JP7230522B2 - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor is used as an image carrier in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus (for example, a printer or a multifunction machine). An electrophotographic photoreceptor has a photosensitive layer. As the electrophotographic photoreceptor, for example, a single-layer electrophotographic photoreceptor and a laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor are used. A single-layer electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a single-layer photosensitive layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport function. A laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a photosensitive layer including a charge generation layer having a charge generation function and a charge transport layer having a charge transport function.

US Pat. No. 4,500,000 describes an imaging member with at least one charge transport layer containing a terphenyldiamine charge transport component of particular structure. A terphenyldiamine charge transport component is represented, for example, by chemical formula (II).

JP 2007-293342 A

However, the inventors of the present invention have found that the image forming member described in Patent Document 1 is insufficient in improving charging stability and suppressing crystallization of the photosensitive layer.

The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor capable of improving sensitivity characteristics, improving charging stability, and suppressing crystallization of a photosensitive layer. be. Another object of the present invention is to provide a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus capable of forming good images by including such an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprises a conductive substrate and a single photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin and additives. The hole transport agent contains a compound represented by general formula (1). The additive is at least one of an ultraviolet absorber represented by general formula (50), an antioxidant represented by general formula (51), and an antioxidant represented by general formula (52). including.

In general formula (1), R ¹ and R ² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ¹ and the carbon atom in the group represented by R ² The sum with the number is 2. R ³ and R ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ³ and the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ⁴ is 2 .

In general formula (50), R ⁵¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom. R ⁵² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms. n and m each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less. When n represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵¹ may be the same or different. When m represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵² may be the same or different.

In general formula (51), R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. p represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. q and r each independently represent an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. s represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When p is an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵³ may be the same or different. When s represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, multiple p may be the same or different, multiple q may be the same or different, and multiple r may be the same may be different.

In general formula (52), R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms. u represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less; t represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When t represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵⁵ may be the same or different.

A process cartridge of the present invention includes the electrophotographic photosensitive member described above.

An image forming apparatus of the present invention includes an image carrier, a charging device, an exposure device, a developing device, and a transfer device. The image carrier is rotatably provided. The charging device positively charges the surface of the image carrier. The exposure device irradiates the charged surface of the image carrier with exposure light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image carrier. The developing device develops the electrostatic latent image into a toner image. The transfer device transfers the toner image from the image bearing member to a transfer receiving member. The image carrier is the electrophotographic photosensitive member described above.

According to the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, it is possible to improve sensitivity characteristics, improve charging stability, and suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer. Further, according to the process cartridge and the image forming apparatus of the present invention having such an electrophotographic photoreceptor, excellent images can be formed.

1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of an image forming apparatus; FIG.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. However, the present invention is by no means limited to the following embodiments. The present invention can be implemented with appropriate modifications within the scope of the purpose of the present invention. It should be noted that descriptions of overlapping descriptions may be omitted as appropriate, but the gist of the invention is not limited. Hereinafter, compounds and derivatives thereof may be collectively referred to by adding "system" to the name of the compound. In addition, when the name of a polymer is expressed by adding "system" to the name of a compound, it means that the repeating unit of the polymer is derived from the compound or its derivative.

First, the substituents used in this specification are described. Halogen atoms (halogen groups) include, for example, fluorine atoms (fluoro groups), chlorine atoms (chloro groups), bromine atoms (bromo groups), and iodine atoms (iodo groups).

an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms The following alkyl groups, alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, alkyl groups having 1, 4, or 8 carbon atoms, alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and alkyl groups having 3 to 5 carbon atoms Each group is linear or branched and unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. Examples of alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, 1 -methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 3-methylbutyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, 2-ethylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, 2,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, n-hexyl group, 1-methylpentyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 3-methylpentyl group, 4-methylpentyl group, 1,1-dimethylbutyl group, 1,2-dimethyl butyl group, 1,3-dimethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group, 2,3-dimethylbutyl group, 3,3-dimethylbutyl group, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1,2,2 -trimethylpropyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl and 3-ethylbutyl, linear and branched heptyl, linear and branched octyl, linear and branched Nonyl groups in the form of chains and decyl groups in the form of straight and branched chains are included. an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms Examples of the following alkyl groups, alkyl groups having 1, 4 or 8 carbon atoms, alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and alkyl groups having 3 to 5 carbon atoms each have 1 carbon atom Among the groups described above as examples of the alkyl group having 10 or less, it is a group having a corresponding number of carbon atoms.

Alkyl groups having 10 to 30 carbon atoms and alkyl groups having 15 to 25 carbon atoms are each unsubstituted, linear or branched, unless otherwise specified. Examples of alkyl groups having 10 to 30 carbon atoms include linear and branched decyl groups, linear and branched undecyl groups, and linear and branched dodecyl groups. , linear and branched tridecyl groups, linear and branched tetradecyl groups, linear and branched pentadecyl groups, linear and branched hexadecyl groups, linear Linear and branched heptadecyl, linear and branched octadecyl, linear and branched nonadecyl, linear and branched icosyl, linear and branched henicosyl groups, linear and branched docosyl groups, linear and branched tricosyl groups, linear and branched tetracosyl groups, linear and branched Included are branched-chain pentacosyl groups, and straight-chain and branched-chain triacontyl groups. Examples of the alkyl group having 15 or more and 25 or less carbon atoms are groups having 15 or more and 25 or less carbon atoms among the groups described as examples of the alkyl group having 10 or more and 30 or less carbon atoms.

