JP7477333B2 - Method for producing emulsion using emulsifier containing dry solid of mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber and water-soluble polymer - Google Patents
Method for producing emulsion using emulsifier containing dry solid of mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber and water-soluble polymer Download PDFInfo
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- JP7477333B2 JP7477333B2 JP2020053742A JP2020053742A JP7477333B2 JP 7477333 B2 JP7477333 B2 JP 7477333B2 JP 2020053742 A JP2020053742 A JP 2020053742A JP 2020053742 A JP2020053742 A JP 2020053742A JP 7477333 B2 JP7477333 B2 JP 7477333B2
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- oil
- cellulose
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- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940001941 soy protein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940032094 squalane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008256 whipped cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Description
本発明は、カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーと水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物を含む乳化剤を用いた乳化物の製造方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for producing an emulsion using an emulsifier containing a dry solid of a mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers and a water-soluble polymer.
カルボキシメチル化セルロースは、セルロースのグルコース残基中の水酸基の一部に、カルボキシメチル基をエーテル結合させたものである。カルボキシメチル化したセルロースは、化粧品、医薬品、食品、各種工業製品等において、増粘剤、粘結剤、バインダー、吸水材、保水材、乳化安定剤などの各種添加剤として使用されている。カルボキシメチル化したセルロースは、天然セルロース由来であることから緩やかな生分解性を有するとともに焼却廃棄が可能である環境にやさしい素材であり、用途は今後拡大すると予測される。 Carboxymethylated cellulose is a material in which carboxymethyl groups are ether-bonded to some of the hydroxyl groups in the glucose residues of cellulose. Carboxymethylated cellulose is used as a variety of additives, such as a thickener, binder, water absorbent, water retention material, and emulsion stabilizer, in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and various industrial products. Carboxymethylated cellulose is derived from natural cellulose, so it is an environmentally friendly material that is slowly biodegradable and can be incinerated for disposal, and its uses are expected to expand in the future.
カルボキシメチル化セルロースにおいて、カルボキシメチル基の量が増えると(すなわち、カルボキシメチル置換度が増加すると)、カルボキシメチル化セルロースは水に溶解するようになる。一方、カルボキシメチル置換度を適度な範囲に調整することにより、水中でもカルボキシメチル化セルロースの繊維状の形状を維持させることができるようになる。繊維状の形状を有するカルボキシメチル化したセルロースは、機械的に解繊することにより、ナノスケールの繊維径を有するナノファイバーへと変換することができる(特許文献1)。 In carboxymethyl cellulose, as the amount of carboxymethyl groups increases (i.e., as the degree of carboxymethyl substitution increases), the carboxymethyl cellulose becomes soluble in water. On the other hand, by adjusting the degree of carboxymethyl substitution to an appropriate range, it becomes possible to maintain the fibrous shape of carboxymethyl cellulose even in water. Carboxymethyl cellulose having a fibrous shape can be converted into nanofibers having nanoscale fiber diameters by mechanically defibrating it (Patent Document 1).
一般に、カルボキシメチル化のようなアニオン変性を行ったセルロースナノファイバーを乾燥した場合、微細なセルロース繊維の表面同士が水素結合によって強固に結合してしまい、再分散させることが困難となることが知られている。これに対し、アニオン変性セルロースナノファイバーに対し特定量の水溶性高分子を混合してから乾燥させることにより、再分散性が良好なアニオン変性セルロースナノファイバーを含む乾燥固形物を製造することができることが報告されている(特許文献2)。 It is generally known that when cellulose nanofibers that have been anionically modified, such as by carboxymethylation, are dried, the surfaces of the fine cellulose fibers are strongly bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds, making it difficult to redisperse them. In response to this, it has been reported that a dry solid containing anionically modified cellulose nanofibers with good redispersibility can be produced by mixing a specific amount of water-soluble polymer with anionically modified cellulose nanofibers and then drying them (Patent Document 2).
カルボキシメチル化セルロースは、その増粘性、吸水性、保水性等の性質から、飲食品、化粧品、水系塗料など、様々な分野において添加剤として使用されている。また、カルボキシメチル化セルロースをナノファイバー化したカルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーと水溶性高分子とを含む再分散性が良好な乾燥固形物についても、様々な分野の添加剤として使用されることが期待されている。本発明は、カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーと水溶性高分子とを含む乾燥固形物の新しい用途の提供を目的とする。 Due to its properties of thickening, water absorption, and water retention, carboxymethyl cellulose is used as an additive in various fields, such as food and beverages, cosmetics, and water-based paints. In addition, dry solids with good redispersibility that contain carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers, which are made by nanofiberizing carboxymethyl cellulose, and a water-soluble polymer are also expected to be used as additives in various fields. The present invention aims to provide new uses for dry solids that contain carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers and a water-soluble polymer.
本発明者らが鋭意検討した結果、カルボキシメチル化セルロースのナノファイバーと水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物は、家庭用ミキサー程度の撹拌力(回転数1000~8000rpm)で撹拌することで、水系媒体と油系媒体との乳化を促進し、安定な(すなわち、水系媒体と油系媒体とが分離しにくい)乳化物を形成できることを見出した。特に、上記乾燥固形物を水系媒体と油系媒体との混合物にそのまま添加するのではなく、まず油系媒体又は水系媒体のいずれかに添加してなじませておき、続いて、もう一方の媒体と混合することにより、乳化安定性がより向上することを見出した。 As a result of intensive research, the inventors have found that the dry solid mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers and a water-soluble polymer can be stirred with a stirring force (1000 to 8000 rpm) equivalent to that of a household mixer to promote emulsification of the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium, forming a stable emulsion (i.e., the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium are less likely to separate). In particular, they have found that emulsion stability can be further improved by first adding the dry solid to either the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium and allowing it to blend, rather than adding it directly to a mixture of the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium.
本発明としては、以下に限定されないが、次のものが挙げられる。
[1]カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーと水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物を含む乳化剤を油系媒体又は水系媒体に添加して、前記乳化剤と油系媒体又は水系媒体との混合物を準備する工程1、及び
前記工程1において乳化剤を油系媒体に添加した場合には、工程1で得た混合物を水系媒体と混合し、一方、前記工程1において乳化剤と水系媒体とを混合した場合には、工程1で得た混合物を油系媒体と混合し、撹拌して水系媒体及び油系媒体が乳化した乳化物を調製する工程2、
を含む乳化物の製造方法。
[2]前記工程1において、前記乳化剤を油系媒体に添加して前記乳化剤と油系媒体との混合物を準備し、前記工程2において、前記工程1で得た混合物を水系媒体と混合し、撹拌して水系媒体及び油系媒体が乳化した乳化物を調製する、[1]に記載の乳化物の製造方法。
[3]前記乳化剤が、カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーを100質量部とした際の水溶性高分子の量が5~300質量部である、[1]または[2]に記載の乳化物の製造方法。
[4]カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーのグルコース単位当たりのカルボキシメチル置換度が0.01~0.50である、[1]~[3]のいずれか一項に記載の乳化物の製造方法。
[5]前記水溶性高分子が、カルボキシメチルセルロースまたはその塩である、[1]~[4]のいずれか1項に記載の乳化物の製造方法。
[6]前記乳化物を調製する工程2において、撹拌を回転数1000~8000rpmで行うことを含む、[1]~[5]のいずれか1項に記載の乳化物の製造方法。
[7]前記工程2で得られる乳化物におけるカルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーと水溶性高分子の量の合計が0.05~1.00質量%となるように、前記工程1において前記乳化剤を添加することを含む、[1]~[6]のいずれか1項に記載の乳化物の製造方法。
The present invention includes, but is not limited to, the following:
[1] Step 1 of adding an emulsifier containing a dry solid of a mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers and a water-soluble polymer to an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium to prepare a mixture of the emulsifier and an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium; and Step 2 of mixing the mixture obtained in step 1 with an aqueous medium when the emulsifier is added to the oil-based medium in step 1, and mixing the mixture obtained in step 1 with an oil-based medium and stirring the mixture when the emulsifier is mixed with an aqueous medium in step 1, to prepare an emulsion in which the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium are emulsified;
A method for producing an emulsion comprising the steps of:
[2] The method for producing an emulsion according to [1], wherein in step 1, the emulsifier is added to an oil-based medium to prepare a mixture of the emulsifier and the oil-based medium, and in step 2, the mixture obtained in step 1 is mixed with an aqueous medium and stirred to prepare an emulsion in which the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium are emulsified.
[3] The method for producing an emulsion according to [1] or [2], wherein the emulsifier contains a water-soluble polymer in an amount of 5 to 300 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber.
[4] The method for producing an emulsion according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the degree of carboxymethyl substitution per glucose unit of the carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber is 0.01 to 0.50.
[5] The method for producing an emulsion according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the water-soluble polymer is carboxymethyl cellulose or a salt thereof.
[6] The method for producing an emulsion according to any one of [1] to [5], further comprising stirring at a rotation speed of 1000 to 8000 rpm in the step 2 of preparing the emulsion.
[7] The method for producing an emulsion according to any one of [1] to [6], further comprising adding the emulsifier in step 1 so that the total amount of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber and water-soluble polymer in the emulsion obtained in step 2 is 0.05 to 1.00 mass%.
本発明の方法により、安定な乳化物を製造することができる。本発明の方法は、乳化物の製造を必要とする様々な分野、例えば、これらに限定されないが、食品、化粧品、塗料などの分野において使用するのに適しているといえる。 The method of the present invention makes it possible to produce a stable emulsion. The method of the present invention is suitable for use in various fields requiring the production of emulsions, including, but not limited to, food, cosmetics, paints, and other fields.
