JPH01501516A - Protection circuit for electrical equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention] Protection circuit for electrical equipment The present invention relates to protection circuits for both the human body and equipment.

Today's newer homes are designed to prevent overloading of the current supply circuit, e.g. in the event of a short circuit. The fuse that interrupts the installation is installed. However, the equipment you just connected to the power supply, e.g. If the hair dryer falls into water, such as a bathtub, sink, or tub filled with water, In this case, the current flowing in a normal household is only slightly higher than that in the air. The fuse will not work in this condition.

Additionally, many homes are equipped with a so-called fault current protection circuit equipped with a protection switch. , a fault current greater than the set value flows in the outer grounded part of the operating current circuit. , the voltage supply is immediately cut off.

However, even such protection circuits cannot prevent all electrical accidents. Equipment with wire terminals, i.e. without a so-called ground contact, may be used in water troughs or drainage systems where the If you fall into a grounded, full bathtub made of stick pipe, this fault current protection will protection circuit is not activated. Because the enamel of the bathtub has good insulation, the bathtub is grounded. The current flowing through the circuit is so small that ordinary fault current protection circuits can detect it. Therefore, the voltage supply is not interrupted.

Due to this fact, it is important to avoid people who are in the bathtub and equipment that has fallen into the bathtub or water pail. Anyone attempting to remove the object is exposed to the risk of electric shock.

Furthermore, if an accident occurs in the supply network, there is a risk of electric shock and equipment damage. example For example, the ground wire, - phase or all phases, or the neutral wire may be disconnected, or Technical faults or faulty connections in the supply network may also result in overvoltage being applied to the circuit. this may cause malfunction or failure of the connected equipment, damage the equipment, and even prevent the use of the equipment. It may even endanger the user.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a protective circuit that eliminates such electric shock accidents and/or damage to equipment. The goal is to provide a path.

The purpose of this is to protect the attached electrical equipment and protection circuit ( 2), and this safety circuit connects the have at least one uninsulated range that is not connected to live parts of the equipment; This is achieved by Further, a first switch coupled to the safety circuit and a reference voltage comprising: and a second switchgear operable by the first switchgear. The second switchgear is located between the phase and neutral wires of the power supply circuit of the equipment, and is If the attached equipment is disconnected from the phase and neutral wires, the second switchgear is connected to the first switchgear. Coupled with phase and neutral conductors so that they remain in operation after being activated by the switchgear are doing. In other words, this is the so-called self-holding function of the second switchgear, which allows the attached The equipment remains switched off once the protection circuit is activated.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, a protective circuit is provided in the case of the plug for the voltage supply of the attached equipment. Accommodate roads. This way, no matter where the device user uses the device, The protection circuit works and switches off the equipment in the event of an emergency, so each household This has the advantage of safely protecting the user from electrical accidents regardless of the current situation.

This protection circuit does not impair the functionality of existing fuses or fault current protection circuits. It is designed to protect electrical equipment without reducing the effectiveness of existing protection devices. This adds further safety.

In another embodiment, protection with only one switchgear configured as a relay circuit, which can also be accommodated in the plug of the attached device and takes up even more space. Otherwise, the operating principle is the same as the embodiment described above.

In a further embodiment, the voltage supply of the switchgear is provided by a transformer between the phase and the neutral conductor. The self-holding function of the switchgear in the second operating state by means of ensuring through has been achieved.

The above f! In protection circuits of the same type, this purpose also covers the voltage and This can be achieved by providing at least one device for sensing current and/or current. come.

In one particularly preferred embodiment of the protection circuit, at least one phase and neutral It also detects the voltage between the ground wire and the ground wire, as well as the voltage between the ground wire and the neutral wire. Only connect the mains voltage if there are no interruptions or overvoltages on any lines. The pressure can be electrically connected directly by the supply switchgear or via at least one switchgear. It is transmitted to the device. In this way, the connected electrical equipment will be able to operate even if there is no abnormality in the power supply. Since only the wire is connected to the circuit network, it is possible to prevent danger to the human body and/or equipment.

Another particularly preferred embodiment of the protection circuit comprises one summing transformer whose windings are distributed to at least one phase, neutral wire and ground wire, respectively, and the total The sum transformer includes at least one device for applying a constant current, which constitutes a sum transformer. It is formed into a summation transformer and can be controlled by a magnetic field, and is compatible with electrical equipment and current circuits. There is one opening/closing mechanism that participates in the connection.

The applied current creates a magnetic field, which connects the opening and closing mechanism to electrical equipment and current circuits. This constant applied current brings at least one phase to a first location where and neutral line flow only when there is no abnormality. The magnetic field in case of undervoltage will cause the switching mechanism to If the magnetic field is not sufficient to bring it to the first position and in case of overvoltage and fault current, The opening/closing mechanism can also be placed in a second position, interrupting the voltage supply of the connected electrical equipment. This opening/closing mechanism is preferably configured to be locked in the second position. This will prevent you from accidentally re-switching the equipment after an overvoltage or fault current event. This can prevent the risk of intrusion and harm to humans or equipment.

Other aspects of the invention are described in the embodiment section.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to the drawings showing examples. here, Figure 1 shows the first embodiment of the protection circuit. The ground contact is used.

Figure 2 shows a second embodiment of the protection circuit, in which a neutral wire is used to obtain the reference potential. I am using it.

Figure 3 shows a third embodiment of the protection circuit, in which a phase is used to obtain the reference potential. are doing.

FIG. 4 shows a fourth embodiment of a protection circuit with only one switchgear.

Diagram N5 shows a fifth embodiment of the shock protection circuit, in this example an open circuit in the second operating state. The closed device is powered via one transformer.

Other drawings and embodiments will be described later.

All figures show the protection circuit in its first reset condition, with Figure 1 configured as a relay. In the protection circuit 2 equipped with the first switchgear R1, the switch coil of this switchgear on the one hand via a safety circuit 4 to an attached device 6, shown only schematically, and on the other to a switch. The basis of 8 points! 1! It is coupled to a potential as well as to a ground contact 20 via this. safety times Line 4 extends inside the appliance 6 and connects its live parts, such as electric motors and hair dryers. At least one exposed uninsulated area near heating wires but not in contact with them has. If this device 6 connected to the household power circuit falls into water, the current will flow through the device. flows from phase 10 through water to safety circuit 4 and from there to the coil of switchgear R1. A switch installed in the case of the device that reaches switch point 8 and ground contact 20 through This current will continue to flow even if the device is turned off. ° As a result, relay R1 It works and moves the attached meter contact (normally closed contact) sl.

Thereby, a second circuit, also configured as a relay, between phase 10 and neutral conductor 12 is provided. The second opening/closing device R2 is activated. This second switchgear R2 has three contacts, namely one It has a meter contact S2 and two break contacts (normally closed contacts) 621 or 622. Ru. 1! When appliance R2 is activated by relay R1, meter contact S2 closes and the relay Electrical appliance R2 is connected to phase 10 and neutral 12 and is itself energized. Do it like this Then, the second switching device R2 enters a self-holding state. However, at the same time, the break contact 621 and 622 act to interrupt the voltage supply to the device 6. Therefore, the user of the equipment should Immediately protected from voltage or current influences.

When the voltage supply to device 6 is interrupted, relay R1 is also de-energized and meter contact S1 is closed. It opens and wL appliance R2 does not work. However, thanks to the self-holding provided by meter contact S2, , relay R2 maintains the second operating state, keeping equipment 6 powered off. Two.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are diagrams of two other circuits.

If there is no ground wire 20, or if there is no need to wire the ground wire 20, connect the first open Select phase to (Fig. M2) or neutral wire 12 (Fig. 3) as the reference potential of closing device R1. I can move. In this case, when the second switchgear R2 is energized, the relay R1 Connect the coil of the first switchgear R1 to the break contact of relay R2 so that the voltage becomes zero. It is necessary to connect to 621 or 622. That is, then switch point 8 can be replaced by In other words, the coil of relay R1 is connected via switch point 14 to phase 10 (Fig. 342), or A connection can be made to the neutral conductor 12 (FIG. 3) via the switch point 16.

When device 6, wired in Figure 2, falls into water, current flows from phase 10, switch point 14. The water flows to the switchgear R1, then enters the equipment 6 from the safety circuit 4, and passes through the water to the equipment. The first switchgear R1 is activated and the voltage supply reaches the neutral wire 12 of the interrupted by its break contacts 521 and 622 via the second switchgear R2 .

When water falls on device 6 of the wiring in Figure 343, the current enters device 6 from phase 10, The water passes through the equipment 6, flows from the safety circuit 4 to the first switchgear R1, and then to the switch Since the neutral wire 12 is reached at point 16, the first switching device R1 is activated and the second switching device R1 is activated. The device R2 is activated and the voltage supply to the device 6 is thus interrupted.

The circuits shown in Figures 2 and 3 are either Even if the wiring for the ground contact point has to be omitted, electric shock accidents can be effectively prevented. .

The self-retention of the second switchgear R2 is - as shown in Figures 1 to 3 - protection. The attached equipment 6 remains switched off until the voltage supply to circuit 2 is interrupted. You can set this so that

The tree protection circuit is connected to the case 24 of the plug 18 for voltage supply of the attached device 6. Preferably, it is accommodated.

In the case of the illustrated circuit, the self-retention of the second switchgear R2 allows the plug 18 to be Keep the device 6 attached to the protection circuit 2 switched off until it is unplugged from the outlet. keep.

But also, once the first switching device R1 is activated, after removing the plug 18 However, it is important to keep the switchgear - sometimes mechanically - in working order. Special opening/closing devices can also be used to prevent wet, in some cases Reuse of damaged equipment is avoided.

FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the protection circuit 2.

Here, the same parts as in FIGS. 1 to 3 are given the same reference numerals. Protection of Figure 4 The circuit 2 comprises only one switchgear R3, which is designed as a relay. Therefore , this embodiment is smaller than the embodiments described above and can be easily accommodated in the case 24 of the plug 18. You can

This relay R3 has three contacts, one switching contact U3 and two break contacts 6. 31 and? 532. When the device 6 is immersed in water, the In the first return state of switchgear R3, the current flows through phase 10, the water in the equipment, the safety The entire circuit 4 flows through the switching contact u3 to the coil of the third switchgear R3, where the and reaches the neutral wire 12. This causes the third switchgear R3 to switch to its second operating state. , and relay R3 is activated.