Each alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms is linear or branched and unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. Examples of alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 1-methylbutoxy group, 2-methylbutoxy group, 3-methylbutoxy group, 1-ethylpropoxy group, 2-ethylpropoxy group, 1,1-dimethylpropoxy group, 1,2-dimethylpropoxy group, 2,2- dimethylpropoxy group, 1,2-dimethylpropoxy group, n-hexyloxy group, 1-methylpentyloxy group, 2-methylpentyloxy group, 3-methylpentyloxy group, 4-methylpentyloxy group, 1,1- dimethylbutoxy group, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy group, 1,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 2,2-dimethylbutoxy group, 2,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 3,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 1,1,2- Examples include trimethylpropoxy, 1,2,2-trimethylpropoxy, 1-ethylbutoxy, 2-ethylbutoxy, and 3-ethylbutoxy. Examples of the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms among the groups described as examples of the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Each aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms is unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. Examples of aryl groups having 6 to 22 carbon atoms include phenyl, naphthyl, indacenyl, biphenylenyl, acenaphthylenyl, anthryl and phenanthryl, tetracenyl, tetraphenyl, chrysenyl, pyrenyl, and triphenylenyl. benzophenanthrenyl, picenyl, perylenyl, and pentaphenyl groups. Examples of aryl groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms include phenyl, naphthyl, indacenyl, biphenylenyl, acenaphthylenyl, anthryl and phenanthryl groups.

Aryloxy groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms are unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. Examples of aryloxy groups having 6 to 14 carbon atoms include phenoxy, naphthoxy, indacenyloxy, biphenylenyloxy, acenaphthylenyloxy, anthryloxy, and phenanthryloxy. and fluorenyloxy groups.

Unless otherwise specified, alkenyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms are straight or branched and unsubstituted. The alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms has 1 to 3 double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, butadienyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, hexadienyl, and hexatrinyl groups.

Unless otherwise specified, heterocyclic groups containing 3 to 14 carbon atoms are unsubstituted. Examples of heterocyclic groups having 3 to 14 carbon atoms include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, and isoxazolyl. group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, furazanyl group, pyranyl group, pyridyl group, pyridazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyrazinyl group, indolyl group, 1H-indazolyl group, isoindolyl group, chromenyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, purinyl group, pteridinyl group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, 4H-quinolidinyl group, naphthyridinyl group, benzofuranyl group, 1,3-benzodioxolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzimidazolyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthridinyl group , acridinyl, phenazinyl, and phenanthrolinyl groups.

An aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms and an aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms are each unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. The aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms. The aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and substituted with a phenyl group.

An aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms and an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms are each unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. The aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms. The aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and substituted with a phenyl group.

<Electrophotographic photoreceptor>
The present embodiment relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a photoreceptor). The photoreceptor 1 of this embodiment will be described below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG. 1 to 3 each show a partial cross-sectional view of photoreceptor 1. FIG.

As shown in FIG. 1, the photoreceptor 1 includes, for example, a conductive substrate 2 and a photosensitive layer 3. As shown in FIG. The photosensitive layer 3 is a single layer. The photoreceptor 1 is a single layer electrophotographic photoreceptor having a single photosensitive layer 3 .

As shown in FIG. 2, the photoreceptor 1 may include a conductive substrate 2, a photosensitive layer 3, and an intermediate layer 4 (undercoat layer). An intermediate layer 4 is provided between the conductive substrate 2 and the photosensitive layer 3 . The photosensitive layer 3 may be provided directly on the conductive substrate 2, as shown in FIG. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2, the photosensitive layer 3 may be provided on the conductive substrate 2 with an intermediate layer 4 interposed therebetween.

As shown in FIG. 3, the photoreceptor 1 may comprise a conductive substrate 2, a photosensitive layer 3, and a protective layer 5. As shown in FIG. A protective layer 5 is provided on the photosensitive layer 3 . As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a photosensitive layer 3 may be provided as the outermost layer of the photoreceptor 1 . Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3, a protective layer 5 may be provided as the outermost surface layer of the photoreceptor 1 .

The photosensitive layer 3 contains a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin, and additives.

Although the thickness of the photosensitive layer 3 is not particularly limited, it is preferably 5 μm or more and 100 μm or less, more preferably 10 μm or more and 50 μm or less. The photoreceptor 1 has been described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG.

(Charge generating agent)
Examples of charge generating agents include phthalocyanine pigments, perylene pigments, bisazo pigments, trisazo pigments, dithioketopyrrolopyrrole pigments, metal-free naphthalocyanine pigments, metal naphthalocyanine pigments, squaline pigments, indigo pigments, azulenium pigments, cyanine pigments, Pigments, powders of inorganic photoconductive materials (e.g. selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-arsenic, cadmium sulfide, and amorphous silicon), pyrylium pigments, anthanthrone-based pigments, triphenylmethane-based pigments, threne-based pigments, toluidine-based pigments , pyrazoline-based pigments, and quinacridone-based pigments. The photosensitive layer may contain only one type of charge generating agent, or may contain two or more types.

Examples of phthalocyanine pigments include metal-free phthalocyanines and metal phthalocyanines. Metal phthalocyanines include, for example, titanyl phthalocyanine, hydroxygallium phthalocyanine, and chlorogallium phthalocyanine. A metal-free phthalocyanine is represented by the chemical formula (CGM-1). Titanyl phthalocyanine is represented by the chemical formula (CGM-2).