本発明の乳化物の製造方法では、まず、カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーと水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物を含む乳化剤を、油系媒体又は水系媒体のいずれかに添加して、前記乳化剤と油系媒体又は水系媒体との混合物を準備する(工程1)。次いで、前記工程1で得られた混合物を、もう一方の媒体(油系媒体又は水系媒体のうちまだ混合していないもの)と混合し、撹拌して、水系媒体と油系媒体とが乳化した乳化物を調製する(工程2)。 In the method for producing an emulsion of the present invention, first, an emulsifier containing a dry solid of a mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers and a water-soluble polymer is added to either an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium to prepare a mixture of the emulsifier and an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium (step 1). Next, the mixture obtained in step 1 is mixed with the other medium (the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium that has not yet been mixed) and stirred to prepare an emulsion in which the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium are emulsified (step 2).
<カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバー>
本発明の方法に用いられる乳化剤は、カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバー(以下、「カルボキシメチル化」を「CM化」、セルロースナノファイバーを「CNF」と略すことがある。)と水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物を含む。CM化CNFは、カルボキシメチル化したセルロースを、ナノメートルレベルの繊維径まで微細化することにより得られるものであり、通常は、繊維径が約3~数百nm程度、例えば、4~500nm程度の微細繊維である。CM化CNFのアスペクト比は、限定されないが、例えば、100以上である。CM化CNFの平均繊維径および平均繊維長は、原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)または透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)を用いて、ランダムに選んだ200本の繊維を観察した結果から得られる繊維径および繊維長の平均値を算出することによって得ることができる。また、平均繊維長を平均繊維径で除すことによりアスペクト比を算出することができる。CM化CNFは、CM化セルロースに機械的な力を加えて微細化(解繊)することによって得ることができる。
<Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber>
The emulsifier used in the method of the present invention includes a dry solid of a mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (hereinafter, "carboxymethylated" may be abbreviated to "CM" and cellulose nanofibers to "CNF") and a water-soluble polymer. CM-CNF is obtained by finely pulverizing carboxymethylated cellulose to a fiber diameter on the nanometer level, and is usually a fine fiber having a fiber diameter of about 3 to several hundreds of nm, for example, about 4 to 500 nm. The aspect ratio of CM-CNF is not limited, but is, for example, 100 or more. The average fiber diameter and average fiber length of CM-CNF can be obtained by calculating the average fiber diameter and fiber length obtained from the results of observing 200 randomly selected fibers using an atomic force microscope (AFM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The aspect ratio can also be calculated by dividing the average fiber length by the average fiber diameter. CM-CNF can be obtained by applying a mechanical force to CM-cellulose to finely pulverize (defibrate).
CM化セルロースは、セルロースを構成するグルコース残基中の水酸基の一部がカルボキシメチル基とエーテル結合した構造を有するものである。CM化セルロースは、塩の形態をとる場合もあり、本明細書でCM化セルロースという場合には、CM化セルロースの塩も含まれるものとする。CM化セルロースの塩としては、例えばCM化セルロースのナトリウム塩などの金属塩等が挙げられる。 Cementized cellulose has a structure in which some of the hydroxyl groups in the glucose residues that make up the cellulose are ether-bonded to carboxymethyl groups. Cementized cellulose may take the form of a salt, and when the term "cementized cellulose" is used in this specification, it is also intended to include salts of cemented cellulose. Examples of salts of cemented cellulose include metal salts such as sodium salt of cemented cellulose.
<セルロース原料>
CM化CNFの原料となるCM化セルロースを製造するためのセルロース原料としては、例えば、植物性材料(例えば、木材、竹、麻、ジュート、ケナフ、農地残廃物、布、パルプ(針葉樹未漂白クラフトパルプ(NUKP)、針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(NBKP)、広葉樹未漂白クラフトパルプ(LUKP)、広葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(LBKP)、針葉樹未漂白サルファイトパルプ(NUSP)、針葉樹漂白サルファイトパルプ(NBSP)サーモメカニカルパルプ(TMP)、再生パルプ、古紙等)、動物性材料(例えばホヤ類)、藻類、微生物(例えば酢酸菌(アセトバクター))、微生物産生物等を起源とするものを挙げることができ、それらのいずれも使用できる。好ましくは植物又は微生物由来のセルロース繊維であり、より好ましくは植物由来のセルロース繊維である。
<Cellulose raw material>
Examples of cellulose raw materials for producing carboxylated cellulose, which is the raw material for carboxylated CNF, include those originating from plant materials (e.g., wood, bamboo, hemp, jute, kenaf, agricultural waste, cloth, pulp (softwood unbleached kraft pulp (NUKP), softwood bleached kraft pulp (NBKP), hardwood unbleached kraft pulp (LUKP), hardwood bleached kraft pulp (LBKP), softwood unbleached sulfite pulp (NUSP), softwood bleached sulfite pulp (NBSP), thermomechanical pulp (TMP), recycled pulp, waste paper, etc.), animal materials (e.g., ascidians), algae, microorganisms (e.g., acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter)), microbial products, etc., and any of these can be used. Cellulose fibers derived from plants or microorganisms are preferred, and cellulose fibers derived from plants are more preferred.
<セルロース原料のCM化>
CM化CNFの原料となるCM化セルロースは、上記のセルロース原料を公知の方法でカルボキシメチル化することにより得てもよいし、市販品を用いてもよい。いずれの場合も、セルロースの無水グルコース単位当たりのカルボキシメチル置換度が0.01~0.50となるものが好ましい。そのようなCM化セルロースを製造する方法の一例として次のような方法を挙げることができる。
<Commercialization of cellulose raw materials>
The carboxylated cellulose that is the raw material for carboxylated CNF may be obtained by carboxymethylating the above-mentioned cellulose raw material by a known method, or a commercially available product may be used. In either case, it is preferable that the degree of carboxymethyl substitution per anhydrous glucose unit of the cellulose is 0.01 to 0.50. The following method can be mentioned as an example of a method for producing such carboxylated cellulose.
セルロース原料と、溶媒として3~20質量倍の水及び/又は低級アルコール、具体的には水、メタノール、エタノール、n-プロピルアルコール、イソプロピルアルコール、n-ブタノール、イソブタノール、第3級ブタノール等の単独、又は2種以上の混合媒体とを使用する。マーセル化剤としては、セルロース原料の無水グルコース残基当たり0.5~20倍モルの水酸化アルカリ金属、具体的には水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウムを使用する。セルロース原料と溶媒、マーセル化剤を混合し、反応温度0~70℃、好ましくは10~60℃、かつ反応時間15分~8時間、好ましくは30分~7時間、マーセル化処理を行う。その後、カルボキシメチル化剤をグルコース残基当たり0.05~10.0倍モル添加し、反応温度30~90℃、好ましくは40~80℃、かつ反応時間30分~10時間、好ましくは1時間~4時間、エーテル化反応を行う。 The cellulose raw material is used with 3 to 20 times by mass of water and/or a lower alcohol as a solvent, specifically water, methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tertiary butanol, etc., either alone or in a mixture of two or more kinds. As the mercerizing agent, 0.5 to 20 times the moles of an alkali metal hydroxide, specifically sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, is used per anhydrous glucose residue of the cellulose raw material. The cellulose raw material, solvent, and mercerizing agent are mixed, and a mercerization treatment is performed at a reaction temperature of 0 to 70°C, preferably 10 to 60°C, and for a reaction time of 15 minutes to 8 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 7 hours. Thereafter, a carboxymethylating agent is added at 0.05 to 10.0 times the moles per glucose residue, and an etherification reaction is performed at a reaction temperature of 30 to 90°C, preferably 40 to 80°C, and for a reaction time of 30 minutes to 10 hours, preferably 1 hour to 4 hours.
CM化CNFの原料となるCM化セルロースは、水に分散した際にも繊維状の形状の少なくとも一部が維持されるものであり、後述する水溶性高分子の一例であるカルボキシメチルセルロースとは区別される。「カルボキシメチル化セルロース(CM化セルロース)」の水分散液を電子顕微鏡で観察すると、繊維状の物質を観察することができる。一方、水溶性高分子の一種であるカルボキシメチルセルロースの水分散液を観察しても、繊維状の物質は観察されない。また、「カルボキシメチル化セルロース(CM化セルロース)」はX線回折で測定した際にセルロースI型結晶のピークを観測することができるが、水溶性高分子のカルボキシメチルセルロースではセルロースI型結晶はみられない。 Carboxymethyl cellulose, the raw material for carboxymethyl-CNF, maintains at least a portion of its fibrous shape even when dispersed in water, and is distinct from carboxymethyl cellulose, an example of a water-soluble polymer described below. When an aqueous dispersion of "carboxymethyl cellulose (carboxymethyl cellulose)" is observed under an electron microscope, a fibrous substance can be observed. On the other hand, when an aqueous dispersion of carboxymethyl cellulose, a type of water-soluble polymer, is observed, no fibrous substance can be observed. Furthermore, when "carboxymethyl cellulose (carboxymethyl cellulose)" is measured by X-ray diffraction, a peak of cellulose type I crystals can be observed, but cellulose type I crystals are not observed in the water-soluble polymer carboxymethyl cellulose.
<CM化セルロースの解繊>
CM化セルロースを解繊することにより、CM化CNFを製造することができる。解繊に用いる装置は特に限定されないが、高速回転式、コロイドミル式、高圧式、ロールミル式、超音波式などの装置を用いることができる。解繊の際にはCM化セルロースの分散体に強力なせん断力を印加することが好ましい。特に、効率よく解繊するには、前記分散体に50MPa以上の圧力を印加し、かつ強力なせん断力を印加できる湿式の高圧または超高圧ホモジナイザーを用いることが好ましい。前記圧力は、より好ましくは100MPa以上であり、さらに好ましくは140MPa以上である。また、高圧ホモジナイザーでの解繊及び分散処理に先立って、必要に応じて、高速せん断ミキサーなどの公知の混合、攪拌、乳化、分散装置を用いて、前記分散体に予備処理を施してもよい。
<Defibrillation of carboxymethyl cellulose>
By defibrating carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose can be produced. The device used for defibration is not particularly limited, and devices such as high-speed rotation, colloid mill, high-pressure, roll mill, and ultrasonic devices can be used. During defibration, it is preferable to apply a strong shear force to the dispersion of carboxymethyl cellulose. In particular, for efficient defibration, it is preferable to use a wet high-pressure or ultra-high-pressure homogenizer that applies a pressure of 50 MPa or more to the dispersion and can apply a strong shear force. The pressure is more preferably 100 MPa or more, and even more preferably 140 MPa or more. Furthermore, prior to defibration and dispersion treatment with the high-pressure homogenizer, the dispersion may be subjected to a pretreatment, if necessary, using a known mixing, stirring, emulsifying, and dispersing device such as a high-speed shear mixer.