According to the following Figure 4, the coil of this f'Jt device R3 has a series resistor 22 and a switching contact. It now receives voltage supply via u3, and therefore maintains its operating state in a self-maintaining manner. maintain. At the same time, the attached break contacts 631 and 632 open and connect the device 6. 10. By self-holding, the relay R is disconnected from the voltage supply via the neutral wire 12. 3 maintains its operating state as long as its voltage supply continues via switching contact u3 do. When the plug 18 is pulled out, the power to the M electric appliance R3 is turned off and returns to the first recovery state.

The operating state of the switchgear R3 can also be maintained, for example, by a machine, until it is restored by a specialist. It can also be configured to maintain a constant state. In this structure, the user Be sure to take the device 6 that has been switched off by the protection circuit 2 to a specialist. Therefore, the expert should investigate the malfunction before restoring the third switchgear R3. I can do that.

In the circuit shown in Figure 5, a relay is used instead of the third switchgear R3 in Figure 4. A fourth switching device R4 is provided, and this switching device has one switching contact u. In addition to 4 and two break contacts 641 and 642, another break contact 643 , and this contact places the relay R4 in the second operating state of the fourth switchgear R4. This allows the fourth opening to be disconnected from the neutral wire 12 when changing the polarity of the plug 18. t? via a transformer 26 for self-holding the closing device R4 in the second operating state. I Prevent t from flowing into the water. fruit using regular tap water and a hair dryer Through experiment, relay R4 - relays R1 and R3 are also similar - and transformer 26 is 24 It is set for V.

In Fig. 5, a test key 28 is further provided which bypasses the switching contact u4. It is also possible to test the function of protection circuit 2 before or during use of the attached electrical equipment. come.

Of course, in the configuration of such a protection circuit, a thyristor or a tri-amp can be used instead of the joint 1. Electronic components such as circuits, optocouplers or capacitive initiators, etc. can also be used without problems and does not depart from the scope of the present invention.

In any case, the protection circuit 2 of the invention provides protection when the device 6 falls into a conductive medium such as water. Even if conventional fuses or late 1II current circuits do not operate, users of electrical equipment can Prevents contact with current or voltage.

Next, other embodiments will be explained in detail with reference to the following drawings. here, Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the protection circuit of Figures 1 to 5, in this example a safety circuit. The road is a two-wire system.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a maintenance MN circuit designed to check the supply voltage.

Figure 8 is an example of a protection circuit designed to check the voltage and current of the supply network. .

The protection circuit example in Figure 9 shows how to further transmit power to the load after checking the supply network. Indicates whether it is reached.

FIG. 10 is an example of a protection circuit that responds to a power outage.

Figure 11 is! This is an example of a protection circuit in which a summation transformer is added to the example shown in FIG.

FIG. 12 is an example of a protection circuit with a bimetallic release.

Figure 13 shows the implementation of the protection circuit in the example of Figure 12 with a built-in summation transformer. This is an example.

FIG. 14 is an embodiment of a protection circuit for equipment without a grounding wire.

Figure fi15 is an example of a protection circuit with a temperature-dependent resistor.

FIG. 16 is an example of a protection circuit with mechanical contact release.

Figures 17 to 21 show protection circuits with magnetically biased summation transformers. Various examples are shown.

FIG. 22 is an example of a protection circuit with a summation transformer without magnetic bias. .

In these figures, corresponding elements are designated by the same reference numerals.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 46 differs from the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 5. Implementation of the above In the example, when safety circuit 4 is interrupted, the connected equipment cannot be switched on. However, this is not possible in the embodiment of Figure 31!6. That is, the electrical equipment 6 is Via a sixth switchgear R6, here also configured as a relay, This fifth switch is activated only when a voltage is applied to the fifth switchgear R5, which is configured as an electric appliance. It is connected to the phase 10 and the neutral line 12 by the fifth switchgear R5.

This sixth switchgear R6 is a suitable line - an isolation transformer may be provided here. - and coupled to phase 10 and neutral 12 via one rectifier. Sixth switchgear One capacitor C is placed in parallel with R6, which is provided on this line and connected to a resistor. It is possible to charge to a predetermined voltage of predetermined polarity via 30.31. come.

The sixth switching device R6 controls the voltage of the line or the capacitor C by the switching mechanism 5C)I. is excited when the fifth switchgear R5 is coupled to the sixth switchgear R5. It operates by receiving power supply through the meter contact s6 of R6, and connects the appropriate meter contact s. 51. The power supply voltage is transmitted to the electrical equipment via s52.

At the same time, capacitor C is discharged. Here, the resistor 30.31 is connected to the sixth switchgear. The voltage supplied to the Then, the sixth opening/closing device R6 returns or operates even when the opening/closing mechanism RCH is closed. I won't. However, while the sixth switching device R6 is excited, there is no abnormality. That is, both the series resistor 32, 33 and the safety circuit 4 are connected in a dry electrical device. Current can flow to the sixth switchgear R6 through this wire. Resistor 32. 33, the power supply voltage is selected to match the supply voltage of the sixth switching mechanism.

In the sixth switching device R6, the capacitor C is discharged and the switching mechanism SCH is opened. Remains operational even at times.

If water enters the equipment, it may cause damage to the non-insulated range of the safety circuit 4 that runs through the equipment, or The pair of sensors 34, 35, 36 shown is short-circuited, so that the sixth The voltage supplied to the sixth switchgear R6 disappears, and the sixth switchgear R6 returns to the reset state. to go on a tour. As a result, the fifth switchgear R5 is disconnected from the voltage supply and the fifth switchgear R5 is disconnected from the voltage supply. The voltage supply to the device 6 is interrupted.

An optional overvoltage protection device 37.38 may be provided to protect the sixth switchgear R6. good.

'i47 In the embodiment shown in Figure 47, the voltage supplied from the power supply is further Checked before passing on to other safety devices placed in between.

In Fig. 7, 39, 40, and 41 are known holes installed at the entrance of the power supply circuit to the home, for example. The phase is R, S, the neutral wire is N, and the ground wire is SL. be.

Detect the voltage between the phases R%S, T and the neutral conductor N by means of a suitable device A%B%C. . Furthermore, a device is provided for detecting the voltage between the neutral wire N and the ground wire SL. this In this example, these devices are configured as a relay with break contacts a, b, c, and d. The break contact is arranged in the supply circuit of one opening/closing mechanism E.

If the adjusted operating voltage of the voltage sensing device is exceeded at any measurement point, immediately The supply circuit of the opening/closing mechanism E is interrupted. In this example, the opening/closing mechanism E similarly has five members. Data contacts el, e2. e3. e4. Although it is configured as a relay with eS, Other circuit elements can also be used instead of electrical appliances.

Further voltage sensing devices may be provided between the individual phases and between the phases and the ground conductor. . These e.g. break contacts of devices also configured as M-electric appliances are In this case, it is also arranged in the supply circuit of the opening/closing mechanism E.

The dashed line indicates that the voltage between the phase and the ground wire can also be detected.

With such a configuration, if an overvoltage occurs on a phase or between the neutral and ground conductors, Interrupting the supply circuit of the switching mechanism and further interrupting the voltage supply to the load thereafter. I can do it.

A relay placed in a phase responds with a voltage of 350 V or more, for example, and connects the ground wire and The relay between the two responds when the voltage reaches, for example, 60V.

A separate device for voltage detection is an overvoltage protection device ijl.

02, ij3. It can receive voltage supply via ii4.

Figure 8 shows how to monitor or check the voltage or current further transmitted from the protection circuit of Figure 7. This embodiment shows an example of a protection circuit that directly monitors or inspects the power supply voltage. It can also be used for.

A suitable device R7 to R15 connects the phase R%S%T and the neutral conductor N or ground conductor SL. The voltage between the ground line SL and the neutral line N is sensed. these devices is also configured here as a relay, but any Other circuit units can also be used.

These relays are designed to respond at a certain minimum voltage. All relays The switching elements are distributed to the switching elements explained in Figure 349, and these switching elements directly control the power supply voltage. 6. connected to the electrical load or via at least one switchgear; f! ii device R7, R9, R11, R13, R14゜R15, +7) The minimum voltage is approximately 180V%il voltage. The voltage is approximately 270v for the relays R8 and RIO, and approximately 6ov for the relay R12.

Other voltage values can be selected if necessary.

This configuration ensures that the lowest voltage is applied to the phase to further transfer the supply voltage; When the voltage between the neutral wire and the ground wire is at a maximum of approximately SOV, the switching element for power transmission is in the reset state. It is ensured that the system maintains or reaches this state.

'M8 also shows a summation transformer which encompasses all the circuits of the supply network. all The current and its capacitive component are connected to this summation transformer even if it is from the ground wire. This summing transformer does not provide signals from the operating system or rather from the operating system. It responds only to the current flowing out from the rotating current circuit.

Any current flowing out of the operating current circuit induces a voltage in coil 42. In this example, this The coil is protected from damage due to overvoltage by an overvoltage protection device U. This electric The voltage is rectified by rectifier G1 and charges capacitor C1, but this capacitor is Discharge occurs via the variable resistor 43. This variable resistor 43 allows the capacitor c1 to The charging time constant and also the magnitude of the fault current to which switchgear R16 responds can be adjusted.

Here the switchgear release is configured as a Zener diode ZDI. This is done by a mechanism. When the Zener voltage is reached due to the fault current, as a WLT device A current flows through the configured switchgear R16. The contact points are connected to the opening/closing mechanism shown in Figure 9. It is distributed.

As is clear from FIG. 8, the current flowing through the circuit is constant at phase R in a known manner. Detected by a resistor or by a coil. The voltage based on the current is rectified by G2. It is rectified and charges the coil capacitor C2. The charging current is controlled by the variable resistor 44 and/or can be adjusted by a resistor 45 connected in parallel. By these resistors, this The overcurrent detection device can be adapted to different conductor cross-sectional areas. Capacitor C 2, the switching mechanism, here configured as a liner diode ZDI, It can operate. When the Zener voltage is reached, the Zener diode ZDI For example, a relay, through which a current flows, has contacts distributed in the switching mechanism shown in Figure The opening/closing device R17 is excited.

The current flowing through the circuit R is adjustable by the resistor 44 and the Zener diode Z. When the preset value is exceeded by selecting D2, switchgear R17 is energized and the load is The voltage supply to is interrupted.

Allocate overcurrent detection devices of the type just described to every circuit, as shown by the dashed lines. I can do it. To prevent overvoltage, each overcurrent detection device must be equipped with an overvoltage protection device. Just allocate it.

