
ンモニウムクロリドの40重量%水溶液10gを混合
し、次いで水630gを加えて均一透明な虫よけ剤
組成物を得た。
この組成物を0℃および50℃で1ケ月放置した
ところ、白濁、分離、着色等の経時変化は認めら
れず、安定であつた。また10人を対象として、上
記組成物を約5mlスプレーし、効果の持続時間を
測定したところ、10〜12時間持続した。比較のた
めに、N,N―ジエチル―m―トルアミド12gを
エタノールの35重量%水溶液88gに溶解した組成
物を、約5ml同様にスプレーし、効果の持続時間
を測定したところ、6〜8時間であつた。
以上の結果より、本発明の虫よけ剤組成物は経
時変化を起こさず、安定しており、、エタノール
に溶解したものよりも持続効果が優れていること
がわかる。[Table] Example 2 120 g of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, 35% by weight aqueous solution of dimethyl laurylamine oxide
240 g and 10 g of a 40% by weight aqueous solution of coconut alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride were mixed, and then 630 g of water was added to obtain a homogeneous and transparent insect repellent composition. When this composition was left at 0°C and 50°C for one month, no changes over time such as cloudiness, separation, or coloration were observed, and it was stable. Furthermore, when about 5 ml of the above composition was sprayed on 10 people and the duration of the effect was measured, the effect lasted for 10 to 12 hours. For comparison, approximately 5 ml of a composition prepared by dissolving 12 g of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in 88 g of a 35% by weight aqueous solution of ethanol was sprayed in the same manner, and the duration of the effect was measured. It was hot. From the above results, it can be seen that the insect repellent composition of the present invention does not change over time, is stable, and has a longer lasting effect than one dissolved in ethanol.
Claims (1)
下記一般式(1)で示されるアミンオキシド4〜20重
量%、および水50〜90重量%を含む虫よけ剤組成
物。 (ただし、Rは炭素数8〜22のアルキル基また
たはアルケニル基、R1およびR2はメチル基、エ
チル基、ヒドロキシエチル基、またはヒドロキシ
プロピル基、mは1または2、nは0または1で
ある。) 2 20重量%以下の他の界面活性剤をさらに含む
特許請求の範囲第1項記載の虫よけ剤組成物。 3 他の界面活性剤は殺菌性を有する陽イオン性
もしくは両性界面活性剤、またはN,N―ジエチ
ルトルアミドの可溶化を補助する非イオン性界面
活性剤である特許請求の範囲第1項または第2項
記載の虫よけ剤組成物。 4 N,N―ジエチルトルアミドはN,N―ジエ
チル―m―トルアミドである特許請求の範囲第1
項ないし第3項のいずれかに記載の虫よけ剤組成
物。[Claims] 1 N,N-diethyltoluamide 5 to 25% by weight,
An insect repellent composition containing 4 to 20% by weight of an amine oxide represented by the following general formula (1) and 50 to 90% by weight of water. (However, R is an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, R 1 and R 2 are methyl, ethyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl groups, m is 1 or 2, n is 0 or 1) 2. The insect repellent composition according to claim 1, further comprising 20% by weight or less of another surfactant. 3. Claim 1, wherein the other surfactant is a cationic or amphoteric surfactant having bactericidal properties, or a nonionic surfactant that assists in solubilizing N,N-diethyltoluamide; or Insect repellent composition according to item 2. 4 N,N-diethyltoluamide is N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide Claim 1
The insect repellent composition according to any one of items 1 to 3.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8120682A JPS58198403A (en) | 1982-05-14 | 1982-05-14 | Insect repellent composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8120682A JPS58198403A (en) | 1982-05-14 | 1982-05-14 | Insect repellent composition |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS58198403A JPS58198403A (en) | 1983-11-18 |
JPH024563B2 true JPH024563B2 (en) | 1990-01-29 |
Family
ID=13740005
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP8120682A Granted JPS58198403A (en) | 1982-05-14 | 1982-05-14 | Insect repellent composition |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS58198403A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6646011B2 (en) | 1998-06-03 | 2003-11-11 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. | Insect repellant compositions |
ES2266684T3 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2007-03-01 | Kao Corporation | POTENTIATOR FOR AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS. |
JP4526264B2 (en) * | 2003-12-15 | 2010-08-18 | 大日本除蟲菊株式会社 | Flying pest repellent composition |
CN102920617B (en) * | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-28 | 四川大学 | Liquid type deet composition and preparation thereof |
-
1982
- 1982-05-14 JP JP8120682A patent/JPS58198403A/en active Granted
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS58198403A (en) | 1983-11-18 |
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