<カルボキシメチル置換度>
CM化CNFは、セルロースの無水グルコース単位当たりのカルボキシメチル置換度が0.01~0.50であることが好ましい。カルボキシメチル置換度が0.01未満であると、水系媒体及び油系媒体と混合した際に沈殿したり、また凝集を生じるなどして均一な乳化物を形成させることが困難となる場合がある。また、カルボキシメチル置換度が0.50を超えると水系媒体への溶解が起こりやすくなり、繊維形態を維持できなくなり、乳化促進効果と乳化物の安定化効果が低減する可能性がある。カルボキシメチル置換度の下限値は、より好ましくは0.10以上であり、さらに好ましくは0.20以上である。カルボキシメチル置換度の上限値は、より好ましくは0.40以下である。CM化CNFのカルボキシメチル置換度は、原料となるCM化セルロースの製造時に反応させるカルボキシメチル化剤の添加量、マーセル化剤の量、水と有機溶媒の組成比率をコントロールすること等によって調整することができる。CM化セルロースのカルボキシメチル置換度と、それを解繊して得たCM化CNFのカルボキシメチル置換度とは、通常、同じである。
<Degree of carboxymethyl substitution>
The carboxymethyl-substituted CNF preferably has a degree of carboxymethyl substitution per anhydrous glucose unit of cellulose of 0.01 to 0.50. If the degree of carboxymethyl substitution is less than 0.01, it may be difficult to form a uniform emulsion due to precipitation or aggregation when mixed with an aqueous medium and an oil-based medium. If the degree of carboxymethyl substitution exceeds 0.50, it may be easily dissolved in an aqueous medium, and the fiber form may not be maintained, and the emulsification promotion effect and the emulsion stabilization effect may be reduced. The lower limit of the carboxymethyl-substituted degree is more preferably 0.10 or more, and even more preferably 0.20 or more. The upper limit of the carboxymethyl-substituted degree is more preferably 0.40 or less. The carboxymethyl-substituted degree of carboxymethyl-substituted CNF can be adjusted by controlling the amount of the carboxymethylating agent to be reacted during the production of the carboxymethyl-substituted cellulose as a raw material, the amount of the mercerizing agent, the composition ratio of water and the organic solvent, and the like. The carboxymethyl-substituted degree of carboxymethyl-substituted cellulose and the carboxymethyl-substituted degree of carboxymethyl-substituted CNF obtained by defibrating it are usually the same.
本明細書において無水グルコース単位とは、セルロースを構成する個々の無水グルコース(グルコース残基)を意味する。また、カルボキシメチル置換度(エーテル化度ともいう。)とは、セルロースを構成するグルコース残基中の水酸基のうちカルボキシメチルエーテル基に置換されているものの割合(1つのグルコース残基当たりのカルボキシメチルエーテル基の数)を示す。なお、カルボキシメチル置換度はDSと略すことがある。 In this specification, anhydroglucose unit means each anhydroglucose (glucose residue) that constitutes cellulose. The degree of carboxymethyl substitution (also called the degree of etherification) refers to the proportion of hydroxyl groups in the glucose residues that constitute cellulose that are substituted with carboxymethyl ether groups (the number of carboxymethyl ether groups per glucose residue). The degree of carboxymethyl substitution is sometimes abbreviated as DS.
カルボキシメチル置換度の測定方法は以下の通りである:
試料約2.0gを精秤して、300mL共栓付き三角フラスコに入れる。硝酸メタノール(メタノール1000mLに特級濃硝酸100mLを加えた液)100mLを加え、3時間振盪して、カルボキシメチル化セルロースの塩(CMC)をH-CMC(水素型カルボキシメチル化セルロース)に変換する。その絶乾H-CMCを1.5~2.0g精秤し、300mL共栓付き三角フラスコに入れる。80%メタノール15mLでH-CMCを湿潤し、0.1N-NaOHを100mL加え、室温で3時間振盪する。指示薬として、フェノールフタレインを用いて、0.1N-H2SO4で過剰のNaOHを逆滴定し、次式によってカルボキシメチル置換度(DS値)を算出する。
A=[(100×F’-0.1N-H2SO4(mL)×F)×0.1]/(H-CMCの絶乾質量(g))
カルボキシメチル置換度=0.162×A/(1-0.058×A)
F’:0.1N-H2SO4のファクター
F:0.1N-NaOHのファクター。
The method for measuring the degree of carboxymethyl substitution is as follows:
Approximately 2.0 g of the sample is weighed out and placed in a 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask with a stopper. 100 mL of nitric acid methanol (a solution of 100 mL of concentrated nitric acid added to 1000 mL of methanol) is added and shaken for 3 hours to convert the salt of carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC) to H-CMC (hydrogen-type carboxymethylated cellulose). 1.5 to 2.0 g of the bone-dry H-CMC is weighed out and placed in a 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask with a stopper. The H-CMC is moistened with 15 mL of 80% methanol, 100 mL of 0.1 N-NaOH is added, and the mixture is shaken at room temperature for 3 hours. Using phenolphthalein as an indicator, excess NaOH is back-titrated with 0.1 N-H 2 SO 4 , and the degree of carboxymethyl substitution (DS value) is calculated by the following formula.
A = [(100 × F' - 0.1N - H2SO4 (mL) × F) × 0.1] / (bone dry mass of H-CMC (g))
Degree of carboxymethyl substitution=0.162×A/(1−0.058×A)
F': Factor of 0.1N H2SO4 F: Factor of 0.1N NaOH.
<セルロースI型の結晶化度>
CM化CNFにおけるセルロースI型の結晶化度は、乳化促進及び乳化物の安定化の観点から、好ましくは50%以上であり、さらに好ましくは60%以上である。CM化CNFにおけるセルロースI型の結晶化度は、原料となるCM化セルロースの製造時のマーセル化剤の濃度と処理時の温度、並びにカルボキシメチル化の度合によって制御することができる。マーセル化及びカルボキシメチル化においては高濃度のアルカリが使用されるために、セルロースのI型結晶がII型に変換されやすいが、例えば、アルカリ(マーセル化剤)の使用量を調整して変性の度合いを調整することによって、所望の結晶性を維持させることができる。セルロースI型の結晶化度の上限は特に限定されない。現実的には90%程度が上限となると考えられる。CM化セルロースのセルロースI型の結晶化度と、それを解繊して得たCM化CNFのセルロースI型の結晶化度とは、通常、同じである。
<Crystallization degree of cellulose type I>
The crystallinity of cellulose type I in CM-CNF is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, from the viewpoint of promoting emulsification and stabilizing the emulsion. The crystallinity of cellulose type I in CM-CNF can be controlled by the concentration of the mercerizing agent during the production of the raw material CM-CNF, the temperature during the treatment, and the degree of carboxymethylation. Since a high concentration of alkali is used in mercerization and carboxymethylation, the cellulose type I crystals are easily converted to type II, but the desired crystallinity can be maintained by, for example, adjusting the amount of alkali (mercerizing agent) used to adjust the degree of modification. The upper limit of the crystallinity of cellulose type I is not particularly limited. In reality, it is considered that the upper limit is about 90%. The crystallinity of cellulose type I in CM-CNF and the crystallinity of cellulose type I in CM-CNF obtained by defibrating it are usually the same.
セルロースI型の結晶化度の測定方法は、以下の通りである:
試料をガラスセルに乗せ、X線回折測定装置(LabX XRD-6000、島津製作所製)を用いて測定する。結晶化度の算出はSegal等の手法を用いて行い、X線回折図の2θ=10゜~30゜の回折強度をベースラインとして、2θ=22.6゜の002面の回折強度と2θ=18.5゜のアモルファス部分の回折強度から次式により算出する。
The method for measuring the crystallinity of cellulose type I is as follows:
The sample is placed in a glass cell and measured using an X-ray diffraction measuring device (LabX XRD-6000, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The degree of crystallinity is calculated using the method of Segal et al., and is calculated from the diffraction intensity of the 002 plane at 2θ = 22.6° and the diffraction intensity of the amorphous part at 2θ = 18.5° using the diffraction intensity of 2θ = 10° to 30° in the X-ray diffraction pattern as the baseline, according to the following formula.
Xc=(I002c―Ia)/I002c×100
Xc=セルロースのI型の結晶化度(%)
I002c:2θ=22.6゜、002面の回折強度
Ia:2θ=18.5゜、アモルファス部分の回折強度。
Xc = (I002c - Ia) / I002c x 100
Xc = crystallinity of cellulose type I (%)
I002c: 2θ=22.6°, diffraction intensity of the 002 plane Ia: 2θ=18.5°, diffraction intensity of the amorphous portion.