The advantage of this overcurrent detection device is that the variable resistor 44 can be appropriately adjusted and the resistor 45 can be and Zener diode ZD2 are selected accordingly, it is 1.5 times the reference value. It is possible to detect the following overcurrents.

Also shown in FIG. 8 is a monitoring device that detects phase failures and short circuits between phases. switchgear On the one hand, R1B connects each phase through arbitrary loads 47, 48, 49 similar to each other. on the other hand and coupled to the ground wire on the other hand. Coupling with the neutral wire as shown by the dashed line is also possible.

These similar loads create artificial neutrals, which are caused by wires touching or shorting. If there is a connection or one of the phases fails, it will disappear. Exists at the location where these loads are connected When the potential changes, the switchgear R18, configured as a relay in this example, is excited be done. This relay shall have at least one contact distributed in the opening/closing mechanism shown in Figure 9. Has a point.

Figure 9 shows a switching element that cooperates with the safety device described in Figure 8, which is supplied with As a result of the network inspection, there is no overvoltage or overcurrent, and a certain minimum voltage is ensured. When it becomes clear that the voltage is present, the power supply voltage is transmitted to the load.

In this example, this switching element has two jointly working relays R19, R20, Other opening/closing units can also be used.

The first relay R19 has five meter contacts 5191 to 5195, and the first relay 6 circuits connected to the neutral conductor N via a circuit and, for example, to the phase R via a second circuit. First, in this example, a meter is connected to the first circuit in series with the above-mentioned switchgear or relay. Point s7. s8. s9. s10, sll, s13. s14. There is s15, AND It constitutes a circuit.

,=h attached to i-rutat devices R7, R8, R9, RIO.

When a minimum voltage exceeding the operating voltage is applied to R11, R13, R14, and R15, this The two meter contacts close, and the first relay R19 receives power and enters the operating state. do. That is, the circuit of the supply network is coupled to the load.

When an overvoltage or overcurrent occurs in the supply network, the corresponding switchgear R12 , R16, R17, R18 are energized, and the attached contacts s12. s16. s17, s18 closes. As a result, in this example, it works as a switchgear connecting phase R and neutral wire N. Voltage is supplied to relay R20. FJ Electric R12, R16, R17, R1 The 8 meter contacts are connected in parallel to form an OR circuit. Furthermore, the functionality of the circuit can be tested. A test key P can also be added in parallel to the contacts.

The second relay R20 is connected to the There is a locking device 50 that holds the relay in this state when this occurs. As a result, If you accidentally turn on the power after a fault has occurred, it may damage the connected equipment or cause electric shock to the user. The danger of

In this example, the second relay 20 of the switching component has two break contacts 6201 and 620. 2, one of which controls the indicator light K that indicates this in the event of a failure, and the other The first relay 19 is reset.

In FIG. 9 there is also a display device Z, which is connected to the supply network via, for example, a transformer T. are combined. This display device is equipped with known visual and/or audible display devices. It can be connected to the switchgear or relay shown in FIGS. 7 to 9. instructor The operator can check the open/closed status of the protection circuit using this display device Z when the operator leaves the protection circuit. It can be monitored from any location, and it can also be used to monitor the presence or absence of failures when inspecting the supply network. It is also possible to display the type of failure.

In the embodiment of the protection circuit shown in Fig. 10, in the safety device, the signal sent from the circuit shown in Fig. 7 is Testing the voltage and possibly further transmitting it to the load, electrical equipment. Figure 10 circuit can be connected to the circuit of FIG. 7 or directly to the supply network, for example by means of plug contacts.

This safety device has one changeover switch W, which allows you to select between phase R%, S or T. You can choose whether to connect to

The current flowing through the circuit connecting the changeover switch W and the electrical equipment 6 is explained in detail in Figure 8. It is detected by the current detection device described above, and in the case of overcurrent, the first opening/closing is activated as described above. Device R21 is energized. This first switchgear R21 has one meter contact s2. 1, which is placed in the second switchgear R22 and activated by the first switchgear R21. If magnetized, the second switchgear also acts to be energized, thereby causing the second switchgear to become energized. Break contact attached to R22? 522 is opened and the third switchgear R23 is connected. and disconnected from the voltage supply from the neutral conductor. This third switchgear R23 is the supply network Meter contacts 5231.5232° located in the circuit, i.e. phase, neutral and ground conductors. 5233, and in the operating state of the third switchgear R23, the supply network and negative connection to the load or outlet.

The fourth switchgear R24 mechanically maintains the third switchgear R23 in its closed position. On the other hand, in order to save energy in the operating state, the voltage supply is It is interrupted by the break contact 624 of the fourth switchgear R24. This fourth switchgear R24 will return when a failure occurs or the phase or neutral wire is cut, so a third switchgear is required. R23 similarly shifts to the return state.

The second switchgear R22 is locked by a locking device when released in the event of a failure. The attached device 6 thereby remains switched off.

Here, all switchgears are shown as relays, but any other switchgear unit may also be used. It can be used.

FIG. 11 is another embodiment of FIG. 10.

Parts that are used here are designated by the same reference numerals, and further explanation will be omitted.

Similarly, in this embodiment, one changeover switch W and the first switching device R25 are arranged in the phase. It has a separate overcurrent detection device. The functions of this device are explained in detail in Figure 348. That's right. Another overcurrent detection device with a second switchgear R26 is grounded It is distributed to line SL. These overcurrent detection devices are overvoltage protection devices ii1.　 It is protected from overvoltage by fj2.

The summation transformer, whose function has already been detailed in Figure 48, has a ground wire in addition to the phase and neutral wires. It also includes. Therefore, only the current flowing from the operating system is detected by the summation transformer. The third switchgear N2 is then energized. Between phase and neutral, phase and ground Several voltage detectors are used to detect the voltage between the neutral conductor and the ground conductor. In the example in which a detection device is provided, 1! is used for this voltage detection. When using electric appliances, The pressure was adapted to each measurement point as described above.

When the required voltage is applied between a phase and the neutral or ground wire, there is a voltage present on the phase. It is confirmed that neither the neutral wire nor the ground wire is broken. As a result, phase and middle Relay R28 between the phase and ground wires and 1dl electrical equipment R29 between the phase and ground wires. The fourth switchgear R30, which is also configured as a relay, is also energized. Ru. Meter contacts 52B and s29 distributed to relays R28 and R29 are relay R3 It is placed on the line to 0. Three meter contacts 5301 of the fourth switchgear R30 ．． 5302 and 5303 couple the load or outlet to the power supply voltage.

The summation transformer allows currents to flow through overcurrents or faults in the circuits or ground wires distributed to the phases. Or an overvoltage between the ground wire and the neutral wire is confirmed by the fifth switchgear R31. , the respective relays R25, R26, R27, and R31 are excited. these The relay has parallel connected meter contacts s25. s26. s27. There is s31, O It constitutes an R circuit. Therefore, when one of the relays is energized, it couples to the OR circuit. The sixth switching device R32 is excited. This is the line to the fourth switchgear R30. Since the break contact 632 is located at , the fourth switchgear R30 is brought into the return state.

The locking unit V shown schematically in FIG. 11 puts the sixth opening/closing device R32 into operation. The lock prevents electrical equipment from being accidentally switched on after a malfunction has occurred. Therefore, there is no risk of equipment damage or electric shock to the user.

The operating voltage of the fifth switchgear R31 is, for example, 25V, and the safety wire current detection device The operating current has a value between 0.1 and 100 mA.

Diagram N12 is an example of a safety device for a supply network without a ground wire. In this case, The ground wire leading to the load or outlet is tied to the neutral wire of the supply network. Is it electrical equipment? For example, a bimetallic switch B is configured in the circuit that acts as a grounding line between the An overcurrent detection device is arranged, which opens and closes the switching device R. There are 3 of these opening/closing devices meter contacts rl, r2. Connect the electrical equipment to the supply network via r3. bimetal If an overcurrent flows through switch B, it will heat up and cause damage to the equipment's ground circuit SL. The first contact b1 of the bimetal switch B and the contact placed on the line to the opening/closing mechanism R. Both points b2 open, which restores the switchgear R and disconnects the electrical load from the power supply. be separated.

The connection between the supply network and the load is maintained by the switchgear R even when the phase indicated by Ll is missing. Interrupted.

This example has a locking device V, which locks contact b2 in the open position, which prevents failure or After the current is generated, the connected equipment will not accidentally turn on. .

The switching device R is configured as a relay. But using any other switchgear Rukoto can.

The safety device of FIG. 12 can be housed in an adapter case.

The embodiment of the protection circuit shown in diagram N13 includes a first circuit which monitors the phase indicated by Ll and the neutral conductor N. A summation transformer S with one switchgear R32 is provided. This summation transformer S Although it is shown in a simplified manner in the figure, it is also possible to use the configuration as explained in Figure 8, for example. In this example, the ground wire can also be connected to the neutral wire (dashed line).

The second switchgear R33 detects the voltage between the phase and the ground wire SL, and a constant operating voltage is established. , for example, is excited with 180V, the attached meter contact s33 is closed, and the third switchgear R34 is coupled to phase L1 and neutral wire N to energize it, and its meter contact s34 A fourth switchgear R35 is coupled to the phase and neutral wires and energized. This is how it ends The power supply and load are coupled via the meter contacts 5351, 5352, 5353. be done.

Here, an overcurrent detection device configured as a bimetallic switch B, for example, is connected to a safety line. The current flowing through SL is detected, and the first contact b1 of bimetal switch B is activated due to overcurrent. When heated, the ground wire is interrupted and the bimetallic switch is connected instead or at the same time. B's second contact b2 closes.

A summing current transformer produces a fault current, i.e. a current flowing into the surroundings or through the ground wire. or the summation transformer S responds, i.e. the first switchgear R32 is energized and its meter Contact s32 closes.

The second contact b2 and the meter contact s32 are connected in parallel, and the fifth switchgear R36 An OR circuit is formed in the power supply circuit. Therefore, this switchgear has both contacts It is always energized when one or both are closed. Then, the fourth switchgear R3 The break contact 536 placed on the line to No. 5 opens, de-energizing the fourth switchgear. The station R35 returns to disconnect the load from the power supply.

The switchgear R36 is equipped with a lock to prevent the device from being turned on by mistake. This locks it into operation until it is unlocked, for example by a specialist. You can save it. This eliminates the risk of equipment damage or electric shock to the user. Become.