The phthalocyanine pigment may be crystalline or amorphous. Examples of metal-free phthalocyanine crystals include X-type crystals of metal-free phthalocyanine (hereinafter sometimes referred to as X-type metal-free phthalocyanine). Examples of titanyl phthalocyanine crystals include α-type, β-type, and Y-type crystals of titanyl phthalocyanine (hereinafter sometimes referred to as α-type, β-type, and Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine).

For example, it is preferable to use a photoreceptor having sensitivity in a wavelength region of 700 nm or more for a digital optical image forming apparatus (for example, a laser beam printer or facsimile using a light source such as a semiconductor laser). As the charge generating agent, a phthalocyanine pigment is preferable, a metal-free phthalocyanine or titanyl phthalocyanine is more preferable, and an X-type metal-free phthalocyanine or a Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine is even more preferable, because it has a high quantum yield in a wavelength region of 700 nm or more. , Y-type titanyl phthalocyanines are particularly preferred.

Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine has a main peak at, for example, a Bragg angle (2θ±0.2°) of 27.2° in its CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum. The main peak in the CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum is the peak having the first or second highest intensity in the range where the Bragg angle (2θ±0.2°) is 3° or more and 40° or less. Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine does not have a peak at 26.2° C. in its CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum.

The CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum can be measured, for example, by the following method. First, a sample (titanyl phthalocyanine) is filled in a sample holder of an X-ray diffraction device (for example, "RINT (registered trademark) 1100" manufactured by Rigaku Corporation), and the X-ray tube Cu, tube voltage 40 kV, tube current 30 mA, Also, the X-ray diffraction spectrum is measured under the condition that the wavelength of the CuKα characteristic X-ray is 1.542 Å. The measurement range (2θ) is, for example, 3° or more and 40° or less (start angle: 3°, stop angle: 40°), and the scanning speed is, for example, 10°/min. A main peak is determined from the obtained X-ray diffraction spectrum, and the Bragg angle of the main peak is read.

The content of the charge generating agent is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 4.5 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. preferable.

(Hole transport agent)
The hole transport agent includes a compound represented by the following general formula (1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as compound (1)). The photosensitive layer contains compound (1) as a hole transport agent.

In general formula (1), R ¹ and R ² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ¹ and the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ² is 2. R ³ and R ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ³ and the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ⁴ is 2 .

Hereinafter, "R ¹ and R ² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ¹ and the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ² is 2, R ³ and R ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ³ and the number of carbon atoms in the group represented by R ⁴ is 2” may be described as “a predetermined substituent”. In addition, ``R <sup>1</sup> is positioned at the para position of the phenyl group, R <sup>2</sup> is positioned at the ortho position of the phenyl group, R <sup>3</sup> is positioned at the para position of the phenyl group, and R <sup>4</sup> is positioned at the ortho position of the phenyl group'' is defined as ``predetermined positions. It is sometimes described as “located in

By containing the compound (1) as a hole transport agent in the photosensitive layer, the charging stability of the photoreceptor can be improved and crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed. The reason is presumed as follows. The charging stability is a characteristic that allows the photoreceptor to be charged to a charging potential within a predetermined range even when images are repeatedly formed on a recording medium. For convenience of explanation, A and B are shown in the following general formula (1), and the phenyl groups represented by A and B are described as phenyl groups A and B, respectively.

The first reason will be explained. R ¹ to R ⁴ in general formula (1) are predetermined substituents, not bulky substituents. Non-bulky substituents represented by R ¹ to R ⁴ tend to fill minute voids in the photosensitive layer. Further, by positioning R ¹ to R ⁴ at predetermined positions, it becomes easy to fill minute gaps in the photosensitive layer. Therefore, when R ¹ to R ⁴ are predetermined substituents and R ¹ to R ⁴ are positioned at predetermined positions, deterioration of quality of the photoreceptor from the outside of the photoreceptor is prevented when images are repeatedly formed on a recording medium. It is possible to prevent contaminants (eg, gas, etc.) from entering the photosensitive layer. This improves the charging stability of the photoreceptor.

The second reason will be explained. R ¹ to R ⁴ in general formula (1) are predetermined substituents, and R ¹ to R ⁴ are positioned at predetermined positions. When R ¹ to R ⁴ in general formula (1) are not predetermined substituents (for example, methoxy group or butyl group) and when R ¹ to R ⁴ are not positioned at predetermined positions, The hole-transporting ability of the hole-transporting agent is lowered, and the charging stability is lowered. When R ¹ to R ⁴ in general formula (1) are predetermined substituents and R ¹ to R ⁴ are positioned at predetermined positions, the hole transport ability of compound (1) is improved and the charging stability of the photoreceptor is improved. improve sexuality.

A third reason will be explained. In general, compounds having a terphenyl structure tend to cause crystallization of photosensitive layers. The present inventors have made extensive studies and found that R ¹ to R ⁴ in general formula (1) are predetermined substituents, R ¹ to R ⁴ are positioned at predetermined positions, and phenyl groups A and B are methyl at the para position. It has been found that crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed by having a group. Predetermined substituents positioned at predetermined positions and the methyl groups at the para positions of the phenyl groups A and B increase the intermolecular force between other molecules contained in the photosensitive layer and the compound (1). An appropriate distance is provided, but not too much. Therefore, crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed.