<水溶性高分子>
本発明の方法に用いられる乳化剤に含まれる水溶性高分子としては、例えば、セルロース誘導体(カルボキシメチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、エチルセルロース)、キサンタンガム、キシログルカン、デキストリン、デキストラン、カラギーナン、ローカストビーンガム、アルギン酸、アルギン酸塩、プルラン、澱粉、かたくり粉、クズ粉、加工澱粉(カチオン化澱粉、燐酸化澱粉、燐酸架橋澱粉、燐酸モノエステル化燐酸架橋澱粉、ヒドロキシプロピル澱粉、ヒドロキシプロピル化燐酸架橋澱粉、アセチル化アジピン酸架橋澱粉、アセチル化燐酸架橋澱粉、アセチル化酸化澱粉、オクテニルコハク酸澱粉ナトリウム、酢酸澱粉、酸化澱粉)、コーンスターチ、アラビアガム、ジェランガム、ポリデキストロース、ペクチン、キチン、水溶性キチン、キトサン、カゼイン、アルブミン、大豆蛋白溶解物、ペプトン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリアクリル酸ソーダ、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリアミノ酸、ポリ乳酸、ポリリンゴ酸、ポリグリセリン、ラテックス、ロジン系サイズ剤、石油樹脂系サイズ剤、尿素樹脂、メラミン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリアミド・ポリアミン樹脂、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリアミン、植物ガム、ポリエチレンオキサイド、親水性架橋ポリマー、ポリアクリル酸塩、澱粉ポリアクリル酸共重合体、タマリンドガム、グァーガム及びコロイダルシリカ並びにそれら1つ以上の混合物が挙げられる。この中でも、セルロース誘導体は、CM化CNFとの親和性が良好である点から好ましく、カルボキシメチルセルロース及びその塩は特に好ましい。カルボキシメチルセルロース及びその塩のような水溶性高分子は、CM化CNFの繊維間に入りこみ、CNF間の距離を広げることで、再分散性を向上させると考えられる。また、デキストリンも上述の水溶性高分子として好ましく用いることができる。デキストリンは、増粘性が低く、透明度が高いため、CNFの粘度及び透明性に影響を与えにくく、CNFと任意の割合で混合して用いることができるという利点がある。
<Water-soluble polymer>
Examples of the water-soluble polymer contained in the emulsifier used in the method of the present invention include cellulose derivatives (carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose), xanthan gum, xyloglucan, dextrin, dextran, carrageenan, locust bean gum, alginic acid, alginates, pullulan, starch, potato starch, kudzu starch, modified starch (cationized starch, phosphorylated starch, phosphate cross-linked starch, phosphate monoesterified phosphate cross-linked starch, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropylated phosphate cross-linked starch, acetylated adipic acid cross-linked starch, acetylated phosphate cross-linked starch, acetylated oxidized starch, sodium octenylsuccinate starch, starch acetate, oxidized starch), corn starch, and arabic acid. Gum, gellan gum, polydextrose, pectin, chitin, water-soluble chitin, chitosan, casein, albumin, soy protein lysate, peptone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyamino acid, polylactic acid, polymalic acid, polyglycerin, latex, rosin-based sizing agent, petroleum resin-based sizing agent, urea resin, melamine resin, epoxy resin, polyamide resin, polyamide-polyamine resin, polyethyleneimine, polyamine, vegetable gum, polyethylene oxide, hydrophilic crosslinked polymer, polyacrylate, starch-polyacrylic acid copolymer, tamarind gum, guar gum, colloidal silica, and mixtures of one or more thereof. Among these, cellulose derivatives are preferred because of their good affinity with CM-CNF, and carboxymethylcellulose and its salts are particularly preferred. It is believed that water-soluble polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose and its salts penetrate between the fibers of CM-CNF and increase the distance between the CNFs, thereby improving redispersibility. Dextrin can also be preferably used as the water-soluble polymer. Dextrin has low viscosity and high transparency, so it is less likely to affect the viscosity and transparency of CNF, and has the advantage that it can be mixed with CNF in any ratio.
水溶性高分子として、カルボキシメチルセルロース又はその塩を用いる場合には、無水グルコース単位当たりのカルボキシメチル置換度が0.55~1.60のカルボキシメチルセルロースを用いることが好ましく、0.55~1.10のものがより好ましく、0.65~1.10のものがさらに好ましい。また、分子が長い(粘度が高い)ものの方が、CNF間の距離を広げる効果が高いので好ましく、カルボキシメチルセルロースの1質量%水溶液における25℃、30rpmでのB型粘度は、3~14000mPa・sが好ましく、7~14000mPa・sがより好ましく、1000~8000mPa・sがさらに好ましい。 When carboxymethylcellulose or a salt thereof is used as the water-soluble polymer, it is preferable to use carboxymethylcellulose with a degree of carboxymethyl substitution per anhydrous glucose unit of 0.55 to 1.60, more preferably 0.55 to 1.10, and even more preferably 0.65 to 1.10. In addition, carboxymethylcellulose with a longer molecule (higher viscosity) is preferable because it has a greater effect of widening the distance between CNFs, and the B-type viscosity of a 1% by mass aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose at 25°C and 30 rpm is preferably 3 to 14,000 mPa·s, more preferably 7 to 14,000 mPa·s, and even more preferably 1,000 to 8,000 mPa·s.
水溶性高分子とCM化CNFとの混合割合は、CM化CNF(絶乾固形分)を100質量部とした際に水溶性高分子が5~300質量部となるような割合であり、好ましくは20~300質量部である。5質量部未満であると乳化剤が媒体に十分に混ざり合わなくなり、300質量部を超えると乳化性の低下などの問題が生じる。水溶性高分子の割合の下限値はさらに好ましくは25質量部以上である。水溶性高分子の割合の上限値はさらに好ましくは200質量部以下であり、より好ましくは60質量部以下である。 The mixing ratio of the water-soluble polymer to CM-CNF is such that the water-soluble polymer is 5 to 300 parts by mass when the CM-CNF (bone dry solids) is 100 parts by mass, and is preferably 20 to 300 parts by mass. If it is less than 5 parts by mass, the emulsifier will not mix sufficiently with the medium, and if it exceeds 300 parts by mass, problems such as a decrease in emulsifying properties will occur. The lower limit of the water-soluble polymer ratio is more preferably 25 parts by mass or more. The upper limit of the water-soluble polymer ratio is more preferably 200 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 60 parts by mass or less.
<乾燥固形物>
本発明の方法に用いられる乳化剤は、CM化CNFと水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物を含む。乾燥固形物の製造の際には、CM化CNF、水溶性高分子、及び溶媒を含む混合物の乾燥を行う。なお、本発明において、乾燥固形物とは、絶乾(溶媒量0質量%)状態のものまたは溶媒量が15質量%以下である湿潤状態のものをいう。輸送にかかる費用を低減させるという観点から、溶媒量は0~15質量%が好ましく、0~10質量%であることがより好ましい。乾燥固形物における溶媒量は、以下の方法で測定することができる:
乾燥固形物を105℃のオーブンで12時間乾燥させ、乾燥前後の質量から乾燥固形物の溶媒量を算出する。
乾燥固形物の溶媒量(質量%)={1-(乾燥後の質量/乾燥前の質量)}×100。
<Dry solids>
The emulsifier used in the method of the present invention comprises a dry solid of a mixture of carboxylated CNF and a water-soluble polymer. When producing the dry solid, a mixture containing carboxylated CNF, a water-soluble polymer, and a solvent is dried. In the present invention, the dry solid refers to a completely dry state (solvent amount: 0 mass%) or a wet state in which the solvent amount is 15 mass% or less. From the viewpoint of reducing transportation costs, the solvent amount is preferably 0 to 15 mass%, and more preferably 0 to 10 mass%. The solvent amount in the dry solid can be measured by the following method:
The dried solid is dried in an oven at 105° C. for 12 hours, and the amount of solvent in the dried solid is calculated from the mass before and after drying.
Amount of solvent in dried solid (mass %)={1-(mass after drying/mass before drying)}×100.
乾燥前の混合物に含まれ得る溶媒は、特に限定されないが、水、親水性有機溶媒、疎水性有機溶媒またはこれらの混合溶媒であることが好ましい。CM化CNFの分散性を考慮すると、溶媒としては水、または水と親水性有機溶媒との混合溶媒が好ましい。溶媒とCM化CNFの混合物として、CM化セルロースを解繊して得たCM化CNFの分散液をそのまま用いてもよいし、当該分散液に乾燥またはろ過処理等の前処理を行い濃縮された分散液としてから用いてもよい。また、CM化セルロースの分散液またはCM化CNFの分散液に親水性有機溶媒を添加する、あるいは分散液の一部を親水性有機溶媒に置換して、CM化CNFと親水性有機溶媒を含む溶媒との混合物としてもよい。溶媒を水と親水性有機溶媒との混合溶媒とする場合は、親水性有機溶媒の量は、混合溶媒の質量に対し10質量%以上が好ましく、20質量%以上がより好ましく、25質量%以上がさらに好ましい。当該量の上限は限定されないが95質量%以下が好ましく、80質量%以下がより好ましい。 The solvent that may be contained in the mixture before drying is not particularly limited, but is preferably water, a hydrophilic organic solvent, a hydrophobic organic solvent, or a mixed solvent of these. Considering the dispersibility of CM-CNF, the solvent is preferably water or a mixed solvent of water and a hydrophilic organic solvent. As a mixture of a solvent and CM-CNF, a dispersion of CM-CNF obtained by defibrating CM-cellulose may be used as it is, or the dispersion may be subjected to a pretreatment such as drying or filtration to form a concentrated dispersion. In addition, a hydrophilic organic solvent may be added to the dispersion of CM-cellulose or the dispersion of CM-CNF, or a part of the dispersion may be replaced with a hydrophilic organic solvent to form a mixture of CM-CNF and a solvent containing a hydrophilic organic solvent. When the solvent is a mixed solvent of water and a hydrophilic organic solvent, the amount of the hydrophilic organic solvent is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 25% by mass or more, based on the mass of the mixed solvent. There is no upper limit to the amount, but it is preferably 95% by mass or less, and more preferably 80% by mass or less.