Here, all switchgears are configured as relays as an example, but other switchgears can also be used. You can also use

Also, in this explanation, it is assumed that the circuit from the protection circuit goes directly to the electrical equipment, but of course It is also possible to connect this to a power outlet or a switching element for other electrical equipment.

The embodiment of Figure 14 is suitable for use in protectively insulated equipment without a grounding wire and/or for electrically isolated equipment. This is an example of a connected power supply, and here it is configured as an isolation transformer T to increase safety. An insulating device is used, which isolates the connected electrical equipment 6 from the power supply circuit. For example, two phases Ll and L2 are formed. Supply circuit L1 of electrical equipment 6 , L2 is connected to any similar load 51.52, and the difference a potential or; are interconnected on opposite sides of the supply circuit to form a supply circuit. Both of these loads It is also possible to make at least one adjustable.

The first switchgear R37 is connected to the connecting position with an insulated terminal, and the second terminal is connected to the connecting position. Combined with a safety circuit 4, which circuit is connected to at least one energized part inside the device 6. It has two non-insulated ranges.

Furthermore, there is a test key P that connects the safety circuit 4 with the supply circuit L1 and/or L2, which This allows you to simulate a failure case and test the functionality of the protection circuit.

The electrical connection between the power supply or isolation transformer T and the equipment 6 is provided by a two-way meter connection. A second switchgear R38 with points 5381, 5382, which is connected by a coupling circuit. Connected to power supply or isolation transformer T. The coupling circuit includes a first switchgear R37. Break contact? There are 537.

If any of the phases fails or the line to equipment 6 is shorted, the coupling of loads 51.52 The potential at the position is displaced, the first switchgear R37 is energized, and its break contact 63 7 opens to disconnect the second switchgear R38 from the voltage supply, i.e. to restore it. Then, the device 6 is also disconnected from the power source.

The first switchgear is installed to prevent equipment 6 from being accidentally turned on after a failure occurs. A locking device V can be provided at R37. This locking device V includes, for example, There is one reset key (not shown), and the protection is activated only when the protection function is ensured. This key connects break contacts 637 and/or so that the protection circuit can send voltage to the equipment itself. Alternatively, a configuration may be adopted in which the break contact 6 arranged in the safety circuit 4 is moved.

In this example, the switchgear is shown as a relay, but it can also be configured as other switchgear. You can also do it.

Diagram N15 shows a protection circuit with a temperature resistor R, which has a negative temperature It may be either a coefficient (NTC) or a positive temperature coefficient (PTC).

This resistor R is placed in the ground circuit SL. There is a first wire between the phase ph and the neutral wire N. There is a switchgear R39, which connects three suitable meter contacts 5391, 5392°5. 393 to connect the load or outlet to the supply network.

The second switchgear R40 is equipped with a break contact 640 and the line of the first switchgear R39. between the ground wire SL and the neutral wire N.

When current flows through the ground wire and the voltage across resistor R decreases, second switchgear R40 responds. and interrupts the line to the first switchgear R39. This switchgear will return, so The attached outlet or connected load is disconnected from the supply voltage.

If the resistor R is NTC, a voltage will be applied immediately when current flows through the ground wire, but As the resistance value decreases as it heats up, the voltage also decreases, and therefore the second switching element R4 0 is activated immediately and turns off the power. If the second switchgear R40 is malfunctioning, , a safety device connected in series turns off the power due to the current flowing through the ground wire SL.

If the resistor R is PTC, the resistance value of the resistor when current flows through the ground wire is initially Since it is small, the voltage is low.

Therefore, a safety device connected in series with the protection circuit would turn off the power. Moshiko When this does not work, the resistance increases due to heating of the PTC and becomes high at resistor R. Current flows through the ground wire until the voltage drops. This voltage causes the operation of the second switchgear R40. Once equal to the operating voltage, this switchgear responds and disconnects the faulty load from the voltage supply. separate.

The secondary switchgear must be protected against accidental switching on after a fault has occurred. Therefore, a locking device (2) can be provided for this.

In this case too, other components may be used instead of the relay mentioned by way of example.

In the protection circuit embodiment shown in Figure 16, the isolation between the load and the power supply is This is done by a mechanically operable opening/closing mechanism operated by

The electrical equipment 6 includes at least two electrical devices housed in a waterproof case and subjected to initial mechanical tension. It is coupled to the supply voltage via contacts 61,62. This initial tension is the first tension The contacts 61 and 62 are preferably provided by springs Zl, and the contacts 61 and 62 are provided around the rotating link D. It is held in the closed position by a locking device V, which is rotatably supported by the locking device V. to case G A provided support arm H supports a moisture-sensitive element 53, e.g. paper, under initial tension. It holds the tape and is connected to the locking device V via a connecting part 54. this The connection part 54 is connected to the case through a diaphragm or a water-sealed penetration part, for example. It is connected to the locking device V inside G. Case G or the parts contained therein If the element 53 is fixed to the attached electrical equipment 6, this support arm is not needed. Good too.

The moisture-sensitive element 53 and the second tension spring Z2 are connected to the locking device V shown in FIG. adjusted to each other so that they are held in position and contacts 61, 62 are in the closed position. ing. When the element 53 absorbs moisture, its tension decreases and the tension of the tension spring z2 Since the force is greater, the locking device V moves in the direction opposite to the clock hands and closes the contacts. Since the locks of 6L and 62 are released, the contact opens due to the tension applied to the contact. When moving in position, the connected load is thus disconnected from the supply voltage.

By changing the point of action of the connection 54 at the locking device V, the tension can be increased by the action of moisture. move the locking device V in the counterclockwise direction using a moisture-sensitive element that You can also do this.

'f% Figures 17 to 22 each contain at least one summation transformer or summation jumper. An example of a protection circuit using a dynamic transformer will be shown.

In the embodiment of FIG. It has three windings, each distributed to SL. Windings distributed to neutral wires or phases is, for example, a two-wound wire, configured so that the magnetic fields generated by the current cancel each other out. has been done. The summation transformer is connected to the phase on the load side and to the neutral wire on its power side. A certain current flows through the summing transformer through the resistor 55, which causes A constant magnetic field is applied. This magnetic field causes the opening/closing mechanism 57 that responds to the magnetic field to operate. move. That is, the opening/closing mechanism 57, which is rotatably supported around the axis, is exposed to this magnetic field. The meter moves further from the basic position to the stem position, thereby closing the meter contact s57.

This contact is located in the line to the first switchgear R41 between the phase and neutral conductors, and this The switchgear has three meter contacts 5411, 5412, 5413 attached to it. Via the outlet or the load 6 can be connected to the supply network.

When a constant current flows, the opening/closing mechanism 57 moves eight times to excite the first switching device R41. , the power source and the load are connected. When a phase fails, the applied current and therefore the constant magnetic Since the field also disappears, the opening/closing mechanism 57 does not move, and the power source and the load are disconnected. or remain disconnected.

When current flows from the line into the surroundings, the magnetic field created in the windings distributed between the phase and neutral wires is The opening/closing mechanism 57 moves from the first position determined by the applied current to the second position. is moved to the position of Thereby, the voltage supply of the main switchgear R41, the power supply and the negative The connection between the load and the load is interrupted.

If a current flows through the grounding wire SL due to a certain defect, it will cause a magnetic field to be distributed to the windings distributed to the grounding wire. occurs, so it operates in the same way in this case as well.

When the opening/closing mechanism 57 is not energized, it is held in the basic position by the spring F. When , the first switchgear R41 is disconnected from the power supply, so the load is connected to the power supply. not tied to.

Through the test key 58, the second resistor 5 provided in parallel with the first resistor 55 9, it is possible to flow a current that simulates the fault current, so the protection circuit can be The function of the road can be tested.

In addition, a measurement probe was added between the power supply circuit grounding wire and the summation transformer grounding wire. The voltage at the resistor 60 is increased by the second switchgear R40 responding to the first switchgear R39. Interrupt the line to. Since this switchgear is restored, use the attached outlet or The connected load is disconnected from the supply voltage.

If the resistor R is NTC, a voltage will be applied immediately when current flows through the ground wire, but As the resistance value decreases as it heats up, the voltage also decreases, and therefore the second switching element R4 0 is activated immediately and turns off the power. If the second switchgear R40 is malfunctioning, , a safety device connected in series turns off the power due to the current flowing through the ground wire SL.

If the resistor R is PTC, the resistance value of the resistor when current flows through the ground wire is initially Since it is small, the voltage is low.

Therefore, a safety device connected in series with the protection circuit would turn off the power. Moshiko If this does not work, the resistance increases due to heating of the PTC, causing a high lid at the resistor R. Current flows through the ground wire until the voltage drops. This voltage causes the operation of the second switchgear R40. Once equal to the operating voltage, this switchgear responds and disconnects the faulty load from the voltage supply. separate.

The secondary switchgear must be protected against accidental switching on after a fault has occurred. For this purpose, a locking device V can be provided here.

In this case too, other parts may be used instead of the electric appliances mentioned as examples.

In the protection circuit embodiment shown in Figure 16, the isolation between the load and the power supply is This is done by a mechanically operable opening/closing mechanism operated by

The electrical equipment 6 includes at least two electrical devices housed in a waterproof case and subjected to initial mechanical tension. It is coupled to the supply voltage via contacts 61,52. This initial tension is the tension of the wildebeest The contacts 61, 62 are preferably provided by springs Zl, and the contacts 61, 62 are provided around the rotating link D. It is held in the closed position by a locking device V, which is rotatably supported by the locking device V. to case G A provided support arm H supports an initially tensioned moisture-sensitive element 53, e.g. It holds the tape and is connected to the locking device V via a connecting part 54. this The connection part 54 is connected to the case through a diaphragm or a water-sealed penetration part, for example. It is connected to the locking device V inside G. Case G or the parts contained therein If the element 53 is fixed to the attached electrical equipment 6, this support arm is not needed. Good too.

The moisture-sensitive element 53 and the second tension spring Z2 are arranged so that the locking device V is N%16 as shown in FIG. the contacts 61 and 62 are in the closed position. It is. When the element 53 absorbs moisture, its tension decreases and the tension of the tension spring z2 decreases. Since the tension is greater, the locking device V moves in the counterclockwise direction and closes. Since the lock at points 151 and 62 is released, the tension applied to the contact causes the contact to open. position, thus disconnecting the connected load from the supply voltage.

By changing the point of action of the connection part 54 at the locking device ■, the tension can be increased by the action of moisture. Move the locking device in the opposite direction of the clock using a moisture-sensitive element that You can also do this.

Figures 17 to 22 each contain at least one summation transformer or summation jump transformer. An example of a protection circuit using a component is shown below.

