JP7445778B2 - 硬質クロム層及び改善された慣らし運転挙動を有するピストンリング - Google Patents
硬質クロム層及び改善された慣らし運転挙動を有するピストンリング Download PDFInfo
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- JP7445778B2 JP7445778B2 JP2022551588A JP2022551588A JP7445778B2 JP 7445778 B2 JP7445778 B2 JP 7445778B2 JP 2022551588 A JP2022551588 A JP 2022551588A JP 2022551588 A JP2022551588 A JP 2022551588A JP 7445778 B2 JP7445778 B2 JP 7445778B2
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- chromium layer
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- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 109
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 105
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 105
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001845 chromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium carbide Chemical compound [Cr]#C[Cr]C#[Cr] UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 87
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 12
- -1 Cr(III) compound Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000669 Chrome steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000001844 chromium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- AFAXGSQYZLGZPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanedisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCS(O)(=O)=O AFAXGSQYZLGZPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS([O-])(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OPUAWDUYWRUIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanedisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CS(O)(=O)=O OPUAWDUYWRUIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
- C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/04—Tubes; Rings; Hollow bodies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/10—Bearings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
- C25D3/08—Deposition of black chromium, e.g. hexavalent chromium, CrVI
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
- C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
- C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
- C25D5/14—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium two or more layers being of nickel or chromium, e.g. duplex or triplex layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
- C25D5/625—Discontinuous layers, e.g. microcracked layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J9/00—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction
- F16J9/26—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction characterised by the use of particular materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Description
(a)内周表面、第一側面表面、第二側面表面、外周表面を含む基体を有するピストンリングを、クロム化合物及び0.01~10μmの平均粒径を有する固体粒子を含む電解質中に配置すること、
(b)網状クラックを有する第一硬質クロム層を外周表面に電解堆積させること、
(c)電流の方向を反転させること、ここで、形成したクラックが拡張し、前記固体粒子が前記クラック中に堆積すること、
(d)ステップ(b)及び(c)を少なくとも1回繰り返し、その結果、前記固体粒子を前記クラック中に含む第一硬質クロム層を形成すること、
(e)クロム化合物を含み固体粒子を含まない電解質中にピストンリングを配置し、そして網状クラックを含む第二硬質クロム層を、前記第一硬質クロム層上に電解堆積させること、及び
(f)電流方向を反転させること、ここで前記第二硬質クロム層の表面上に形成されたクラックが平均幅1~15μmに拡張し、そして前記クラックの面積比率が前記第二硬質クロム層の全体の面積を基準として3~25%であること
を含む方法により解決される。
実施例
次の組成:
250g/L CrO3(クロム酸)
3.0g/L H2SO4(硫酸)
4.2mL/L メタンスルホン酸
を有するクロム電解質を調製する。
粒度 220
粒度 320
粒度 600
粒度 1200
粒度 4000
Claims (9)
- 基体を有するピストンリングであって、ここで前記基体は、内周表面、第一側面表面、第二側面表面及び外周表面を有し、網状クラックを有する第一硬質クロム層が前記外周表面に適用され、ここで前記第一硬質クロム層の網状クラックが1mm当たり10~250個のクラックのクラック密度を有し、0.01~10μmの平均粒子径を有する固体粒子が前記第一硬質クロム層のクラックに埋め込まれており、網状クラックを有する第二硬質クロム層が前記第一硬質クロム層に適用され、前記第二硬質クロム層の網状クラックのクラック密度が1mm当たり10~250個であり、前記第二硬質クロム層のクラック中には固体粒子が埋め込まれておらず、前記第二硬質クロム層の表面上のクラックが1~15μmの平均幅を有し、前記第二硬質クロム層の表面上のクラックが電解的に拡張されてなり、そして前記第二硬質クロム層の表面上のクラックの表面比率が前記第二硬質クロム層の総面積を基準として3~25%であることを特徴とする、ピストンリング。
- 前記第二硬質クロム層の表面上のクラックの平均幅が2~10μmであり、前記第二硬質クロム層のクラック密度が1mm当たり30~200個のクラックであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のピストンリング。
- 前記第二硬質クロム層の表面上のクラックの面積比率が5~20%であることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2記載のピストンリング。
- 前記第一硬質クロム層の厚さが60~200μmであることを特徴とする、請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載のピストンリング。
- 前記第二硬質クロム層の厚さが5~150μmであることを特徴とする、請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載のピストンリング。
- 前記ピストンリングの直径が120~1000mmであることを特徴とする、請求項1~5のいずれか1項記載のピストンリング。