親水性有機溶媒とは、水に溶解する有機溶媒をいう。その例としては、これらに限定されないが、メタノール、エタノール、2-プロパノール、ブタノール、グリセリン、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、1,4-ジオキサン、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、テトラヒドロフラン、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、アセトニトリル、およびこれらの組合せが挙げられる。中でもメタノール、エタノール、2-プロパノール等の炭素数が1~4の低級アルコールが好ましく、安全性および入手容易性の観点から、メタノール、エタノールがより好ましく、エタノールがさらに好ましい。 Hydrophilic organic solvents refer to organic solvents that dissolve in water. Examples include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, butanol, glycerin, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 1,4-dioxane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, and combinations thereof. Among these, lower alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol are preferred, and from the standpoint of safety and availability, methanol and ethanol are more preferred, and ethanol is even more preferred.
乾燥前のCM化CNFと溶媒との混合物は、さらに水溶性高分子を含む。水溶性高分子は、カルボキシメチル化する前のセルロース原料の分散液に添加してもよいし、解繊前のCM化セルロースの分散液に添加してもよいし、解繊後のCM化CNFの分散液に添加してもよいし、CM化CNFの分散液の溶媒の一部を親水性有機溶媒に置換した後に添加してもよい。 The mixture of carboxylated CNF and solvent before drying further contains a water-soluble polymer. The water-soluble polymer may be added to the dispersion of the cellulose raw material before carboxymethylation, to the dispersion of carboxylated cellulose before defibration, to the dispersion of carboxylated CNF after defibration, or after replacing part of the solvent in the dispersion of carboxylated CNF with a hydrophilic organic solvent.
CM化CNFと水溶性高分子と溶媒とを含む混合物は、乾燥前に、pHを9~11に調整することが好ましい。pHを9~11に調整した後に乾燥させると、水系媒体や油系媒体への分散性が良好となる。pHを調整する際には、水酸化ナトリウムなどのアルカリを用いればよい。 It is preferable to adjust the pH of the mixture containing carboxylated CNF, water-soluble polymer, and solvent to 9 to 11 before drying. If the mixture is dried after adjusting the pH to 9 to 11, it will have good dispersibility in aqueous and oil-based media. An alkali such as sodium hydroxide can be used to adjust the pH.
乾燥方法としては、公知のものを用いることができ、例えば、スプレイドライ、圧搾、風乾、熱風乾燥、及び真空乾燥を挙げることができる。乾燥装置は、特に限定されないが、連続式のトンネル乾燥装置、バンド乾燥装置、縦型乾燥装置、垂直ターボ乾燥装置、多重段円板乾燥装置、通気乾燥装置、回転乾燥装置、気流乾燥装置、スプレードライヤ乾燥装置、噴霧乾燥装置、円筒乾燥装置、ドラム乾燥装置、ベルト乾燥装置、スクリューコンベア乾燥装置、加熱管付回転乾燥装置、振動輸送乾燥装置、回分式の箱型乾燥装置、通気乾燥装置、真空箱型乾燥装置、及び撹拌乾燥装置等を単独で又は2つ以上組み合わせて用いることができる。 As the drying method, known methods can be used, such as spray drying, squeezing, air drying, hot air drying, and vacuum drying. The drying apparatus is not particularly limited, and may be a continuous tunnel drying apparatus, a band drying apparatus, a vertical drying apparatus, a vertical turbo drying apparatus, a multi-stage disk drying apparatus, an air drying apparatus, a rotary drying apparatus, an air flow drying apparatus, a spray dryer drying apparatus, a spray drying apparatus, a cylindrical drying apparatus, a drum drying apparatus, a belt drying apparatus, a screw conveyor drying apparatus, a rotary drying apparatus with a heating tube, a vibration transport drying apparatus, a batch type box drying apparatus, an air drying apparatus, a vacuum box drying apparatus, an agitation drying apparatus, or the like, which may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
これらの中でも、薄膜を形成させて乾燥を行う装置を用いることが、均一に被乾燥物に熱エネルギーを直接供給でき、乾燥処理をより効率的に、短時間で行うことができるためエネルギー効率の点から好ましい。また、薄膜を形成させて乾燥を行う装置は、薄膜を掻き取る等の簡便な手段で直ちに乾燥物を回収できる点からも好ましい。さらに、薄膜を形成させてから乾燥させた場合には、再分散性がさらに向上することも見出された。薄膜を形成させて乾燥を行う装置としては、例えば、ドラムやベルト上に薄膜を形成させて乾燥させるドラム型乾燥装置やベルト型乾燥装置が挙げられる。中でも連続乾燥と乾燥物の回収が容易なドラム型乾燥装置が好ましい。 Among these, the use of an apparatus that forms a thin film and performs drying is preferred from the standpoint of energy efficiency, since it can supply heat energy directly and uniformly to the material to be dried, and can perform the drying process more efficiently and in a short time. An apparatus that forms a thin film and performs drying is also preferred because the dried material can be immediately collected by a simple means such as scraping off the thin film. Furthermore, it has been found that redispersibility is further improved when a thin film is formed and then dried. Examples of apparatus that form a thin film and perform drying include drum-type drying apparatuses and belt-type drying apparatuses that form a thin film on a drum or belt and then dry it. Among these, a drum-type drying apparatus is preferred because it allows for continuous drying and easy collection of the dried material.
ドラム型乾燥装置とは、加熱されたドラムを回転させつつドラム表面にCM化CNFと水溶性高分子と溶媒との混合物を連続的に供給し、溶媒の蒸発及び濃縮を行うと同時にドラム表面にCNFと水溶性高分子とを薄膜状に付着させて乾燥し、ドラム表面に形成された乾燥物をナイフで掻き取ることにより乾燥固形物を製造する装置である。ドラム型乾燥装置には、2本のドラムを用いるダブルドラム型またはツインドラム型の装置、あるいは1本のドラムを用いるシングルドラム型の装置があるが、いずれを用いてもよい。これらの中では、ドラム間のクリアランスを調整することで薄膜の膜厚の調整ができるダブルドラム型の装置は好ましい。 A drum-type drying device is a device that continuously supplies a mixture of carboxylated CNF, water-soluble polymer, and solvent to the surface of a rotating heated drum, evaporates and concentrates the solvent, and simultaneously adheres the CNF and water-soluble polymer to the drum surface in the form of a thin film and dries it, and then scrapes off the dried material formed on the drum surface with a knife to produce a dry solid. Drum-type drying devices include double-drum or twin-drum devices that use two drums, and single-drum devices that use one drum, and either may be used. Of these, double-drum devices are preferred because the thickness of the thin film can be adjusted by adjusting the clearance between the drums.
乾燥させる薄膜の膜厚としては、50~1000μmが好ましく、100~300μmがさらに好ましい。50μm以上であると、乾燥後の掻き取りが容易であり、また、1000μm以下であると乳化時の水系媒体及び油系媒体への分散性の向上効果がみられる。 The thickness of the thin film to be dried is preferably 50 to 1000 μm, and more preferably 100 to 300 μm. If it is 50 μm or more, it is easy to scrape off after drying, and if it is 1000 μm or less, the effect of improving dispersibility in aqueous and oil-based media during emulsification is seen.
乾燥温度は特に限定されない。例えば200℃以下程度の温度を用いて乾燥することができる。なお、薄膜を形成させて乾燥させるドラム型乾燥装置やベルト型乾燥装置を用いて乾燥を行う場合には、乾燥温度は、ドラムまたはベルト表面の温度をいうこととする。 There are no particular limitations on the drying temperature. For example, drying can be performed at a temperature of about 200°C or less. When drying is performed using a drum-type drying device or belt-type drying device that forms a thin film and dries it, the drying temperature refers to the temperature of the drum or belt surface.
乾燥は常圧下で行ってもよいし、真空または減圧下で行ってもよい。このうち、真空または減圧下で乾燥を行うことは、溶媒の沸点を低下させ、蒸発速度を加速させ、対象物の乾燥を速めることができ、サンプルへの熱影響が軽減されるという利点が得られるので好ましい。 Drying can be performed under normal pressure, or under vacuum or reduced pressure. Of these, drying under vacuum or reduced pressure is preferred because it lowers the boiling point of the solvent, accelerates the evaporation rate, and speeds up the drying of the target object, and reduces the thermal effects on the sample.
真空または減圧下で乾燥(以下、「真空乾燥」とも呼ぶ)を行う場合は、0~50kPaの範囲で乾燥を行うことが好ましい。低圧である方が溶媒をより低温で蒸発させることが出来るという利点が得られるため、50kPa以下であることが好ましく、30kPa以下であることがより好ましく、10kPa以下であることが更に好ましい。 When drying is performed under vacuum or reduced pressure (hereinafter also referred to as "vacuum drying"), it is preferable to perform drying in the range of 0 to 50 kPa. Since a lower pressure has the advantage that the solvent can be evaporated at a lower temperature, a pressure of 50 kPa or less is preferable, a pressure of 30 kPa or less is more preferable, and a pressure of 10 kPa or less is even more preferable.
乾燥の際に、前記混合物を40~100℃のような比較的低い温度において真空乾燥させて乾燥固形物を得ることは好ましい。乾燥温度が低いと生産効率が低下するため、乾燥温度は40℃以上であることが好ましく、45℃以上であることがより好ましく、50℃以上であることが更に好ましい。また、乾燥温度が高いとセルロースの着色や損傷が生じるため100℃以下であることが好ましく、90℃以下であることがより好ましく、85℃以下であることがより好ましく、80℃以下であることが更に好ましく、80℃未満であってもよい。 During drying, it is preferable to vacuum dry the mixture at a relatively low temperature, such as 40 to 100°C, to obtain a dry solid. A low drying temperature reduces production efficiency, so the drying temperature is preferably 40°C or higher, more preferably 45°C or higher, and even more preferably 50°C or higher. A high drying temperature can cause discoloration or damage to the cellulose, so the drying temperature is preferably 100°C or lower, more preferably 90°C or lower, more preferably 85°C or lower, and even more preferably 80°C or lower, and may be less than 80°C.