In the embodiment of FIG. It has three windings, each distributed to SL. Windings distributed to neutral wires or phases is, for example, a two-wound wire, configured so that the magnetic fields generated by the current cancel each other out. has been done. The summation transformer is connected to the phase on the load side and to the neutral wire on its power side. A certain current flows through the summing transformer through the resistor 55, which causes A constant magnetic field is applied. This magnetic field causes the opening/closing mechanism 57 that responds to the magnetic field to operate. move. That is, the opening/closing mechanism 57, which is rotatably supported around the axis, is exposed to this magnetic field. from the basic position to the first position, thereby closing the meter contact s57.

This contact is located in the line to the first switchgear R41 between the phase and neutral conductors, and this The switchgear has three meter contacts 5411, 5412, 5413 attached to it. Via the outlet or the load 6 can be connected to the supply network.

When a constant current flows, the opening/closing mechanism 57 moves and excites the first switching device R41. , the power source and the load are connected. When a phase fails, the applied current and therefore the constant magnetic Since the field also disappears, the opening/closing mechanism 57 does not move and the power source and the load are disconnected. or remain disconnected.

When current flows from the line into the surroundings, the magnetic field created in the windings distributed between the phase and neutral wires is The opening/closing mechanism 57 moves from the first position determined by the applied current to the second position. is moved to the position of Thereby, the voltage supply of the first switchgear R41, the power supply and the negative In this case also It works the same way.

When the opening/closing mechanism 57 is not energized, it is held in the basic position by the spring F. When , the first switchgear R41 is disconnected from the power supply, so the load is connected to the power supply. not tied to.

Through the test key 58, the second resistor 5 provided in parallel with the first resistor 55 9, it is possible to flow a current that simulates the fault current, so it is possible to Can test circuit functionality.

In addition, a measurement probe was added between the power supply circuit grounding wire and the summation transformer grounding wire. The voltage drop at the resistor 60, the voltage applied to the first resistor 55, and the ground wire S The voltage between L and the neutral wire N can also be detected, so as an example, the 17th In the figure, wt electric appliances R42, R43, and R44 are installed, but other devices can also be used. No problem.

These relays have break contacts located in the supply circuit to the first switchgear R41. 842, 643, 844, the first switchgear at a settable operating voltage consisting of R41 is disconnected from the voltage supply, thereby disconnecting the load from the power supply.

A locking device V, shown schematically, can be added to this. This is the opening/closing mechanism 57 For example, contacts 642, 643 and/or 644 can be used to disconnect the load from the power supply in the event of a failure. Hold it in the disconnected position until the lock is released. Prevent damage to equipment and danger to personnel.

This locking device ■ has a break connection with the locking device, as shown by the broken line in Figure 17. In combination with point 6V, connect the load to the power supply voltage when trying to release the lock. It is configured in such a way that it is not possible.

Such a configuration ensures that the load remains unenergized in the event of undervoltage, overvoltage, and fault currents. disconnected from the power supply voltage. By appropriately selecting the measuring resistor 60, various switching characteristics can be achieved. You can realize your sexuality. In other words, if the resistor 60 has a low resistance, it can be combined with this protection circuit. Along with this protection circuit, a well-known fault current protection switch immediately cuts off the power supply. I can let go. If the resistor 60 has a high resistance or if it breaks down, , the known fault current protection switch cannot disconnect the power supply.

The voltage applied to relay R42 in the event of a fault also disconnects the load from the power supply. be done. Instead of this MN device R42, it becomes low resistance when voltage is applied and connects current. A switching element that sends to the ground wire SL may also be used. In this way, the fault current connected in series A protection switch can turn off the power.

The return current of the summation transformer can be reduced by assigning more windings to the safety wire than other windings. By increasing the magnetic field caused by It may be done in a free flow.

FIG. 18 is an embodiment of a protection circuit suitable for protective insulated equipment without a grounding wire.

As explained in FIG. 17, the summation transformer used in this example has a phase indicated by Ll. It has windings distributed respectively to the phase and neutral wires, and the direction of the windings is the same as the phase and neutral wires. It is designed so that the magnetic fields generated by the flowing current cancel each other out. third winding connects the neutral wire from the connected load 6 or outlet through the summation transformer and resistor 62. It is distributed to the safety circuit 4 extending to N. It may be connected to phase L1 instead of the neutral wire. , the safety circuit 4 is placed near the current-carrying parts inside the electrical equipment 6, as in the above-described embodiment. 0 having at least one non-insulating area resulting in a conductive bond, e.g. by water , the current limited by the resistor 62 flows through the safety circuit 4 and the corresponding windings of the summation transformer. flows through the line. The resulting magnetic field is transmitted through a magnetizable material, such as an iron core. The first meter is rotatably supported on the rotating shaft 56 and has one meter contact s57. It acts on the opening/closing mechanism 5 described in FIG. Therefore, the opening/closing mechanism 57 is connected to the first magnetic bar. Moved from the position by Ias to the second position and placed here in this position, 3 pieces The voltage is applied to the electrical equipment 6 through the attached meter contacts 5451, 5452, 5453. The first opening/closing device R45 that supplies the voltage returns.

This opening/closing mechanism 57 prevents electrical equipment from being accidentally turned on after a failure occurs. This can be locked in this position by the locking device 61.

When the opening/closing mechanism 57 is not energized, it is held in the basic position by the spring F and is In this case, the first switchgear R45 is also restored and the equipment is disconnected from the power supply. It's happening The first switching device R45 is energized, and its contacts 545j, 5452.5453 are activated. To move the opening/closing mechanism 57 to the first position so as to close it, a method similar to the embodiment of FIG. 17 is used. First, a constant current is applied to the summation transformer through the resistor 63, which causes the switchgear to Create a magnetic field that allows the structure 57 to move 8 times against the force of the spring F. This allows the first The meter contact s゛57 of the switching mechanism installed on the line to the switching device R45 closes, and the first Switching device R45 is energized.

Place another resistor 64 and test key 65 in parallel with the resistor 63, and now It is possible to generate a constant fault current for functional testing of the protection circuit.

There is also a second switchgear R46 between the phase L1 and the neutral conductor N, whose meter contacts s46 closes when an overvoltage occurs between said wires, tripping the protection circuit and shutting down the electrical machine. Disconnect the device from the power source. This is because a large current flows through the contact s46 and the resistor 64, Therefore, the increased magnetic field moves the opening/closing mechanism to the second position, causing contact s57 to open. , is performed by returning the first switching device R45.

The known fuses 66 and 67 of the line to the summation transformer are only shown. .

The safety circuit 4 of this example, as in all the previous embodiments, connects the line to the electrical load. It can also be configured as a so-called shield, and if such a shield wire is used, the system The circuit housed inside the shield can be sufficiently protected from external damage.

The opening/closing device of this example can have any configuration. Relays are just one example.

Figure 19 also shows an example of a protection circuit with a summation transformer that passes through equipment with protective insulation. This summation transformer has three windings, each with a phase indicated by Ll and a neutral wire N. , are distributed to the safety circuit 4. The safety circuit 4 is connected to the neutral wire N via a resistor 68. and a non-insulated area near the internal current-carrying parts of equipment 6, shown as resistor 69. There is a sensor circuit 71 located near the safety circuit 4 inside the 0 device. , are in communication with the phase via a safety resistor 70. This prevents water from entering the equipment, for example. If it does, it will create a conductive coupling between the phase and the safety circuit, creating a fault current. this The fault current creates a magnetic field in the summation transformer, which can e.g. The closing mechanism 57 is moved to the second position, the opening/closing device R47 disposed thereon is returned, Its meter contacts 5471, 5472, 5473 open and disconnect the electrical equipment from power. separate.

The illustrated embodiment is provided with a test key 72, which is used to perform a functional test. Also, for example, interruption of the safety circuit 4 can be confirmed.

As explained in FIGS. 17 and 18, the summation transformer has a constant A current is applied to the opening/closing mechanism 5, which resists the force of the spring Move this meter contact to a position such that the meter contact s57 allocated to 7 is closed. is on the line to switchgear R47 and excites it.

This example also has a locking device 61, which locks the opening/closing mechanism 57 in the position it was moved to when the position was taken. Then, the switchgear R47 is reset to keep the electrical equipment switched off.

As is clear here, the summation transformer of this example is In order for the field to bring the opening/closing mechanism 57 to the position where the contact s5 is closed against the force of the spring F, It is configured so that the attached device cannot be started because it is insufficient. . Therefore, the switch is turned off due to a leakage to the surrounding area or a failure of the flow to the safety circuit 4. In the case of current and in the case of overvoltage, the opening/closing mechanism 57 is locked in the second position. be done.

Releasing the locking device 61 is done by a reset, which is only shown as in the other figures. Performed by Tokey R.

In this example as well, there is a test key 65 equipped with a series resistor 73', which activates the function of the protection circuit. Can test both overvoltage cutoff and fault current cutoff. Parallel to test key 65 An overvoltage detection device (not shown) connected to the When a fault occurs, a fault current flows to create a magnetic field, which activates the protection circuit and protects the connected electrical equipment. You can also turn off the switch.

Figure 20 shows another example of a protection circuit with a summation transformer for equipment with protective insulation. In the example, the windings of the summation transformer are connected to the phase designated Ll, the neutral wire N1 safety circuit, respectively. It is distributed in 4. The phase and neutral windings are also connected so that the magnetic fields generated are in phase with each other. Positioned to kill.

Similar to the above examples, in this example as well, the opening/closing mechanism 5 is rotatably supported by the rotating shaft 56. R1) is made of or has a ferromagnetic material, and this switchgear is The three meter contacts 5471, 5472, 5473 are connected through the connected contact s57. The equipped switchgear R47 is excited.

When starting the electrical equipment 6, for example, it is equipped with two meter contacts 5771 and 5772. Push button 77 is pressed to cause a constant current to flow through electrical equipment 6 and the summation transformer.

This generates a magnetic field, which forces the opening/closing mechanism 57 against the force of the spring F, causing the contact s57 If necessary, move the current limiting resistor flap 8 to the first position where it is closed. A resistor 69 is connected between the meter contact 5771 attached to the button and the device shown by the resistor 69. The magnetic bias required to maintain the operating state is in phase L when the push button is not pressed. l, resistor 74, resistor 75, safety circuit 4 and its attached windings and resistor 76 is given by the current flowing through the neutral wire N. Therefore, overvoltage or undervoltage If there is no opening/closing mechanism 57, the opening/closing mechanism 57 is brought to the first position by a magnetic bias and the attached The associated contact s57 closes, energizes the switchgear R47, and connects the device to contact 5471゜54. 72,5473 to the power supply.