A fourth reason will be explained. As already mentioned, R ¹ to R ⁴ in general formula (1) are predetermined substituents, not bulky substituents. Compounds with bulky substituents (eg, phenylbutadienyl groups, or butyl groups) tend to cause crystallization of the photosensitive layer. Also, R ¹ to R ⁴ are located at predetermined positions. When R ¹ to R ⁴ are predetermined non-bulky substituents and R ¹ to R ⁴ are positioned at predetermined positions, crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed. The reason why the charging stability of the photosensitive member can be improved and the crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed has been described above.

Suitable examples of compound (1) include compounds represented by chemical formulas (1-1), (1-2), and (1-3) (hereinafter referred to as compounds (1-1), (1- 2), and may be described as (1-3)). Compounds (1-1) and (1-2) are more preferable as compound (1) in order to particularly improve the charging stability of the photoreceptor and particularly suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer.

The content of the hole transport agent is preferably 10 parts by mass or more, more preferably 50 parts by mass or more, and even more preferably 65 parts by mass or more, relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. The content of the hole transport agent is preferably 300 parts by mass or less, more preferably 100 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 75 parts by mass or less, relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

The photosensitive layer may contain only one compound (1) as a hole transport agent. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer may contain two or more compounds (1) as hole transport agents. Moreover, the photosensitive layer may contain only compound (1) as a hole transport agent. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer further contains a hole transport agent other than compound (1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as another hole transport agent) in addition to compound (1) as a hole transport agent. may

Other hole transport agents include, for example, oxadiazole compounds (eg, 2,5-di(4-methylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole), styryl compounds (eg, 9- (4-diethylaminostyryl)anthracene), carbazole compounds (e.g., polyvinylcarbazole), organic polysilane compounds, pyrazoline compounds (e.g., 1-phenyl-3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)pyrazoline), hydrazone compounds, indole compounds , oxazole compounds, isoxazole compounds, thiazole compounds, thiadiazole compounds, imidazole compounds, pyrazole compounds, and triazole compounds.

Compound (1) can be produced, for example, according to the reaction represented by the following reaction formula (r1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as reaction (r1)). Y in general formula (a) represented by reaction formula (r1) represents a halogen atom. R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ in general formulas (b) and (c) have the same definitions as R ¹ , R ² , R ³ and R ⁴ in general formula (1) . The compounds represented by general formulas (a), (b) and (c) are sometimes referred to as compounds (a), (b) and (c), respectively.

In reaction (r1), 1 molar equivalent of compound (a), 1 molar equivalent of compound (b), and 1 molar equivalent of compound (c) are reacted to obtain 1 molar equivalent of compound (1). . When R ¹ and R ³ in general formula (1) are the same and R ² and R ⁴ are the same, 1 molar equivalent of compound (b) and 1 molar equivalent of compound (c ), two molar equivalents of compound (b) are used.

Reaction (r1) may be carried out in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Palladium catalysts include, for example, palladium(II) acetate, palladium(II) chloride, sodium hexachloropalladium(IV) tetrahydrate, and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0).

Reaction (r1) may be carried out in the presence of a ligand. Ligands include, for example, (4-dimethylaminophenyl)di-tertbutylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, and methyldiphenylphosphine.

Reaction (r1) may be carried out in the presence of a base. Bases include, for example, sodium tert-butoxide, tripotassium phosphate, and cesium fluoride. The amount of the base to be added is preferably 1 molar equivalent or more and 10 molar equivalents or less with respect to 1 molar equivalent of compound (b).

Reaction (r1) may be carried out in a solvent. Solvents include, for example, xylene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide.

The reaction temperature of reaction (r1) is preferably 80° C. or higher and 140° C. or lower. The reaction time of reaction (r1) is preferably 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less. Reaction (r1) may be carried out under an inert gas (eg, argon gas) atmosphere.

(binder resin)
Examples of binder resins include thermoplastic resins (more specifically, polycarbonate resins, polyarylate resins, styrene resins, styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, styrene-maleic acid copolymers, Styrene-acrylic acid copolymer, acrylic copolymer, polyethylene resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polypropylene resin, ionomer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyester resin , alkyd resins, polyamide resins, polyurethane resins, polysulfone resins, diallyl phthalate resins, ketone resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, and polyether resins), thermosetting resins (more specifically, silicone resins, epoxy resins, phenolic resins, urea resins, melamine resins, and other crosslinkable thermosetting resins), and photocurable resins (more specifically, epoxy-acrylic acid-based resins and urethane-acrylic acid-based copolymers). .

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoreceptor and suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer, the binder resin is preferably a polycarbonate resin represented by the chemical formula (R1), (R2), (R3) or (R4). Polycarbonate resins having the repeating units represented are more preferred. "Polycarbonate resins having repeating units represented by chemical formulas (R1), (R2), (R3), and (R4)" are respectively replaced with "polycarbonate resins (R1), (R2), (R3), and ( R4)”.

The viscosity average molecular weight of the binder resin is preferably 20,000 or more, more preferably 30,000 or more, even more preferably 40,000 or more. Also, the viscosity average molecular weight of the binder resin is preferably 80,000 or less, more preferably 70,000 or less, and even more preferably 60,000 or less. When the viscosity-average molecular weight of the binder resin is 20,000 or more, the photosensitive layer becomes difficult to wear. On the other hand, when the viscosity-average molecular weight of the binder resin is 80,000 or less, the binder resin is easily dissolved in the solvent, and the formation of the photosensitive layer is facilitated.