真空乾燥装置としては、特に限定されないが、真空式箱型乾燥装置、真空式ドラムドライヤ、真空式噴霧乾燥機、真空式ベルト乾燥機等を単独で又は2つ以上組み合わせて用いることができる。真空式ドラムドライヤとは、加熱されたドラムを真空または減圧下に配置しておき、ドラムを回転させつつドラム表面にCM化CNFと水溶性高分子と溶媒との混合物を連続的に供給し、溶媒の蒸発及び濃縮を行うと同時にドラム表面にCNFと水溶性高分子とを薄膜状に付着させて乾燥し、ドラム表面に形成された乾燥物をナイフで掻き取ることにより乾燥固形物を製造する装置である。 The vacuum drying device is not particularly limited, and a vacuum box drying device, a vacuum drum dryer, a vacuum spray dryer, a vacuum belt dryer, etc. can be used alone or in combination of two or more. A vacuum drum dryer is a device in which a heated drum is placed under vacuum or reduced pressure, and a mixture of carboxylated CNF, a water-soluble polymer, and a solvent is continuously supplied to the drum surface while the drum is rotating, and the solvent is evaporated and concentrated while the CNF and the water-soluble polymer are adhered to the drum surface in a thin film and dried, and the dried material formed on the drum surface is scraped off with a knife to produce a dry solid.
得られた乾燥固形物は、適宜粉砕、分級などして、粉体状としてもよいが、それ以外の形態でもよい。粉体とする場合には、メディアン径が10.0~150.0μm程度であることが好ましく、25.0~100.0μmがより好ましく、35.0~70.0μmがさらに好ましい。メディアン径が10.0μm以上であると、粉が舞うなどの問題が生じにくく、150.0μm以下であれば適度な嵩となるので粉体の詰め作業がしやすくなり好ましい。粉体のメディアン径は、粉砕、分級の条件の調整により調整することができる。 The obtained dry solid may be crushed, classified, etc., as appropriate, to form a powder, but other forms are also acceptable. When formed into a powder, the median diameter is preferably about 10.0 to 150.0 μm, more preferably 25.0 to 100.0 μm, and even more preferably 35.0 to 70.0 μm. If the median diameter is 10.0 μm or more, problems such as powder flying around are unlikely to occur, and if it is 150.0 μm or less, the appropriate bulk is obtained, making the powder packing work easier, which is preferable. The median diameter of the powder can be adjusted by adjusting the crushing and classification conditions.
なおメディアン径は、以下の手順により測定することができる:
分散媒としてメタノールを用い、散乱強度0.1~20%となるようにサンプルを調製し、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置(マルバーン社製、マスターサイザー(登録商標)3000)にて測定する。
The median diameter can be measured by the following procedure:
Using methanol as a dispersion medium, samples are prepared so that the scattering intensity is 0.1 to 20%, and measurements are made using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device (Malvern Instruments, Mastersizer (registered trademark) 3000).
<乳化剤>
上記で得られたCM化CNFと水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物は、水系媒体と油系媒体の乳化を促進する乳化剤として好適に使用できる。乳化剤とは、水系媒体と油系媒体との乳化を促進し、また、乳化を安定化させる作用を有する剤をいう。剤が「乳化を促進する」とは、その剤がある場合に、その剤が無い場合と比べて、より少ないエネルギー(ミキサーの少ない回転数、少ない処理時間など)で乳化物を形成できることをいう。また、剤が「乳化を安定化させる」とは、その剤がある場合に、その剤が無い場合と比べて、乳化物がより長期にわたり水系媒体と油系媒体とに分離せずに保持されることをいう。
<Emulsifier>
The dry solid of the mixture of CM-CNF and water-soluble polymer obtained above can be suitably used as an emulsifier that promotes emulsification of an aqueous medium and an oil-based medium. An emulsifier is an agent that promotes emulsification of an aqueous medium and an oil-based medium and also has the effect of stabilizing the emulsion. When an agent "promotes emulsification," it means that an emulsion can be formed with less energy (lower mixer rotation speed, shorter processing time, etc.) when the agent is present compared to when the agent is not present. When an agent "stabilizes emulsion," it means that the emulsion is maintained for a longer period of time without separation into an aqueous medium and an oil-based medium when the agent is present compared to when the agent is not present.
乳化剤は、上記の乾燥固形物の他に、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で、色素、賦形剤などを含んでいてもよい。
本発明の方法に用いられる乳化剤は、CM化CNFと水溶性高分子の混合物の乾燥固形物を含んでおり、全体として乾燥固形物(例えば、乾燥した粉体等)の形態である。本発明の方法に用いられる乳化剤は、以下の乳化物の製造方法にしたがうことにより、媒体に良好に混ざり合い、高い乳化促進効果と、得られる乳化物の安定化効果を発揮する。
In addition to the above-mentioned dry solid matter, the emulsifier may contain a colorant, an excipient, etc., within the scope that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
The emulsifier used in the method of the present invention contains a dry solid of a mixture of carboxylated CNF and a water-soluble polymer, and is in the form of a dry solid (e.g., a dry powder, etc.) as a whole. The emulsifier used in the method of the present invention mixes well with the medium and exerts a high emulsification-promoting effect and a stabilizing effect on the resulting emulsion by following the emulsion production method described below.
<乳化物の製造方法>
本発明の乳化物の製造方法においては、上記の乳化剤を、まずは油系媒体又は水系媒体のいずれかに添加して乳化剤と油系媒体又は水系媒体との混合物を調製する(工程1)。次いで工程1で得られた混合物を、混合物が油系媒体を含む場合には水系媒体と混合し、一方、混合物が水系媒体を含む場合には油系媒体と混合して、撹拌することにより、水系媒体と油系媒体との乳化を行わせ、乳化物を製造する(工程2)。上記の乳化剤を油系媒体と水系媒体との混合物にそのまま添加するのではなく、まず、油系媒体又は水系媒体のいずれかに添加して乳化剤と油系媒体又は水系媒体とをなじませてから、次いで、もう一方のまだ添加していない媒体と混合することにより、得られる乳化物の安定性が顕著に高まることを見出した。このような効果が得られる理由は明らかではないが、まず、一方の媒体と混合することにより乳化剤中のCM化CNFがある程度膨潤し、分散しやすい状態になったのではないかと推測している。また、油系媒体と水系媒体との添加の順番としては、最初に油系媒体を乳化剤とを混合して混合物を調製し、次いで、得られた混合物を水系媒体と混合する場合の方が、最初に水系媒体と混合して次いで油系媒体と混合する場合に比べて、より乳化安定化効果が高まることを見出した。
<Method of producing emulsion>
In the method for producing an emulsion of the present invention, the above-mentioned emulsifier is first added to either an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium to prepare a mixture of the emulsifier and the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium (step 1). Next, the mixture obtained in step 1 is mixed with an aqueous medium if the mixture contains an oil-based medium, and mixed with an oil-based medium if the mixture contains an aqueous medium, and stirred to emulsify the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium to produce an emulsion (step 2). It has been found that the stability of the resulting emulsion is significantly increased by first adding the above-mentioned emulsifier to either an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium to allow the emulsifier to blend with the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium, rather than adding it directly to the mixture of the oil-based medium and the aqueous medium, and then mixing it with the other medium to which it has not yet been added. The reason why such an effect is obtained is unclear, but it is speculated that the CM-CNF in the emulsifier swells to a certain extent by first mixing it with one of the media, making it easier to disperse. In addition, it was found that, regarding the order of addition of the oil-based medium and the aqueous medium, a greater emulsion stabilization effect can be achieved when the oil-based medium is first mixed with an emulsifier to prepare a mixture, and then the resulting mixture is mixed with an aqueous medium, compared to when the mixture is first mixed with an aqueous medium and then mixed with an oil-based medium.
水系媒体とは、水及び水に溶解可能な親水性有機溶媒をいい、親水性有機溶媒の例は、「乾燥固形物」の欄で親水性有機溶媒として上述した通りである。油系媒体とは、水と混ざり合わない(分離する)常温で液状(粘性が高いが流動性があるものを含む)の物質をいう。油系媒体は、乳化物の種類に応じて異なり、例えば、これらに限定されないが、食用油、鉱物油(ミネラルオイル)、シリコン油、スクワランなどが挙げられる。 An aqueous medium refers to water and a hydrophilic organic solvent that can dissolve in water. Examples of hydrophilic organic solvents are as described above in the "Dry solids" section. An oil-based medium refers to a substance that is liquid at room temperature (including those that are highly viscous but have fluidity) and does not mix with water (separates from it). The oil-based medium varies depending on the type of emulsion, and examples include, but are not limited to, edible oil, mineral oil, silicone oil, and squalane.
本発明の方法で乳化させる水系媒体と油系媒体とは、それぞれ独立して、1種または複数の物質の混合物であってもよい。乳化対象である水系媒体と油系媒体との最終的に得られる乳化物中の混合比率は特に限定されず、例えば、水系媒体:油系媒体(質量比)で1:99~99:1の範囲であってもよい。 The aqueous medium and oil-based medium emulsified by the method of the present invention may each independently be a mixture of one or more substances. The mixing ratio of the aqueous medium and oil-based medium to be emulsified in the final emulsion is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, in the range of 1:99 to 99:1 (weight ratio) of aqueous medium:oil medium.