As is clear in FIG. 20, there are internal components extending from both the phase and safety circuits There are multiple circuits that are closely spaced from each other. these circuits may be printed on the inside of the device case.

When water enters the equipment, conductive coupling occurs between this phase and the lines extending from the safety circuit. The fault current flows from the safety circuit 4 through the windings of the summation transformers belonging thereto. that The magnetic field generated by moves the opening/closing mechanism 57 to the second position, and its contact s57 The opening/closing device R47 returns and the device 6 is disconnected from the power source.

This device is also equipped with a test kief 9 for functional testing, and a fault current is applied when the device is pressed. It is also possible to switch off the safety circuit.

Furthermore, although this example is configured as a relay 80, an arbitrary overvoltage detection device can be added to the device. and when a settable overvoltage occurs between the phase and the safety circuit, e.g. contact S8 A fault current which acts to cut off the protection circuit may be caused to flow through 0.

The opening/closing mechanism 57 includes a locking device 61, which has already been described in detail as in the other examples.

Fuses 66 and 67 were added to the line to the summation transformer for further safety. .

FIG. 21 shows an embodiment of a three-phase AC protection circuit.

The function of the protection circuit is the same as the embodiment described in FIGS. 17 to 20.

In this example, each line to the summation transformer has its own dedicated winding, and the phase lead-in This is done via fuses 81, 82, and 83.

The magnetic bias is applied here to one phase, e.g. On the load side of the sum transformer a resistor 8 is connected to one or several other phases, e.g. 4, but also by selecting the other phase or with one of the phases. This bias can also be provided by a corresponding coupling with the neutral conductor. This magnet As mentioned above, the air bias is created in the opening/closing mechanism 57 rotatably attached to the shaft 56. to activate the switchgear R47 by closing the attached contact s57 in the first position. Magnetize. As a result, the connected device 6 or outlet is connected to contacts s4, 1, 5 472,5473.5474.5475 to the power supply.

An optional fault current sensing device, configured in this example as relay R48, connects the A fault voltage or overvoltage occurring between line SL and neutral line N is detected, and in this example: Switchgear is activated by break contact 648 of relay R48 on the line to switchgear R47. Return the position R4 and disconnect the device 6 from the power supply.

This switchgear R4 is also activated if one of the phases R, S, or T fails or if the phase It also recovers when there is a short circuit between the neutral wire or the ground wire.

To that end, three arbitrary homogeneous loads 85, 86, 87 can be connected to a phase on the one hand and They are connected to each other to create an artificial neutral point. Any arbitrary here to this neutral point has the first terminal of the insulation and phase voltage monitoring device configured as relay R49; In this example, the second terminal is connected to the ground wire SL, but it can also be connected to the neutral wire N. stomach.

If one of the phases fails or a short circuit occurs, the connection position of the load 85.86.87 The potential is shifted and relay R49 is energized, also in the line to switchgear R47. opens the associated break contact t549, thus switching device R47 The meter contacts 5471 to 5475 that are disconnected from the voltage and restored and attached thereto is opened, and the device 6 is disconnected from the power source.

In parallel with the resistor 84, a test key P protected against overvoltage and a series resistor 84a With this, it is possible to create a fault current for functional testing of the protection circuit.

The locking device 61 of the opening/closing mechanism 57 is the same as in the previous embodiment.

Figure 22 shows another implementation of a protection circuit with a summing transformer without magnetic bias. As an example, this is a circuit suitable for equipment with protective insulation, but the original circuit shown here is The principle can be applied, for example, to protection circuits for three-phase AC motors and equipment with protective edges.

One winding each for the phase L1 and the neutral wire, in this example a two-wire safety circuit 4. is distributed with two windings, these windings are responsible for the current flowing through the phase and neutral wires. The magnetic fields generated by the safety circuit cancel each other out, and the magnetic fields generated by the IT flow of the safety circuit strengthen each other. It has been selected so that

The first wire of the safety circuit 4 comes out of the phase and passes through the first resistor 88 and the first winding 89. and leads to electrical equipment 6.

To increase safety, the first line branches into several circuits, and the second line of safety circuit 4 located inside the equipment near some of the circuits. Place these lines side by side There are several non-isolated ranges in the circuit. The second wire exits the electrical equipment 6 and is connected to the It passes through the second winding 90 and the second resistor 91 and reaches the neutral wire N. For phase and neutral wires On the power supply side, for example mechanically, there is a mutual There are two contacts connected to each other, 1 and 2. This initial tension here schematically illustrates the principle If the locking device 93 shown in does not prevent its movement, the contact should remain open. work as if

The locking device 93 is rotatably attached to the shaft 94 and is made of ferromagnetic material or the like. The spring 96 is connected to a tiltable part 95 made of a material such as The tension device connected to the tilting part 95 and the locking device 93 is in the closed state at the contact point kl. hold in position.

Fault currents and/or fault voltages occur in the safety circuit or current is removed from the supply circuit. When the flow flows into the surrounding area, a magnetic field is formed in the summation transformer, which causes the tilting part 95 to be pulled. and rotates around an axis 94.

As a result, the locking device moves downward, as shown by the arrow in Figure 22, and locks. The action is released and the contacts 1 and 2 assume the open position. Thus, the summation transformer or electrical equipment is disconnected from the power source.

The first and second wires of the safety circuit 4 are branched inside the device 6, so there is no risk of water droplets getting in. However, the wires are connected conductively and fault current flows. In this way, safety is increased. It will be done.

An overvoltage conductive device 97 can be connected to the phase and neutral wires, and this can be selected. When an overvoltage is reached, current flows and the protection circuit is activated. That is, the tilting portion 95 is pulled. electrical equipment is disconnected from the power supply.

The protection circuit of FIG. 22 includes other circuit elements of the previous embodiment, such as short circuits Insulation monitoring devices can also be incorporated to detect phase failures.

For all protection circuits with summing transformers of Figures 17 to 22, phase and safety Preferably, the windings of the wire or ground wire are arranged in such a way that the generated magnetic fields are integrated. The number of zero windings can be freely selected.

Basically, the individual elements explained in each example can be arbitrarily changed within the scope of the example. Can be exchanged and combined.

This protection circuit can be installed inside the generator equipment or in the power distribution box of the house or household. Not only can it be installed, but it can also be incorporated into electrical equipment outlets, plugs, cases, etc. It is Noh.

This protection circuit is also used to supply voltage to equipment equipped with protection or safety circuits. It can also be configured as follows.

In addition, the locking device used in this protection circuit can be operated with the plug of the device, for example. It can also be configured to do so.

Figure 1 shows the first embodiment of the protection circuit. The ground contact is used.

Figure 2 shows a second embodiment of the protection circuit, in which a neutral wire is used to obtain the reference potential. I am using it.

Figure 3 shows a third embodiment of the protection circuit, in which a phase is used to obtain the reference potential. are doing.

FIG. 4 shows a fourth embodiment of a protection circuit with only one switchgear.

Figure 345 shows a fifth embodiment of the electric shock protection circuit, in this example in the second operating state. The switchgear is powered via one transformer.

Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the protection circuit of Figures 1 to 5, in this example a safety circuit. The road is a two-wire system.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a protection circuit designed to check the supply voltage.

Figure 8 is an example of a protection circuit designed to check the voltage and current of the supply network. .

The protection circuit example in Figure 9 shows how to further transmit power to the load after checking the supply network. Indicates whether it is reached.

FIG. 10 is an example of a protection circuit that responds to a power outage.

FIG. 11 shows an embodiment of a protection circuit in which a summation transformer is added to the example of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is an example of a protection circuit with a bimetallic release.

Figure 13 shows the implementation of a protection circuit with a built-in summation transformer in the example of Figure 12. This is an example.

FIG. 14 is an embodiment of a protection circuit for equipment without a grounding wire.

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of a protection circuit with a temperature-dependent resistor.

FIG. 16 is an example of a protection circuit with mechanical contact release.

Figures 17 to 'f%21 show protection with magnetically biased summation transformers. 3 shows various embodiments of the circuit.

FIG. 22 is an example of a protection circuit with a summation transformer without magnetic bias. .

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STNSL LIN LI　N　SL Ll　N 1 volume Copy and translation of amendment) Submission (Article 184-8 of the Patent Law) August 9, 1988 Day Yoshi, Commissioner of the Patent Office 1) Takeshi Moon 1. International application number PCT/DE87100049 2. Name of the invention Protection circuit for electrical equipment 3. Patent applicant Address: Federal Republic of Germany, Die-7706 Honsdenchinprülgase 5 Name: Birkmeyer Rohbert Nationality: Federal Republic of Germany 4. Agent Address: 2-32-4-5 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Date of submission of amendment March 15, 1988 6. List of attached documents (1) Copy and translation of the written amendment) 1 copy (1) The scope of the patent claims before the amendment, paragraphs 1 to 19, are included in the attached patent claim after the amendment. Replace claims 1 to 34 with claim 20 before amendment. to paragraph 58 shall be defined as the amended scope of claims from paragraph 35 to paragraph 73. .

Attachment “Claims 1. Build a safety circuit (4) that connects the electrical equipment (6) and the protection circuit (2) and connect it to the power distribution network. Guided as a shielding wire that covers the phase (1o) and neutral wire (12) of the connecting cable, and A safety circuit that ends or is formed inside the electrical equipment (6) (4), a first switchgear (R1) connected to the safety circuit (4) and the reference potential. and a second opening/closing bag fit (R2) that can be operated by the first opening/closing device (R1). Protection circuit for electrical equipment with

2. The protection wire of the power distribution network is connected to the contact safety plug and the shielded wire as a safety circuit (4). electrically conductive linings that are guided into and/or inside electrical equipment. The attachment is formed by a part, a vapor deposited part, a printed part or an inlaid foil; and/or the electrically conductive chassis is combined with a safety circuit. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to item 1 of the scope of request.

3. The first switching device (R1) is connected to a reference potential.

Claim 1 characterized in that the second opening/closing device (R2) is controlled to open/close. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to item 1.

4. The second switchgear (R2) is an electric motor when activated by the first switchgear. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the power supply to the device (6) is interrupted. Protection circuit for electrical equipment.

5. Current-limiting and/or voltage-responsive components within the safety circuit (4) and/or includes components responsive to electrical current. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to item 1.