(Electron transport agent)
Examples of electron transport agents include quinone compounds, diimide compounds, hydrazone compounds, malononitrile compounds, thiopyran compounds, trinitrothioxanthone compounds, 3,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone compounds, dinitroanthracene compounds, dinitroacridine compounds, tetracyanoethylene, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, dinitrobenzene, dinitroacridine, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and dibromomaleic anhydride. Examples of quinone compounds include diphenoquinone compounds, azoquinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, naphthoquinone compounds, nitroanthraquinone compounds, and dinitroanthraquinone compounds. The photosensitive layer may contain only one electron transport agent, or may contain two or more electron transport agents.

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoreceptor and suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer, preferable examples of the electron transport agent include those represented by the following general formulas (10), (11), (12) and (13). , and (14) (these may be hereinafter referred to as compounds (10), (11), (12), (13), and (14)).

In general formula (10), Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ and Q ⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, It represents an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms.

In general formula (10), Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ and Q ⁴ preferably each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Q ¹ and Q ⁴ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and Q ² and Q ³ more preferably represent a hydrogen atom. The alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms represented by Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ and Q ⁴ is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably a 1,1-dimethylpropyl group. .

In general formula (11), Q ⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms. ^Q6 is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, a carbon atom represents an aryloxy group having 6 or more and 14 or less, or an aralkyloxy group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms. ^Q7 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. v represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less.

In general formula (11), Q ⁵ preferably represents an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, more preferably a phenyl group. Q ⁶ preferably represents an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a benzyloxy group. v preferably represents 0.

In general formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ each independently represent an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms which may be substituted with at least one alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. show.

In general formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ each independently have 6 or more carbon atoms substituted with 2 or more and 5 or less (e.g., 2) alkyl groups having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms. It preferably represents an aryl group of 14 or less, more preferably represents a phenyl group substituted with 2 or more and 5 or less (for example, 2) alkyl groups having 1 or more and 3 or less carbon atoms, ethylmethylphenyl more preferably represents a group, particularly preferably a 2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl group.

In general formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² and Q ¹³ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 3 to 14 carbon atoms.

In general formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² and Q ¹³ preferably each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. group, and more preferably a methyl group or a tert-butyl group.

In general formula (14), Q ¹⁴ , Q ¹⁵ , and Q ¹⁶ are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 6 to 14 carbon atoms optionally substituted with a halogen atom. represents an aryl group of

In general formula (14), Q ¹⁴ and Q ¹⁵ each independently preferably represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably, it more preferably represents a tert-butyl group. Q ¹⁶ preferably represents a halogen-substituted aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, more preferably a halogen-substituted phenyl group, still more preferably a chlorophenyl group. - is particularly preferred to represent a chlorophenyl group.

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoreceptor and suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer, more preferable examples of the electron transport agent include the chemical formulas (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), and (ET5) (each of which may be hereinafter referred to as compounds (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), and (ET5)). Compound (ET1) is a suitable example of compound (10). Compound (ET2) is a suitable example of compound (11). Compound (ET3) is a suitable example of compound (12). Compound (ET4) is a suitable example of compound (13). Compound (ET5) is a suitable example of compound (14).

The content of the electron transport agent is preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 150 parts by mass or less, preferably 10 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less, and 20 parts by mass or more and 40 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. It is more preferably not more than parts by mass.

(Additive)
The additive includes at least one of an ultraviolet absorber represented by the general formula (50), an antioxidant represented by the general formula (51), and an antioxidant represented by the general formula (52). include. Hereinafter, the “ultraviolet absorber represented by the general formula (50)” is referred to as “ultraviolet absorber (50)”, and the “antioxidant represented by the general formula (51)” is referred to as “antioxidant (51)”. , the "antioxidant represented by the general formula (52)" may be described as "antioxidant (52)". Also, "ultraviolet absorber (50), antioxidant (51), and antioxidant (52)" may be collectively referred to as "predetermined additive".

By including at least one of the predetermined additives in the photosensitive layer, the sensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptor can be improved, the charging stability can be improved, and crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed. The reason is presumed as follows. When the photoreceptor is charged, a recombination reaction between ions and electrons occurs to generate ultraviolet rays. The generated ultraviolet rays may change the quality of the hole transport agent and the like. On the other hand, when the photosensitive layer contains the ultraviolet absorber (50), deterioration of the hole transport agent caused by ultraviolet rays can be suppressed, and the sensitivity characteristics and charging stability of the photoreceptor are improved. . In addition, when radicals are generated in the photosensitive layer, the transport of charges in the photosensitive layer is trapped by the radicals to generate residual charges, making it difficult to charge the surface of the photoreceptor. On the other hand, by containing the antioxidant (51) or (52) in the photosensitive layer, radicals generated in the photosensitive layer can be captured. As a result, the residual charge resulting from the generation of radicals is reduced, thereby improving the sensitivity characteristics and charging stability of the photoreceptor. Moreover, since the compound (1), which is a hole transport agent, and the predetermined additive are well compatible with the binder resin, crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed.

Each of the predetermined additives will be described below in order. First, the ultraviolet absorber (50) will be explained. The UV absorber (50) is a benzotriazole UV absorber. The ultraviolet absorber (50) is represented by the following general formula (50).

In general formula (50), R ⁵¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom. R ⁵² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms. n and m each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less. When n represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵¹ may be the same or different. When m represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵² may be the same or different.