最終的に得られる乳化物におけるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子の割合は、用いる水系媒体や油系媒体の種類、水系媒体と油系媒体との混合比率などによって異なり、特に限定されないが、例えば、乳化物の質量に対して、CM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計が0.01~5.00質量%となるように、工程1において乳化剤を添加することが好ましい。より好ましくは、0.02~3.00質量%であり、さらに好ましくは、0.05~1.00質量%であり、さらに好ましくは、0.10~0.50質量%である。水系媒体と油系媒体の種類に応じて、乳化剤をこのような量となるように添加することにより、安定な(水系媒体と油系媒体とが分離しにくい)乳化物を形成できると考えられる。CM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計が0.50質量%以下であると、撹拌により生じ得る気泡が乳化物中に残ることを抑えることができるという利点がある。 The ratio of CM-CNF and water-soluble polymer in the final emulsion varies depending on the type of aqueous medium or oil-based medium used, the mixing ratio of the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium, etc., and is not particularly limited. For example, it is preferable to add an emulsifier in step 1 so that the total amount of CM-CNF and water-soluble polymer is 0.01 to 5.00 mass% relative to the mass of the emulsion. More preferably, it is 0.02 to 3.00 mass%, even more preferably, it is 0.05 to 1.00 mass%, and even more preferably, it is 0.10 to 0.50 mass%. It is believed that a stable emulsion (in which the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium are not easily separated) can be formed by adding an emulsifier in such an amount depending on the type of aqueous medium and the oil-based medium. If the total amount of CM-CNF and water-soluble polymer is 0.50 mass% or less, there is an advantage that air bubbles that may be generated by stirring can be suppressed from remaining in the emulsion.
乳化剤を油系媒体又は水系媒体に添加した後に、公知の混合、撹拌装置を用いて、乳化剤と油系媒体又は水系媒体とを混合し、乳化剤と油系媒体又は水系媒体との混合物を調製する(工程1)。この際の撹拌の条件は特に限定されず、例えば、100~1000rpm程度で、1~10分程度撹拌すればよい。 After adding the emulsifier to the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium, the emulsifier and the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium are mixed using a known mixing and stirring device to prepare a mixture of the emulsifier and the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium (Step 1). The stirring conditions at this time are not particularly limited, and for example, stirring may be performed at about 100 to 1000 rpm for about 1 to 10 minutes.
工程1で得られた混合物を、もう一方の(すなわち、油系媒体と水系媒体のうち工程1で添加していない方の)媒体と混合して、公知の混合、攪拌、乳化、または分散装置を用いて撹拌することにより、水系媒体と油系媒体との乳化を行わせることができる。本発明の方法に用いる乳化剤は、水系媒体や油系媒体への混合性が良好であるため、高圧ホモジナイザーのような特殊な装置を用いることなく、家庭用のジューサーミキサー程度の撹拌力で乳化物を製造することができる。そのようなミキサーとしては、例えば、回転数が1000~15000rpm、好ましくは1000~12000ppm、さらに好ましくは1000~8000rpm程度のミキサーが挙げられる。このようなミキサーを用いて、1分間以上、好ましくは2~15分間程度、より好ましくは3~10分間程度撹拌をすればよい。 The mixture obtained in step 1 is mixed with the other medium (i.e., the oil-based medium or the aqueous medium that is not added in step 1) and stirred using a known mixing, stirring, emulsifying, or dispersing device to emulsify the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium. The emulsifier used in the method of the present invention has good mixability with aqueous and oil-based media, so that an emulsion can be produced with a stirring force equivalent to that of a household juicer mixer without using a special device such as a high-pressure homogenizer. Examples of such mixers include mixers with a rotation speed of 1000 to 15000 rpm, preferably 1000 to 12000 ppm, and more preferably about 1000 to 8000 rpm. Using such a mixer, stirring may be performed for 1 minute or more, preferably for about 2 to 15 minutes, and more preferably for about 3 to 10 minutes.
本発明の乳化物の製造方法は、飲食品、化粧品、塗料、医薬品、飼料、製紙等の様々な分野において好適に使用することができる。
本発明の乳化物の製造方法は、飲食品の分野で使用することができる。例えば、これらに限定されないが、ドレッシング、マヨネーズ、ホイップクリームなどの製造に応用することができる。
The method for producing an emulsion of the present invention can be suitably used in various fields such as food and beverages, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals, feed, and paper manufacturing.
The method for producing an emulsion of the present invention can be used in the field of food and beverages, for example, but not limited to, dressings, mayonnaise, whipped cream, etc.
本発明の乳化物の製造方法は、化粧品の分野で使用することができる。例えば、これらに限定されないが、洗顔料、洗髪料、整髪料、ローション、クリーム、ネイルなどの製造に応用することができる。 The method for producing an emulsion of the present invention can be used in the field of cosmetics. For example, but not limited to, it can be applied to the production of face washes, hair washes, hair styling products, lotions, creams, nail products, etc.
本発明の乳化物の製造方法は、塗料の分野で使用することができる。その他、乳化が行なわれるもの、例えば、医薬品における軟膏や、飼料(例えば、牛用代用乳等)などの製造に応用することができる。 The method for producing an emulsion of the present invention can be used in the field of paints. It can also be applied to the production of other products that require emulsification, such as pharmaceutical ointments and feed (e.g., milk substitutes for cows).
以下、本発明を実施例及び比較例をあげてより具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。なお、特に断らない限り、部および%は質量部および質量%を示す。 The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited to these. Note that, unless otherwise specified, parts and % indicate parts by mass and % by mass.
(カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバーの製造)
回転数を100rpmに調節した二軸ニーダーに、イソプロパノール(IPA)620部と、水酸化ナトリウム10部を水30部に溶解したものとを加え、広葉樹パルプ(日本製紙(株)製、LBKP)を100℃で60分間乾燥した際の乾燥質量で100部仕込んだ。30℃で90分間撹拌、混合しマーセル化セルロースを調製した。更に撹拌しつつIPA15部と、モノクロロ酢酸12部を添加し、30分間撹拌した後、70℃に昇温して90分間カルボキシメチル化反応をさせた。
(Production of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers)
In a twin-axis kneader adjusted to a rotation speed of 100 rpm, 620 parts of isopropanol (IPA) and 10 parts of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 30 parts of water were added, and 100 parts of hardwood pulp (LBKP, manufactured by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.) was added in terms of dry mass when dried at 100°C for 60 minutes. The mixture was stirred and mixed at 30°C for 90 minutes to prepare mercerized cellulose. Further, 15 parts of IPA and 12 parts of monochloroacetic acid were added while stirring, and after stirring for 30 minutes, the mixture was heated to 70°C and allowed to carry out a carboxymethylation reaction for 90 minutes.
反応終了後、pH7になるまで酢酸で中和し、含水メタノールで洗浄、脱液、乾燥、粉砕して、カルボキシメチル置換度0.18のカルボキシメチル化セルロースを得た。
上記の工程で得られたカルボキシメチル化セルロースを水で1.0%(w/v)に調整し、超高圧ホモジナイザー(20℃、150MPa)で3回処理して、カルボキシメチル化セルロースナノファイバー分散液を得た。得られた繊維は、平均繊維径が5nm、アスペクト比が150であった。
After the reaction was completed, the mixture was neutralized with acetic acid until the pH reached 7, washed with aqueous methanol, deliquored, dried and pulverized to obtain carboxymethylated cellulose having a carboxymethyl substitution degree of 0.18.
The carboxymethylated cellulose obtained in the above process was adjusted to 1.0% (w/v) with water and treated three times with an ultra-high pressure homogenizer (20°C, 150 MPa) to obtain a carboxymethylated cellulose nanofiber dispersion. The obtained fibers had an average fiber diameter of 5 nm and an aspect ratio of 150.
(乳化剤の製造)
上記で得られたCM化CNF(カルボキシメチル置換度0.18、平均繊維径が5nm、アスペクト比が150)を用いて固形分濃度0.7質量%の水性懸濁液を調製し、ここにカルボキシメチルセルロース(日本製紙(株)製、商品名:サンローズ(登録商標)F350HC-4、粘度(1質量%、25℃、30rpm)約3000mPa・s、カルボキシメチル置換度約0.92)を、CM化CNFに対して40質量%(すなわち、CM化CNFを100質量部としたときにカルボキシメチルセルロースが40質量部となるように)添加し、TKホモミキサー(6000rpm)で5分間攪拌することにより、CM化CNFと水溶性高分子(カルボキシメチルセルロース)と溶媒(水)の混合物を調製した。この混合物のpHは7程度であった。この混合物に、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を加え、pHを9に調整した。このときの混合物の固形分(CM化CNFとカルボキシメチルセルロースを含む)は、1.4質量%であった。
(Production of emulsifier)
An aqueous suspension with a solid content concentration of 0.7% by mass was prepared using the carboxymethyl-CNF obtained above (carboxymethyl substitution degree 0.18, average fiber diameter 5 nm, aspect ratio 150), and carboxymethyl cellulose (manufactured by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., product name: Sunrose (registered trademark) F350HC-4, viscosity (1 mass%, 25 ° C., 30 rpm) about 3000 mPa s, carboxymethyl substitution degree about 0.92) was added thereto at 40 mass% (i.e., carboxymethyl cellulose was 40 parts by mass when carboxymethyl-CNF was 100 parts by mass) relative to the carboxymethyl-CNF, and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes with a TK homomixer (6000 rpm) to prepare a mixture of carboxymethyl-CNF, water-soluble polymer (carboxymethyl cellulose), and solvent (water). The pH of this mixture was about 7. A sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to this mixture to adjust the pH to 9. The solid content of the mixture at this time (including carboxymethyl CNF and carboxymethyl cellulose) was 1.4 mass%.
次に、前記混合物(固形分1.4質量%)をドラム乾燥機(カツラギ工業社製)のドラム表面に塗布し、厚さ100~200μm程度の薄膜を形成させ、ドラム乾燥機のドラム表面温度を140℃、ドラム回転数2rpmで乾燥し、水分量5質量%の乾燥固形物(乳化剤)を得た。 Next, the mixture (solid content 1.4% by mass) was applied to the drum surface of a drum dryer (manufactured by Katsuragi Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to form a thin film with a thickness of approximately 100 to 200 μm, and the mixture was dried at a drum surface temperature of 140°C and a drum rotation speed of 2 rpm to obtain a dry solid (emulsifier) with a moisture content of 5% by mass.