6. A test keyboard is installed between the safety circuit and the power grid line to check the functionality of one circuit. Protection for electrical equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: circuit.

7. The first switchgear (R1) is any component that responds to current or voltage. , and strain, heating, and expansion.

Claim No. 1 characterized in that the contraction, the emission of light, or the magnetic field is made variable. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of Items 1 to 6.

8. Changes caused by the second switching device (R2) due to the first switching device (R1) A function that can record the electrical equipment (6) and disconnect it from the household power grid. Any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it is a part of the invention. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to item 1.

9. The second switchgear (R2) is used for fuses, FI protection switches, etc. (latch), while the first switchgear (R1) generates a magnetic field. A patent characterized in that the coil is a coil that controls a second switching device (R2). A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. The first terminal of the first switchgear (R1) is connected to the supply of current from the home power supply device. It is connected to the receiving pole.

The second terminal of the first switchgear (R1) is connected to the inside of the electrical equipment (6) or to the load device. Claim 1, characterized in that the invention is connected or wired to the chassis of The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of Items 9 to 9.

11. Perform all measurements made possible in Figures 1, 2, and 3, and A patent characterized in that the measurement of acts on the second switching device (R2) with an OR function. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of claims 1 to 10. .

12. Perform individual measurements from Figures 1 to 22 using the AND function and/or OR function. related to the first switchgear (R1) and/or AND function and/or is related to the second switching device (R2) by the OR function. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of items 11 to 3.

13. Create a safety circuit (4) that connects the electrical equipment (6) and the protection circuit (2) and connect it to the power distribution network. guided as a shielding wire that covers the phase (10) and neutral wire (12) of the connecting cable and A safety circuit that ends or is formed inside the electrical equipment (6) (4) and a third switchgear (R3) having a first terminal and a second terminal; The first terminal of the third switchgear (R3) is connected to the reference potential, and the second terminal is connected to the reference potential. In the first non-operating state of the third switchgear (R3), it is connected to the safety circuit (4); The voltage supply of the electrical equipment (6) is ensured via the phase (10) and the neutral wire (12). , while in the second operating state of the third switchgear (R3), this third switchgear (R3) The station (R3) maintains its operating state by itself, while the voltage supply of the electrical equipment (6) is The supply shall be wired so that it is interrupted via the phase (10) and the neutral conductor (12). A protection circuit for electrical equipment characterized by:

14. The third switchgear (R3) finally disconnects the attached electrical equipment from the power supply. According to claim 13, the device is configured to be separated. protection circuits for electrical equipment.

15. The final disconnection of the electrical equipment (6) after unplugging the plug from the household power supply device. Third opening/closing bag so you can reset the release! (R3) is configured. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to claim 13 or 14.

16. The third switchgear (R3) has one switching contact (u3) and two breaks. characterized in that it is configured as a relay with contacts (631 and 532) For electrical equipment according to any one of patent claims 13 to 15 protection circuit.

17. The first terminal of the third switchgear (R3) is the neutral wire (12) of the power circuit and facing the second terminal in the second operating state of the third switchgear (R3) of the is connected to the phase (10) via the switching contact (R3) and one series resistor (22). Any of claims 13 to 16 characterized in that A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to item 1.

18. The first terminal of the fourth switchgear (R4) is connected to the neutral wire (12) of the power supply circuit. and the second terminal is connected to the switching device in the second operating state of the third switchgear (R3). It is characterized by receiving voltage supply through a contact (R3) and one transformer (26). The electrical device according to any one of claims 13 to 17 protection circuit.

19. Operating the third switchgear (R3) or the fourth switchgear (R4) The individual measurements from Figures 1 to 22 can be performed using the AND function and/or A patent claim characterized in that it is related to a switching element or circuit by an OR function. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of items 13 to 18.

20. Switching element (R3) and/or (R4) can be replaced with other switching element According to any one of claims 13 to 19, characterized in that Protection circuit for electrical equipment.

21゜ Opening/closing mechanism (R3, δ3 x, g 32 and R4,2; 41゜643, 8 42) can convert the pulses emitted from the switching elements (R3) and (R4). Claims 13 to 10 can be replaced with other switching elements. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of items 20 to 20.

22. Safety circuit (4) connecting protection circuit (2) and attached electrical equipment (6), and voltage machine a fifth switching device (R5) that allows the device (6) to be connected to the power supply circuit; A sixth switching device (R6) attached to the device (R5) and connected to the safety circuit (4) and the first and/or second core wires of the full circuit (4) are connected to the phase (10) and the middle wire. It is wired as a shielding wire that covers the power source 1 (1, 2) and ends inside the electrical equipment (6). or as individual conductors in the electrical equipment (6), as well as in the electrical equipment (6). An electric machine characterized by having a non-insulated range that is not in contact with the current-carrying parts of Dexterity protection circuit.

23. Sixth opening/closing device through one opening/closing mechanism! Energy that can be combined with (R6) Claim 17 protection circuits for electrical equipment.

24, one supply line and/or the sixth line connected to the power supply circuit of the electrical equipment (6) It has a limiting element (30, 31) arranged in the line to the switchgear (R6). The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to claim 17, characterized in that:

25. The switchgear (R6) is subject to strain, heating, expansion, contraction, light emission, magnetic field, electric current. It is characterized by the fact that it can be replaced with any part that can emit information in the form of a field. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to claim 17.

26. It is special that the information emitted by the switchgear (R6) can be amplified by any circuit. 18. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to claim 17.

27. The switchgear (R5) records the information emitted from the switchgear (R6), and (6) can be substituted with any part that disconnects the electrical equipment (6) from the household power grid. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to claim 17, characterized in that:

28. The switchgear (R5) is a mechanical component such as that used in the Fl protection switch. Yes, the switchgear (R6) uses a coil as a polarization trigger or as a substitute for a permanent magnet. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to claim 17, characterized in that:

29.Specifying that any load device is located within the electrical equipment and on the safety circuit. Electricity according to any one of claims 22 to 28 characterized as Protection circuit for equipment.

30. All measurements made possible from Figures 1 to 22 are performed using the AND function and /or be related to the switchgear (R5 and/or R6) with the OR function According to any one of claims 22 to 29, characterized in that Protection circuit for electrical equipment.

31. As a result of the test conducted through the home power supply equipment and electrical equipment (6), the home power distribution Switchgear (R6) only if it is detected that there is no malfunction in either the network or the electrical equipment. Claims 22 to 30, characterized in that the device emits information. A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of the above.

32. When a failure occurs in one component, the circuit is turned off or turned on. The patent claim is characterized in that all components are integrated into the circuit to prevent A protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of items 22 to 31. .

33. The safety circuit (4) attached to the phase (10) is attached to the neutral wire (12). Claim 2, characterized in that the invention is guided as a shielding line that covers a power distribution network line. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of sub-paragraphs to 32.

34. The safety circuit (4) attached to the neutral wire (12) is attached to the phase (10). Claim 2, characterized in that the invention is guided together with a shielding wire that covers a power distribution network line. The protection circuit for electrical equipment according to any one of Items 2 to 33.

