JP7499419B2 - 電気化学セル、電気化学セルを使用した発電方法、及び電気化学セルを使用した水素ガスの製造方法 - Google Patents
電気化学セル、電気化学セルを使用した発電方法、及び電気化学セルを使用した水素ガスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7499419B2 JP7499419B2 JP2023541185A JP2023541185A JP7499419B2 JP 7499419 B2 JP7499419 B2 JP 7499419B2 JP 2023541185 A JP2023541185 A JP 2023541185A JP 2023541185 A JP2023541185 A JP 2023541185A JP 7499419 B2 JP7499419 B2 JP 7499419B2
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- anode
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C25B1/01—Products
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- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
- C25B1/042—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water by electrolysis of steam
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- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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Description
以下に、本発明の電気化学セルの実施形態について説明する。第1実施形態では、本発明の電気化学セルを燃料電池に適用した例について説明する。図1に示すように、燃料電池1は、互いに積層された複数の発電セル2を有する燃料電池スタック3を有する。図1及び図2に示すように、各発電セル2は、プロトン伝導体5と、プロトン伝導体5の一側に設けられたアノード6と、プロトン伝導体5の他側に設けられたカソード7と、プロトン伝導体5のアノード6側に設けられ、アノード室8を形成する第1セパレータ9と、プロトン伝導体5のカソード7側に設けられ、カソード室11を形成する第2セパレータ12とを有する。
第1実施形態に係る燃料電池において、燃料はメチルシクロヘキサンに代えて、アンモニア、ギ酸、メタノール、ジメチルエーテルから構成される群から選択される少なくとも1つを含んでも良い。アンモニアを燃料として使用する場合、第1実施形態に係る燃料電池において、脱水素触媒を公知のアンモニア分解触媒に置換すると良い。アンモニア分解触媒は、アンモニアから水素と窒素とを生成する分解反応を促進する触媒であり、例えばルテニウム系触媒、コバルト系触媒又はニッケル系触媒であると良い。ギ酸を燃料として使用する場合、第1実施形態に係る燃料電池において、脱水素触媒を公知のギ酸改質触媒に置換すると良い。ギ酸改質触媒は、ギ酸から水素と二酸化炭素とを生成する改質反応を促進する触媒であり、例えばイリジウム錯体触媒であると良い。メタノールを燃料として使用する場合、第1実施形態に係る燃料電池において、脱水素触媒を公知のメタノール改質触媒に置換すると良い。メタノール改質触媒は、メタノールと水から水素と二酸化炭素とを生成する改質反応を促進する触媒であり、例えばイリジウム錯体触媒であると良い。ジメチルエーテルを燃料として使用する場合、第1実施形態に係る燃料電池において、脱水素触媒を公知のジメチルエーテル改質触媒に置換すると良い。アンモニア、ギ酸、メタノール、又はジメチルエーテルから水素を生成する反応は、いずれも吸熱反応であるため、カソード反応によって発生する熱を利用して反応を促進することができる。
第1実施形態に係る燃料電池の各発電セル2は、図4に示すように、電解槽50としても使用することができる。この場合、プロトン伝導体5はイオン交換膜として機能し、第1セパレータ9及び第2セパレータ12は容器52として機能する。アノード55は直流電源53の正極に接続され、カソード56は直流電源53の負極に接続されている。これにより、アノード55及びカソード56間に直流電圧が印加される。アノード55及びカソード56は容器54と電気的に絶縁されている。アノード室58及びカソード室59はプロトン伝導体5によって互いに区画されている。アノード室58には酸化されるべき第1物質が供給され、カソード室59には還元されるべき第2物質が供給されるとよい。