(実施例1)
上記で得られた乾燥固形物(乳化剤)を、50質量部の食用油(キャノーラ油)に添加し、スターラーを用いて500rpmで5分撹拌して乳化剤と油系媒体(食用油)との混合物を調製した。得られた混合物を、50質量部の水と混合し、ホモディスパー(3000rpm)を用いて5分間撹拌して乳化物を調製した。乳化物におけるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計は、0.20質量%であった。得られた乳化物を室温で1日間静置した。結果を図1に示す。
Example 1
The above obtained dry solid (emulsifier) was added to 50 parts by mass of edible oil (canola oil) and stirred for 5 minutes at 500 rpm using a stirrer to prepare a mixture of emulsifier and oil-based medium (edible oil). The obtained mixture was mixed with 50 parts by mass of water and stirred for 5 minutes using a homodisper (3000 rpm) to prepare an emulsion. The total amount of CM-CNF and water-soluble polymer in the emulsion was 0.20% by mass. The obtained emulsion was left to stand at room temperature for 1 day. The results are shown in Figure 1.
(実施例2)
上記で得られた乾燥固形物(乳化剤)を、50質量部の水に添加し、スターラーを用いて500rpmで5分撹拌して乳化剤と水系媒体(水)との混合物を調製した。得られた混合物を50質量部の食用油(キャノーラ油)と混合し、ホモディスパー(3000rpm)を用いて5分間撹拌して乳化物を調製した。乳化物におけるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計は、実施例1と同様に、0.20質量%であった。得られた乳化物を室温で1日間静置した。結果を図1に示す。
Example 2
The above obtained dry solid (emulsifier) was added to 50 parts by mass of water, and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at 500 rpm using a stirrer to prepare a mixture of emulsifier and aqueous medium (water). The obtained mixture was mixed with 50 parts by mass of edible oil (canola oil), and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes using a homodisper (3000 rpm) to prepare an emulsion. The total amount of CM-CNF and water-soluble polymer in the emulsion was 0.20% by mass, the same as in Example 1. The obtained emulsion was left to stand at room temperature for 1 day. The results are shown in FIG. 1.
(比較例1)
上記で得られた乾燥固形物(乳化剤)を、50質量部の食用油(キャノーラ油)と50質量部の水の混合物に添加して、ホモディスパー(3000rpm)を用いて5分間撹拌した後、室温で1日間静置した。乳化剤と食用油と水の混合物におけるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計は、実施例1と同様に0.20質量%とした。結果を図1に示す。
(Comparative Example 1)
The above obtained dry solid (emulsifier) was added to a mixture of 50 parts by mass of edible oil (canola oil) and 50 parts by mass of water, and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes using a homodisper (3000 rpm), and then allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 day. The total amount of carboxymethyl-CNF and water-soluble polymer in the mixture of emulsifier, edible oil, and water was 0.20% by mass, the same as in Example 1. The results are shown in Figure 1.
(実施例3)
乳化物におけるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計を0.10質量%とした以外は実施例1と同様にした。得られた乳化物を室温で1日間静置した後の結果を図2に示す。
Example 3
The same procedure was followed as in Example 1, except that the total amount of carboxylated CNF and water-soluble polymer in the emulsion was 0.10% by mass. The results after leaving the obtained emulsion at room temperature for 1 day are shown in Figure 2.
(実施例4)
乳化物におけるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計を0.10質量%とした以外は実施例2と同様にした。得られた乳化物を室温で1日間静置した後の結果を図2に示す。
Example 4
The same procedure was followed as in Example 2, except that the total amount of carboxylated CNF and water-soluble polymer in the emulsion was 0.10% by mass. The results after leaving the obtained emulsion at room temperature for 1 day are shown in Figure 2.
(比較例2) 乳化剤と食用油と水の混合物におけるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子の量の合計を0.10質量%とした以外は比較例1と同様にした。室温で1日間静置した後の結果を図2に示す。 (Comparative Example 2) The same as Comparative Example 1 was performed, except that the total amount of carboxylated CNF and water-soluble polymer in the mixture of emulsifier, edible oil, and water was 0.10% by mass. The results after leaving it at room temperature for one day are shown in Figure 2.
図1の結果より、乳化剤(乾燥固形物の粉末)を油系媒体と水系媒体の混合物にそのまま添加した比較例1に比べて、乳化剤を最初に油系媒体又は水系媒体と混合して混合物を形成してから、得られた混合物をもう一方の媒体と混合した実施例1及び2では、室温で1日間静置した後にも乳化が維持されており、高い乳化安定性を示したことがわかる。実施例3、4と比較例2は、それぞれ、実施例1、2と比較例1に対応し、実施例1、2及び比較例1における乳化剤の量(0.20質量%)を、半分(0.10質量%)に減らしたものである。乳化剤を最初に油系媒体と混合して混合物を形成し、得られた混合物を水系媒体と混合した実施例3では、乳化剤の量が少なかったにもかかわらず、室温で1日間静置した後に乳化が維持されており、高い乳化安定性を示したことがわかる。一方、乳化剤を最初に水系媒体と混合して混合物を形成し、得られた混合物を油系媒体と混合した実施例4では、乳化剤の量の低下により実施例2に比べると1日間静置後に乳化粒子の凝集(クリーミング)がやや進行したが概ね乳化が維持されたことがわかる。また、乳化剤を最初に油系媒体または水系媒体と混合せずに、油系媒体と水系媒体の混合物にそのまま添加した比較例2では、比較例1と同様に、1日間静置後に水系媒体と油系媒体とが分離したことがわかる。以上により、本発明に用いるCM化CNFと水溶性高分子との混合物の乾燥固形物である乳化剤は、最初に油系媒体又は水系媒体と混合して混合物を形成させ、次いで、この混合物をもう一方の媒体と混合させることにより(実施例1~4)、油系媒体と水系媒体の混合物に直接添加する場合(比較例1、2)に比べて、高い乳化安定性を示す乳化物を製造することができることがわかる。また、乳化剤を最初に油系媒体に混合してから、次いで水系媒体に混合する方が(実施例3)、乳化剤を最初に水系媒体に混合してから、次いで油系媒体に混合する場合に比べて(実施例4)、高い乳化安定性が得られることがわかる。 From the results of FIG. 1, it can be seen that in Examples 1 and 2, in which the emulsifier was first mixed with an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium to form a mixture and then the resulting mixture was mixed with the other medium, the emulsion was maintained even after standing at room temperature for one day, and high emulsion stability was shown, compared to Comparative Example 1, in which the emulsifier was first mixed with an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium to form a mixture, and then the resulting mixture was mixed with the other medium. Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Example 2 correspond to Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1, respectively, and the amount of emulsifier in Examples 1, 2 and Comparative Example 1 (0.20% by mass) was reduced to half (0.10% by mass). In Example 3, in which the emulsifier was first mixed with an oil-based medium to form a mixture and then the resulting mixture was mixed with an aqueous medium, it can be seen that the emulsion was maintained after standing at room temperature for one day, and high emulsion stability was shown, despite the small amount of emulsifier. On the other hand, in Example 4, in which the emulsifier was first mixed with an aqueous medium to form a mixture, and the resulting mixture was mixed with an oil-based medium, it can be seen that the emulsification was generally maintained, although the aggregation (creaming) of the emulsified particles progressed slightly after one day of standing compared to Example 2 due to the reduction in the amount of emulsifier. In addition, in Comparative Example 2, in which the emulsifier was not first mixed with an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium, but was added directly to the mixture of the oil-based medium and the aqueous medium, it can be seen that the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium separated after one day of standing, as in Comparative Example 1. From the above, it can be seen that the emulsifier, which is a dry solid of the mixture of CM-CNF and water-soluble polymer used in the present invention, can be first mixed with an oil-based medium or an aqueous medium to form a mixture, and then this mixture is mixed with the other medium (Examples 1 to 4), thereby producing an emulsion that shows high emulsion stability compared to the case of adding it directly to the mixture of the oil-based medium and the aqueous medium (Comparative Examples 1 and 2). It was also found that mixing the emulsifier first into an oil-based medium and then into an aqueous medium (Example 3) provided higher emulsion stability than mixing the emulsifier first into an aqueous medium and then into an oil-based medium (Example 4).
Claims (6)
工程1で得た混合物を水系媒体と混合し、撹拌して水系媒体及び油系媒体が乳化した乳化物を調製する工程2、
を含む乳化物の製造方法。 A step 1 of adding an emulsifier containing a dry solid of a mixture of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers and a water-soluble polymer to an oil-based medium to prepare a mixture of the emulsifier and the oil-based medium;
Step 2: mixing the mixture obtained in step 1 with an aqueous medium and stirring to prepare an emulsion in which the aqueous medium and the oil-based medium are emulsified;
A method for producing an emulsion comprising the steps of:
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WO2015076191A1 (en) | 2013-11-19 | 2015-05-28 | 中越パルプ工業株式会社 | Emulsion which contains nanofibrillated fibrous polysaccharide, material, and processes for manufacturing same |
WO2015107995A1 (en) | 2014-01-17 | 2015-07-23 | 日本製紙株式会社 | Dry solid of anion-modified cellulose nanofiber and method for producing same |
WO2017199924A1 (en) | 2016-05-16 | 2017-11-23 | 日本製紙株式会社 | Additive for food |
JP2018187619A (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-29 | 国立大学法人鳥取大学 | emulsifier |
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WO2015076191A1 (en) | 2013-11-19 | 2015-05-28 | 中越パルプ工業株式会社 | Emulsion which contains nanofibrillated fibrous polysaccharide, material, and processes for manufacturing same |
WO2015107995A1 (en) | 2014-01-17 | 2015-07-23 | 日本製紙株式会社 | Dry solid of anion-modified cellulose nanofiber and method for producing same |
WO2017199924A1 (en) | 2016-05-16 | 2017-11-23 | 日本製紙株式会社 | Additive for food |
JP2018187619A (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-29 | 国立大学法人鳥取大学 | emulsifier |
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