The halogen-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵¹ in the general formula (50) is preferably a halogen-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Atom-substituted alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms are preferred. The halogen atom represented by R ⁵¹ is preferably a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom, more preferably a chlorine atom.

The alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵² in the general formula (50) is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1, 4 or 8 carbon atoms is More preferred are a methyl group, a tert-butyl group, and a 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl group. The aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵² is preferably an aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms. The aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵² is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms.

In general formula (50), R ⁵¹ preferably represents a halogen atom. R ⁵² preferably represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. n preferably represents 0 or 1. Preferably, m represents 1 or 2. When m represents 2, two R ⁵² may be the same or different.

Preferred examples of the UV absorber (50) include UV absorbers represented by general formulas (50-1) and (50-2). R ⁵¹ and R ⁵² in general formula (50-1) have the same definitions as R ⁵¹ and R ⁵² in general formula (50). Two R ⁵² in general formula (50-1) may be the same or different. R ⁵² in general formula (50-2) has the same definition as R ⁵² in general formula (50).

More preferred examples of the UV absorber (50) include UV absorbers represented by chemical formulas (AD1) and (AD2) (hereinafter referred to as UV absorbers (AD1) and (AD2), respectively). There is).

Next, the antioxidant (51) will be explained. Antioxidant (51) is a hindered phenol antioxidant. Antioxidant (51) is represented by the following general formula (51).

In general formula (51), R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. p represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. q and r each independently represent an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. s represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When p is an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵³ may be the same or different. When s represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, multiple p may be the same or different, multiple q may be the same or different, and multiple r may be the same may be different.

The alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵³ in the general formula (51) is preferably an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and a branched chain having 3 to 5 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups are more preferred, and tert-butyl groups are particularly preferred.

In general formula (51), p preferably represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less, more preferably 2.

In general formula (51), q and r each independently preferably represent 1 or 2, more preferably q represents 2 and r represents 1.

In general formula (51), s preferably represents 3 or 4, more preferably 4.

In general formula (51), R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. p preferably represents two. q and r preferably each independently represent 1 or 2; s preferably represents 4; When p represents 2 and s represents 4, the eight R ⁵³ may be the same or different. When s represents 4, the four q's may be the same or different, and the four r's may be the same or different.

Preferred examples of the antioxidant (51) include antioxidants represented by general formula (51-3). R ⁵³ , q and r in general formula (51-3) have the same definitions as R ⁵³ , q and r in general formula (51). Eight R ⁵³ in general formula (51-3) may be the same or different. The integers represented by four q's in general formula (51-3) may be the same or different. The integers represented by four r's in general formula (51-3) may be the same or different.

A more suitable example of the antioxidant (51) is an antioxidant represented by the chemical formula (AD3) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as antioxidant (AD3)).

Next, the antioxidant (52) will be explained. Antioxidant (52) is a hindered phenolic antioxidant. Antioxidant (52) is represented by the following general formula (52).

In general formula (52), R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms. u represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less; t represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When t represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵⁵ may be the same or different.

In general formula (52), the alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵⁵ is preferably an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and a branched chain having 3 to 5 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups are more preferred, and tert-butyl groups are particularly preferred.

In general formula (52), the alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵⁶ is preferably an alkyl group having 15 to 25 carbon atoms, more preferably an octadecyl group.

In general formula (52), t preferably represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less, more preferably 2.

In general formula (52), u preferably represents 1 or 2, more preferably 2.

In general formula (52), R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms. u preferably represents two. t preferably represents two. When t represents 2, two R ⁵⁵ may be the same or different.

Suitable examples of the antioxidant (52) include antioxidants represented by general formula (52-4). R ⁵⁵ , R ⁵⁶ and u in general formula (52-4) are synonymous with R ⁵⁵ , R ⁵⁶ and u in general formula (52), respectively. Two R ⁵⁵ in general formula (52-4) may be the same or different.

A more suitable example of the antioxidant (52) is an antioxidant represented by the chemical formula (AD4) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as antioxidant (AD4)).

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoreceptor and suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer, the content of at least one of the predetermined additives is 0.1 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. , more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more, and even more preferably 3 parts by mass or more. For the same reason, the content of at least one of the predetermined additives is preferably 15 parts by mass or less, more preferably 10 parts by mass or less, relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. Part or less is more preferable. When the photosensitive layer contains at least two of the given additives, this content means the total content of at least two of the given additives.

The photosensitive layer contains, for example, one, two, or three of the given additives. The photosensitive layer preferably contains one of the prescribed additives.

The photosensitive layer may contain only at least one of the prescribed additives as an additive. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer may further contain, as additives, additives other than the prescribed additives (hereinafter sometimes referred to as other additives).

Other additives include, for example, radical scavengers, singlet quenchers, softeners, surface modifiers, extenders, thickeners, dispersion stabilizers, waxes, donors, surfactants, plasticizers, thickeners, Sensitizers, electron acceptor compounds, and leveling agents are included.

(combination of materials)
In order to suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer while improving the sensitivity characteristics and charging stability of the photoreceptor, the combination of the hole transport agent and the additive is each of combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1. is preferred. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transport agent and the additive is each of the combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1, and the binder resin is polycarbonate resin (R1), (R2), (R3), or (R4). is preferably For the same reason, it is preferable that the combination of the hole transport agent and the additive be each of the combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1, and that the charge generating agent be Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transport agent and the additive is each of the combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1, and the binder resin is polycarbonate resin (R1), (R2), (R3), or (R4). and the charge generating agent is preferably Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine.