Li源として炭酸リチウム、Zn源として酸化亜鉛、Ge源として酸化ゲルマニウムを用いた。炭酸リチウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ゲルマニウムを重量比で25:4:21の比率で加え、密閉容器内でエタノールとジルコニアボールと共に24時間微細化混合したスラリーを130℃で乾燥させて得られた粉末を、プレス機でペレットに成型した。このペレットをアルミナるつぼ内で空気中1150℃、5時間焼成した後に、マグネット乳鉢で2時間粉砕し、ふたたびペレットに成形してアルミナるつぼ内で空気中1150℃、5時間焼成した。焼成後のペレットを再びマグネット乳鉢で2時間粉砕してイオン交換前のLi14Zn(GeO4)4粉末を得た。
イオン交換前のLi14Zn(GeO4)4粉末の試料2.5gを、非水系溶媒として脱水剤で水分を除去したトルエンを用い、ここにプロトン源として安息香酸を5mMの濃度となるように溶解させた非水系有機溶液100ml中で、24時間攪拌してイオン交換を実施した。イオン交換後にろ過して粉末を回収して、トルエンで洗浄後に、130℃で一晩真空乾燥することによって、実施例1のイオン交換粉末を得た。実施例1のプロトン伝導体の可動リチウムイオンのプロトンへのイオン交換率は52%であった。
イオン交換前のLi14Zn(GeO4)4粉末を重量の40倍の5mM酢酸水溶液中、室温下で24時間攪拌してイオン交換を行い、ろ過洗浄後に130℃の真空乾燥機で乾燥を行って比較例1のイオン交換体を得た。比較例1のプロトン伝導体の可動リチウムイオンのプロトンへのイオン交換率は100%であった。
実施例1及び比較例1のイオン交換体の導電率を測定した。測定は、電気化学評価装置(Solartron analytical社製、ModuLab)を使用して、10%加湿窒素雰囲気下で、直流四端子法及び交流二端子法で行った。測定結果を以下の表1に示す。
非水系溶媒としてジメチルスルホキシドを用いプロトン源としてm-ニトロフェノール、酢酸、安息香酸、p-トルエンスルホン酸、シュウ酸,メタンスルホン酸を用いて、5~100mMの範囲で濃度を変えて、実施例1と同様の方法でイオン交換操作を行った。その後、イオン交換操作を行ったLi14Zn(GeO4)4粉末の熱重量分析によって、イオン交換量を確認した。結果、各プロトン源に対して、イオン交換率は45~65%であった。
2 :発電セル(電気化学セル)
3 :燃料電池スタック
5 :プロトン伝導体
6 :アノード
6A :アノード触媒層
6B :アノードガス拡散層
7 :カソード
7A :カソード触媒層
7B :カソードガス拡散層
8 :アノード室
9 :第1セパレータ
11 :カソード室
12 :第2セパレータ
25 :負極
26 :正極
41 :温度調節装置
50 :電解槽(電気化学セル)
52 :容器
53 :直流電源
54 :容器
55 :アノード
56 :カソード
57 :アノード
58 :アノード室
59 :カソード室
Claims (22)
- 電気化学セルであって、
xが0以上の数であるLi14-2xZn1+x(GeO4)4のリチウムイオンの一部がプロトンに置換された(Li,H)14-2xZn1+x(GeO4)4であり、300℃において0.01S/cm以上の導電率を有するプロトン伝導体と、
前記プロトン伝導体の一側に設けられたアノードと、
前記プロトン伝導体の他側に設けられたカソードと、
前記プロトン伝導体の前記アノード側に設けられ、アノード室を形成する第1セパレータと、
前記プロトン伝導体の前記カソード側に設けられ、カソード室を形成する第2セパレータとを有する電気化学セル。 - 前記プロトン伝導体の温度を200℃以上600℃以下に維持する温度調節手段を有する請求項1に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記xは、0である請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- Li14-2xZn1+x(GeO4)4に含まれる可動リチウムイオンの40%以上70%以下がプロトンに置換されている請求項1~3のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気化学セル。
- Li14-2xZn1+x(GeO4)4に含まれる可動リチウムイオンの50%以上60%以下がプロトンに置換されている請求項1~3のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記プロトン伝導体、前記アノード、前記カソード、前記第1セパレータ、及び前記第2セパレータによって形成されるセルを複数有し、
前記セルの1つの前記第1セパレータは、前記セルの他の1つの前記第2セパレータと熱交換可能に接触している請求項1~5のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記アノード室に水素が供給され、
前記カソード室に空気が供給され、
前記アノード及び前記カソード間に起電力が生じ、当該電気化学セルが水素-酸素燃料電池として機能する請求項1~6のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記アノード室に水素を含む水素含有化合物が供給され、