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Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. A protection circuit for electrical equipment characterized by the following features: An insulated safety circuit (4) connecting the attached electrical equipment (6) and the protection circuit (2), and installed inside the electrical equipment (6). a safety circuit (4) having at least one non-insulated area not in contact with live parts of the equipment; - a first switchgear (R1) coupled to said safety circuit (4) and a certain reference potential; , - a second switchgear (R2) operable by said first switchgear (R1), between the phase (10) and the neutral conductor (12) of the power supply circuit of said equipment (6); Yes, the attached equipment (6) must be disconnected from the phase (10) and neutral conductors (12) in the operating state, in which case it shall be maintained in the operating state after being activated by the first switchgear (R1). A second switchgear (R1) is connected to the phase (10) and the neutral wire (12). 2. Disconnect the second switchgear (R2) from the phase (10) and/or neutral wire (12). The security according to claim 1, characterized in that it can be released and returned to the restored state. protection circuit. 3. Protection circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that the second switching device (R2) is configured to ultimately disconnect the attached equipment (6) from the power supply. 4. Any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the protection circuit can be housed in the case (24) of the plug (18) for voltage supply of the attached device (6). Protection circuit as described in . 5. The first and second switchgear (R1, R2) are configured as relays, and the first switchgear (R1) has one make contact (s1), and the second switchgear (R2) has one make contact (s1). Equipped with 2 make contacts (s2) and 2 break contacts (21, 22). The protection circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: 6. The protection circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the reference potential coincides with a grounding contact (20) of a power supply circuit of an attached device (6). . 7. The protection circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the reference potential is selected independently of the ground contact (20). 8. The protection circuit according to claim 7, characterized in that the phase (10) of the plug (18) is used as the reference potential. 9. 8. Protection circuit according to claim 7, characterized in that the neutral wire (11), the phase (10) and/or the ground contact (20) of the plug (18) are used as the reference potential. 10. Protection circuit for electrical equipment characterized by the following items - attached electrical equipment (6) and An insulated safety circuit (4) that connects the protection circuit (2) and the inside of the electrical equipment (6) a safety circuit (4) having at least one non-insulated area not in contact with live parts of the equipment, - a first terminal connected to a reference potential and a third switchgear ( In the first return state of R3) it is coupled to the safety circuit (4), during which the voltage supply of the device (6) is ensured via the phase (10) and the neutral conductor (12), while In the second operating state of the third switchgear (R3), this third switchgear (R3) maintains its operating state by itself, during which the voltage supply of the equipment (6) is switched off. (10) and the neutral wire (12). at least one third switchgear (R3) with a second terminal, which is wired to be interrupted by the second terminal; 11. The protection circuit according to claim 10, characterized in that the third switching device (R3) can be disconnected from the phase (10) and/or the neutral wire (12) and returned to the restored state. 12. 11. Protection circuit according to claim 10, characterized in that the third switching device (R3) is configured to ultimately disconnect the attached equipment (6) from the power supply. 13. Connect the protection circuit to the cable of the voltage supply plug (18) of the attached device (6). The protection circuit according to any one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that it can be housed in a cell (24). 14. The third switchgear (R3) is configured as a relay and has one switching connection. The protection circuit according to any one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that it comprises a point (u3) and two break contacts (31, 32). 15. A first terminal of said third switchgear (R3) is coupled to a neutral conductor (12) of the power supply circuit, and a second terminal of said third switchgear (R3) is coupled to a neutral conductor (12) of the power supply circuit; The terminal of Claims 10 to 14 is characterized in that the terminal is coupled to the phase (10) via the switching contact (U3) and one series resistor (22). The protection circuit described in any one of the paragraphs. 16. The first terminal of the fourth switchgear (R4) is coupled to the neutral conductor (12) of the power supply circuit, and in the second operating state of this fourth switchgear (R4) the second terminal If the terminal is The protection circuit according to any one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that it receives voltage supply via a switching contact (u4) and one transformer (26). 17. A protection circuit for electrical appliances characterized by the following features - An insulated safety circuit (4) connecting the protection circuit and the attached electrical equipment (6), with at least a safety circuit (4) with an uninsulated range (34, 35, 36) not in contact with live parts of the equipment; - a fifth switchgear connecting the electrical equipment (6) with the power supply circuit; (R5), - a sixth switchgear (R6) distributed to said fifth switchgear (R5) and connected to the safety circuit (4); 18. Protection circuit according to claim 17, characterized by an energy accumulator (c) which can be coupled to a fifth switching device (R5) via one switching mechanism. 19. one supply circuit and/or a fifth switchgear connected to the power supply circuit of the electrical equipment; Claims characterized by a series resistor (30, 31) arranged in the line to the position The protection circuit according to item 17 or 18. 20. at least one that detects the voltage and/or current present in the power supply circuit of the electrical equipment; A protection circuit for electrical equipment that also features one device. 21. The device comprises at least one phase (R, S, T) and a neutral (N) and/or is characterized in that it is configured to detect the voltage between it and the ground line (SL). The protection circuit according to claim 20. 22. Protection circuit according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the device is configured to detect a voltage between a neutral line (N) and a ground line (SL). . 23. Claims 20 to 22, characterized by one switching mechanism controllable by said device, which further transmits the voltage supplied from the power supply circuit directly or via at least one switching device. The protection circuit described in any one of the following. 24. further characterized by another device for sensing the transmitted voltage and/or current. The protection circuit according to any one of claims 20 to 23. 25. Said further device comprises a plurality of openings for sensing the voltage between at least one phase and the neutral conductor and/or the earthing conductor and/or the voltage between the neutral conductor and the earthing conductor. The switchgear shall be equipped with closing devices and shall be characterized in that these switching devices respond to a predetermined minimum voltage. 25. The protection circuit according to claim 24, wherein the protection circuit has the following characteristics. 26. 26. A protection circuit according to claim 20 or 25, characterized by a summation transformer that senses the current flowing through all the circuits. 27. A protection circuit according to claim 26, characterized in that the summation transformer comprises at least one of the following components: a switchgear, an overvoltage conductor, a rectifier, a capacitor, respectively. , a potentiometer for adjusting the response sensitivity of the device, and and/or an opening/closing mechanism for actuation of said opening/closing device. Here, when the sum of the detected currents is not equal to zero and/or is larger than a predetermined value, the switchgear interrupts the voltage supply to the electrical equipment. 28.A device for detecting current flowing through one or more circuits, consisting of a few of the following components: A protective circuit according to any one of claims 20 to 27, characterized in that it comprises at least one coil distributed to each line, a switching device. , the switching mechanism for the operation of this switchgear, overvoltage conductive paths, rectifiers, and capacitors. a potentiometer for adjusting the response sensitivity of the switchgear, and/or a conductive resistor. Here, when an overcurrent in one of the circuits reaches a predetermined value, the switching device interrupts the voltage supply to the electrical equipment. 29. 21. Protection circuit according to claim 20, characterized in that the device comprises an insulation monitoring circuit of at least one phase. 30. The voltage supply of the electrical equipment shall be interrupted when there is a short circuit between one of the phases and the neutral conductor and/or earth conductor due to faulty insulation of the circuit, and/or when at least one phase of the supply circuit fails. Claim 20, characterized by one interrupting switching device Built-in protection circuit. 31. characterized in that a zero potential is created by a load of the same type distributed to each phase, which is applied to one side of the switchgear, and the other side is connected to a neutral wire and/or a ground wire, A protection circuit according to claim 29 or 30. 32. In the event of a fault, the voltage supply to the electrical equipment may not be switched on or may not be switched on directly. said switchgear so as to interrupt this via at least one switchgear. Claims 20 to 20, characterized in that the first opening/closing mechanism can be controlled by the to the protection circuit according to any one of paragraphs 31 to 32. 33. 33. The protection circuit according to claim 32, wherein the first opening/closing mechanism is operable by a second opening/closing mechanism. 34. 34. The protection circuit according to claim 33, wherein the second opening/closing mechanism turns off power to the first opening/closing mechanism in its operating state. 35. The second opening/closing mechanism is lockable in its operating state. The protection circuit according to claim 34. 36. 36. Protection circuit according to any one of claims 20 to 35, characterized by an audible and/or visual display device which can be coupled to the switching device for fault indication. 37. 24. The protection circuit according to claim 23, characterized in that a power supply voltage or a further transmitted voltage is supplied to the electrical device via a safety device. 38. Protection circuit according to claim 37, characterized in that the safety device comprises at least one of the following elements: - a current flowing through at least one phase, the neutral conductor and/or the earth conductor; detect less and/or at least one phase, neutral conductor and/or earth conductor and/or safety conductor. summation transformers, including all circuits, - devices for sensing voltages between phases and neutral conductors, between phases and earthing conductors, and/or between neutral conductors and earthing conductors; - faulty insulation of circuits; / or a device for detecting voltage failures of one or several phases; Closing device. 39. A protection circuit according to claim 37, characterized in that: - the neutral wire and the ground wire of the electrical equipment are connected to the neutral wire of the supply network; - the safety device is , a switch installed in the circuit that connects the ground wire of the equipment and the neutral wire of the supply network This switching mechanism interrupts the voltage supply to the electrical equipment directly or via at least one switching device in the event of a fault current flowing through the grounding wire. 40. Protection circuit according to claim 37, characterized in that the safety device comprises at least one of the following elements - at least one phase and/or neutral wire and/or ground wire and / or a summation transformer comprising a safety circuit; - at least one device for sensing voltage between a phase and a grounding conductor and/or between a phase and a neutral conductor and/or between phases; - in an earthing circuit; a first switching mechanism for overvoltage detection, distributed, - a second switching mechanism for connecting said electrical equipment to a power supply circuit, controllable by said summation transformer and/or said device and/or said first switching mechanism; - a third switching mechanism controlling said second switching mechanism so as to disconnect said electrical appliance from the voltage supply in case of a failure. 41. the safety device comprises: - a temperature-dependent resistor in the ground circuit; and - at least one resistor distributed to said resistor, which is capable of interrupting the voltage supply of the electrical equipment directly or via at least one switchgear; Equipped with an opening and closing mechanism. The protection circuit according to claim 37, characterized in that: 42. said safety device is coupled to at least one phase and neutral conductor, and an isolating device is provided between the voltage supply and the safety device to electrically isolate the safety device from the supply network; An artificial neutral point is formed by the load distributed in the supply circuit, to which the first terminal of one switchgear is connected, and the second terminal is connected to the electrical equipment. If a fault voltage occurs in electrical equipment, this switchgear will be able to switch off the electrical equipment. 38. Protection circuit according to claim 37, characterized in that the pressure supply is interrupted. 43. A protection circuit for electrical equipment with a summing transformer, characterized in that: - at least one device for applying a certain current to the summing transformer; - directly or at least A switching mechanism controllable by a magnetic field formed in said summation transformer for coupling to a voltage supply via one switching device. 44. Claim 43, characterized in that the switching mechanism is brought into a position such that due to undervoltage and/or overvoltage, the voltage supply of the electrical equipment is interrupted directly or via at least one switching device. Protection circuit described in section. 45. the voltage between at least one phase and the neutral conductor and/or the earthing conductor, and/or the voltage between the neutral conductor and the earthing conductor, and/or the voltage of the circuit connecting the summation transformer and the electrical equipment; 45. Protective circuit according to claim 43, characterized in that it is a device for detecting pressure, which device is distributed in the switching mechanism and/or at least one switching element. 46. A simple connection between at least one phase and neutral wire of the power supply circuit and said summation transformer. Claims 43 or 44, characterized in that there are at least one safety circuit connecting the summation transformer and the electrical equipment in addition to the phase and neutral conductors. The same protection as described in section. 47. The safety circuit and/or grounding wire is connected to the equipment inside the electrical equipment. 47. Protection circuit according to claim 46, characterized in that it has at least one non-insulated area in the vicinity of the electrical part. 48. The voltage supply shall be terminated if activation of the electrical equipment is not possible in the case of undervoltage or overvoltage and/or when a conductive bond is formed between the safety circuit and the current-carrying parts inside the equipment in the event of a fault. The safety circuit is connected to the opening/closing mechanism and/or the 48. The protection circuit according to claim 47, characterized in that the protection circuit is distributed to at least one switching element. 49. A small amount distributed to the circuits entering and/or exiting the summation transformer. 49. Protection circuit according to any one of claims 43 to 48, characterized by at least one insulation monitoring device. 50. A summation transformer, characterized in that the summation transformer has at least two windings, which are distributed in each line of the safety circuit connecting the summation transformer and the electrical equipment. Safety circuit for electrical equipment with sum transformer. 51. 51. A protective circuit according to claim 50, characterized in that the windings are distributed in each wire of the safety circuit in such a way that the current flowing through that wire produces an integrated magnetic field. 52. The action of moisture may damage the connection between the power supply circuit and the electrical equipment directly or at least A protection circuit for electrical equipment, characterized by a switching mechanism that is also interrupted via a single switching device. 53. The opening/closing mechanism has an initial tension that is offset by a moisture-sensitive tensioning element, and when the tension in this tensioning element decreases due to the action of moisture, the opening/closing mechanism is actuated and the electric machine is activated. 53. The protection circuit according to claim 52, characterized in that the voltage supply to the device is interrupted. 54. A protection circuit for electrical equipment that is characterized by a combination of a device that detects failures within connected electrical equipment and a device that detects failures within the power supply circuit of the electrical equipment. 55. A plug for electrical equipment, characterized by the protection circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 54, housed in a case of the plug. 56. Any of claims 1 to 54 contained in a concept case. An electrical outlet for electrical equipment, characterized by the protection circuit described in item 1. 57. A case for electrical equipment, characterized by the protection circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 54 housed in the case. 58. The switchgear is provided with a protection circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 54, and this is located at the generator or in an optional circuit network between the generator and the load. A switchgear characterized by being installed at a location or at a certain load location. Place.