In order to suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer while improving the sensitivity characteristics and charging stability of the photoreceptor, the combination of the hole transport agent, the additive, and the electron transport agent is selected from combination examples D1 to D1 shown in Table 2. Each of D60 is preferred. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transport agent, the additive, and the electron transport agent is each of combination examples D1 to D60 shown in Table 2, and the binder resins are polycarbonate resins (R1), (R2), and (R3). , or (R4). For the same reason, it is preferable that the combination of the hole transport agent, the additive, and the electron transport agent be each of combination examples D1 to D60 shown in Table 2, and that the charge generating agent be Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transport agent, the additive, and the electron transport agent is each of combination examples D1 to D60 shown in Table 2, and the binder resins are polycarbonate resins (R1), (R2), and (R3). , or (R4), and the charge generating agent is preferably Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine.

In Tables 1 and 2, "example" indicates "combination example", "HTM" indicates "hole transport agent", and "ETM" indicates "electron transport agent".

(Conductive substrate)
The conductive substrate is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as the conductive substrate of the photoreceptor. At least the surface portion of the conductive substrate may be made of a conductive material. An example of the conductive substrate is a conductive substrate made of a conductive material. Another example of a conductive substrate is a conductive substrate coated with a material having electrical conductivity. Conductive materials include, for example, aluminum, iron, copper, tin, platinum, silver, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, cadmium, titanium, nickel, palladium, indium, stainless steel, and brass. These conductive materials may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination (for example, as an alloy). Among these electrically conductive materials, aluminum and aluminum alloys are preferred because of good charge transfer from the photosensitive layer to the conductive substrate.

The shape of the conductive substrate is appropriately selected according to the structure of the image forming apparatus. Examples of the shape of the conductive substrate include a sheet shape and a drum shape. Moreover, the thickness of the conductive substrate is appropriately selected according to the shape of the conductive substrate.

(middle layer)
The intermediate layer (undercoat layer) contains, for example, inorganic particles and a resin used for the intermediate layer (intermediate layer resin). The presence of the intermediate layer makes it possible to maintain an insulating state to the extent that leakage can be suppressed, and to smooth the flow of current generated when the photosensitive member is exposed to light, thereby suppressing an increase in resistance.

Examples of inorganic particles include particles of metals (e.g., aluminum, iron, and copper), particles of metal oxides (e.g., titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide), and non-metal oxides. (eg, silica) particles. One of these inorganic particles may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.

Examples of the intermediate layer resin are the same as the examples of the binder resin described above. In order to form the intermediate layer and the photosensitive layer satisfactorily, the resin for the intermediate layer is preferably different from the binder resin contained in the photosensitive layer. The intermediate layer may contain additives. Examples of additives contained in the intermediate layer are the same as examples of other additives contained in the photosensitive layer.

(Manufacturing method of photoreceptor)
Next, an example of a method for manufacturing a photoreceptor will be described. A photoreceptor manufacturing method includes a photosensitive layer forming step. In the photosensitive layer forming step, a coating liquid for forming a photosensitive layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a photosensitive layer coating liquid) is prepared. A coating solution for a photosensitive layer is applied onto a conductive substrate. Next, at least part of the solvent contained in the coated photosensitive layer coating liquid is removed to form a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer coating liquid contains, for example, a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin, an additive, and a solvent. The photosensitive layer coating liquid is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin, and additives in a solvent.

The solvent contained in the coating liquid for photosensitive layer is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve or disperse each component contained in the coating liquid for photosensitive layer. Examples of solvents include alcohols (more specifically, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, etc.), aliphatic hydrocarbons (more specifically, n-hexane, octane, cyclohexane, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. Hydrogen (more specifically, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.), halogenated hydrocarbons (more specifically, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, etc.), ethers (more specifically, dimethyl ether , diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether), ketones (more specifically, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc.), esters (more specifically, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, etc.), Dimethylformaldehyde, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide. These solvents may be used singly or in combination of two or more.

The coating liquid for the photosensitive layer is prepared by mixing each component and dispersing it in a solvent. For mixing or dispersing, for example, a bead mill, roll mill, ball mill, attritor, paint shaker, or ultrasonic disperser can be used.

The method for applying the photosensitive layer coating liquid is not particularly limited as long as it is a method capable of uniformly applying the photosensitive layer coating liquid. Examples of coating methods include dip coating, spray coating, spin coating, and bar coating.

Methods for removing at least part of the solvent contained in the photosensitive layer coating solution include, for example, heating, reduced pressure, or combined use of heating and reduced pressure. More specifically, a method of heat treatment (hot air drying) using a high-temperature dryer or a reduced-pressure dryer can be mentioned. The heat treatment temperature is, for example, 40° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower. The heat treatment time is, for example, 3 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less.

Incidentally, the method for manufacturing a photoreceptor may further include a step of forming an intermediate layer, if necessary. A known method can be appropriately selected for the step of forming the intermediate layer.

<Image forming apparatus>
Next, an image forming apparatus including the photoreceptor 1 of this embodiment will be described. A tandem color image forming apparatus will be described below as an example with reference to FIG. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of an image forming apparatus.

The image forming apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 4 includes image forming units 40 a , 40 b , 40 c and 40 d , a transfer belt 50 and a fixing device 52 . Hereinafter, each of the image forming units 40a, 40b, 40c, and 40d will be referred to as the image forming unit 40 when there is no need to distinguish between them.