前記カソード室に空気が供給され、
前記アノード室に前記水素含有化合物から水素ガスを発生させる触媒を含む触媒層が設けられ、
前記アノード及び前記カソード間に起電力が生じ、当該電気化学セルが水素-酸素燃料電池として機能する請求項1~6のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記水素含有化合物が、1~3環の芳香族を水素化した有機ハイドライド化合物である請求項8に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記水素含有化合物が、メチルシクロヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、トリメチルシクロヘキサン、デカリン、ベンジルトルエン、及びジベンゾトリオールから構成される群から選択される少なくとも1つを含む請求項8に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記水素含有化合物が、アンモニア、ギ酸、メタノール、ジメチルエーテルから構成される群から選択される少なくとも1つを含む請求項8に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記触媒が、アルミナ担体と、前記アルミナ担体に担持された白金とを含む脱水素触媒であり、
前記白金の平均粒子径が2nm以下である請求項8~11のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気化学セル。 - 前記アノード室に水蒸気が供給され、
前記アノード及び前記カソード間に直流電源が接続され、
前記カソードで水素が生成するように、当該電気化学セルが電解槽として機能する請求項1~6のいずれか1つの項に記載の電気化学セル。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1つに記載された電気化学セルを用いた発電方法であって、
前記アノード室に水素を供給し、
前記カソード室に空気を供給し、
前記プロトン伝導体の温度を200℃以上600℃以下に維持する発電方法。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1つに記載された電気化学セルを用いた発電方法であって、
前記アノード室に水素含有化合物から水素ガスを発生させる触媒層が設けられ、
前記アノード室に前記水素含有化合物を供給し、
前記カソード室に空気を供給し、
前記プロトン伝導体の温度を200℃以上600℃以下に維持する発電方法。 - 前記水素含有化合物が、1~3環の芳香族を水素化した有機ハイドライド化合物である請求項15に記載の発電方法。
- 前記水素含有化合物が、メチルシクロヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、トリメチルシクロヘキサン、デカリン、ベンジルトルエン、及びジベンゾトリオールから構成される群から選択される少なくとも1つを含む請求項15に記載の発電方法。
- 前記水素含有化合物が、アンモニア、ギ酸、メタノール、ジメチルエーテルから構成される群から選択される少なくとも1つを含む請求項15に記載の発電方法。
- 前記触媒層が、アルミナ担体と、前記アルミナ担体に担持された白金とを含む脱水素触媒を有し、
前記白金の平均粒子径が2nm以下である請求項15~18のいずれか1つの項に記載の発電方法。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1つに記載された電気化学セルを用いた電気分解による水素ガスの製造方法であって、
前記アノード室に水蒸気を供給し、
前記プロトン伝導体の温度を200℃以上600℃以下に維持し、
前記アノード及び前記カソード間に直流電圧を印加し、前記カソードにおいて水素ガスを生成させる水素ガスの製造方法。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1つに記載された電気化学セルを用いた電気分解による水素ガスの製造方法であって、
前記アノード室に触媒を設け、
前記アノード室にメチルシクロヘキサン、ギ酸、メタノール、ジメチルエーテルを含む群から選択される少なくとも1つの炭化水素、又はアンモニアを供給し、
前記プロトン伝導体の温度を200℃以上600℃以下に維持し、
前記アノード及び前記カソード間に直流電圧を印加し、
前記アノード室において前記触媒によって前記炭化水素又は前記アンモニアから発生したプロトンを、前記プロトン伝導体を介して前記カソードに移動させ、前記カソードにおいて水素ガスを生成させる水素ガスの製造方法。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1つに記載された電気化学セルを用いた電気分解による水素ガスの製造方法であって、電気分解を加圧条件下で行う水素ガスの製造方法。
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