- 前記固体粒子がダイヤモンド、炭化タングステン、炭化クロム、アルミナ、炭化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素、炭化ホウ素及び/又は立方晶窒化ホウ素を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1~6のいずれか1項記載のピストンリング。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載のピストンリングを製造する方法であって、
(a)内周表面、第一側面表面、第二側面表面、外周表面を含む基体を有するピストンリングを、クロム化合物及び0.01~10μmの平均粒径を有する固体粒子を含む電解質中に配置するステップ、
(b)第一硬質クロム層が前記外周表面上に電解堆積され、ここでその層が網状クラックを有するステップ、
(c)電流の方向を反転させてクラックが拡張され、そして前記固体粒子が前記クラック中に堆積されるステップ、
(d)ステップ(b)及び(c)が少なくとも1回繰り返され、その結果、前記固体粒子を前記クラック中に含む第一硬質クロム層が形成されるステップ、
(e)クロム化合物を含み固体粒子を含まない電解質中にピストンリングを配置し、そして第二硬質クロム層が前記第一硬質クロム層上に電解堆積され、前記第二硬質クロム層が、クラック密度が1mm当たり10~250個のクラックを有する網状クラックを有するステップ、及び
(f)電流方向を反転させ、ここで前記第二硬質クロム層の表面上に形成されたクラックが平均幅1~15μmに拡張し、そして前記クラックの面積比率が前記第二硬質クロム層の全体の面積を基準として3~25%であるステップ
を含む、ピストンリングを製造する方法。 - 内燃機関、特に船舶用ディーゼルエンジンにおける、請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載のピストンリングの使用。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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DE102020105003.8A DE102020105003A1 (de) | 2020-02-26 | 2020-02-26 | Kolbenring mit Hartchromschicht und verbessertem Einlaufverhalten |
DE102020105003.8 | 2020-02-26 | ||
PCT/EP2021/053826 WO2021170460A1 (de) | 2020-02-26 | 2021-02-17 | Kolbenring mit hartchromschicht und verbessertem einlaufverhalten |
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US (1) | US20230147997A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP4110974A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP7445778B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR102673048B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN115210408A (ja) |
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19752720A1 (de) | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ölabstreifkolbenrings |
CN101498256A (zh) | 2009-03-04 | 2009-08-05 | 仪征双环活塞环有限公司 | 铬基金刚石复合镀铬涂层活塞环及其加工方法 |
DE202009009206U1 (de) | 2009-07-04 | 2009-09-17 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring |
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DE1264146B (de) * | 1966-12-22 | 1968-03-21 | Goetzewerke | Kolbenring fuer Brennkraftmaschinen |
DE3531410A1 (de) | 1985-09-03 | 1987-03-05 | Goetze Ag | Galvanische hartchromschicht |
DE19745811C2 (de) * | 1997-10-16 | 2002-06-13 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Galvanische Hartchromschicht, Verwendung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
DE19931829A1 (de) * | 1999-07-08 | 2001-01-18 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Galvanische Hartchromschicht |
DE102008017270B3 (de) | 2008-04-04 | 2009-06-04 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Strukturierte Chrom-Feststoffpartikel-Schicht und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie beschichtetes Maschinenelement |
JP5885207B2 (ja) * | 2010-12-27 | 2016-03-15 | 日本ピストンリング株式会社 | 複合クロムめっき皮膜及びこの皮膜を用いた摺動部材 |
DE102011084052B4 (de) | 2011-10-05 | 2024-05-29 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Beschichteter Kolbenring mit scharfer Ölabstreifkante |
DE102012204156A1 (de) | 2012-03-16 | 2013-09-19 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring mit Chrom-Feststoffpartikel-Verschleißschutzschicht und korrosionsbeständiger Flankenfläche |
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- 2020-02-26 DE DE102020105003.8A patent/DE102020105003A1/de active Pending
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- 2021-02-17 JP JP2022551588A patent/JP7445778B2/ja active Active
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- 2021-02-17 WO PCT/EP2021/053826 patent/WO2021170460A1/de unknown
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Patent Citations (3)
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DE19752720A1 (de) | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ölabstreifkolbenrings |
CN101498256A (zh) | 2009-03-04 | 2009-08-05 | 仪征双环活塞环有限公司 | 铬基金刚石复合镀铬涂层活塞环及其加工方法 |
DE202009009206U1 (de) | 2009-07-04 | 2009-09-17 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring |
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JP2023515201A (ja) | 2023-04-12 |
US20230147997A1 (en) | 2023-05-11 |
DE102020105003A1 (de) | 2021-08-26 |
EP4110974A1 (de) | 2023-01-04 |
KR102673048B1 (ko) | 2024-06-07 |
CN115210408A (zh) | 2022-10-18 |
KR20220148177A (ko) | 2022-11-04 |
WO2021170460A1 (de) | 2021-09-02 |
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