The image forming unit 40 includes an image carrier 100 , a charging device 42 , an exposure device 44 , a developing device 46 , a transfer device 48 and a cleaning device 54 . The image carrier 100 is the photoreceptor 1 of this embodiment.

As already described, according to the photoreceptor 1 of the present embodiment, it is possible to improve the sensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptor 1, improve the charging stability, and suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer 3. FIG. Therefore, the image forming apparatus 110 can form a good image on the recording medium P by including the photoreceptor 1 as the image carrier 100 .

An image carrier 100 is provided at a central position of the image forming unit 40 . The image carrier 100 is rotatable in the arrow direction (counterclockwise). Around the image carrier 100, there are a charging device 42, an exposure device 44, a developing device 46, a transfer device 48, and a cleaning device 54 in the order described from the upstream side in the rotational direction of the image carrier 100. be provided.

Each of the image forming units 40a to 40d sequentially superimposes toner images of a plurality of colors (for example, four colors of black, cyan, magenta, and yellow) on the recording medium P on the transfer belt 50. FIG.

The charging device 42 positively charges the surface (for example, the peripheral surface) of the image carrier 100 . The charging device 42 is, for example, a scorotron charger.

The exposure device 44 irradiates the charged surface of the image carrier 100 with exposure light. That is, the exposure device 44 exposes the charged surface of the image carrier 100 . Thereby, an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the image carrier 100 . The electrostatic latent image is formed based on image data input to image forming apparatus 110 .

The developing device 46 supplies toner to the surface of the image carrier 100 and develops the electrostatic latent image into a toner image. The developing device 46 develops the electrostatic latent image into a toner image while being in contact with the surface of the image carrier 100 . That is, the image forming apparatus 110 employs the contact development method. The developing device 46 is, for example, a developing roller. When the developer is a one-component developer, the developing device 46 supplies toner, which is a one-component developer, to the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier 100 . When the developer is a two-component developer, the developing device 46 supplies the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier 100 with the toner, which is contained in the two-component developer, and the carrier. Thus, the image carrier 100 carries a toner image.

The time from when the predetermined area on the surface of the image carrier 100 passes through the exposure position PA until it reaches the development position PB (hereinafter sometimes referred to as exposure-development time) is 100 milliseconds or less. be. The exposure position PA is a position where the exposure light emitted from the exposure device 44 is incident on the surface of the image carrier 100 . The development position PB is a position where the surface of the image carrier 100 contacts the development device 46 or is closest to the development device 46 . The predetermined area is, for example, one point (for example, randomly selected point) on the surface of the image carrier 100 .

The transfer belt 50 conveys the recording medium P between the image carrier 100 and the transfer device 48 . The transfer belt 50 is an endless belt. The transfer belt 50 is rotatable in the arrow direction (clockwise).

The transfer device 48 transfers the toner image developed by the developing device 46 from the surface of the image carrier 100 to the recording medium P which is a transfer target. Specifically, the transfer device 48 transfers the toner image from the surface of the image carrier 100 to the recording medium P while the surface of the image carrier 100 and the recording medium P are in contact with each other. That is, the image forming apparatus 110 employs a direct transfer method. The transfer device 48 is, for example, a transfer roller.

The cleaning device 54 collects toner adhering to the surface of the image carrier 100 . The cleaning device 54 has a housing 541 and a cleaning roller 542 . Note that the cleaning device 54 does not have a cleaning blade. Cleaning roller 542 is disposed within housing 541 . Cleaning roller 542 is arranged to contact the surface of image carrier 100 . The cleaning roller 542 polishes the surface of the image carrier 100 and collects the toner adhering to the surface of the image carrier 100 into the housing 541 .

The recording medium P onto which the toner image has been transferred by the transfer device 48 is conveyed to the fixing device 52 by the transfer belt 50 . The fixing device 52 is, for example, a heating roller and/or a pressure roller. The unfixed toner image transferred by the transfer device 48 is heated and/or pressed by the fixing device 52 . The toner image is fixed on the recording medium P by heating and/or pressing the toner image. As a result, an image is formed on the recording medium P. FIG.

An example of the image forming apparatus has been described above, but the image forming apparatus is not limited to the image forming apparatus 110 described above. Although the image forming apparatus 110 described above is a color image forming apparatus, the image forming apparatus may be a monochrome image forming apparatus. In this case, the image forming apparatus may have, for example, only one image forming unit. Further, although the image forming apparatus 110 described above employs a tandem system, the image forming apparatus may employ, for example, a rotary system. Although the scorotron charger has been described as an example of the charging device 42, the charging device may be a charging device other than the scorotron charger (for example, a charging roller, a charging brush, or a corotron charger). Although the image forming apparatus 110 described above employs a contact developing method, the image forming apparatus may employ a non-contact developing method. Although the image forming apparatus 110 described above employs a direct transfer method, the image forming apparatus may employ an intermediate transfer method. When the image forming apparatus employs an intermediate transfer method, the transfer target corresponds to an intermediate transfer belt. Although the cleaning device 54 described above has the cleaning roller 542 and no cleaning blade, the cleaning device may have the cleaning roller 542 and the cleaning blade. Although the image forming unit 40 described above does not include a static elimination device, the image forming unit may further include a static elimination device.

<Process cartridge>
Next, with continued reference to FIG. 4, an example of a process cartridge including the photoreceptor 1 of this embodiment will be described. A process cartridge corresponds to each of the image forming units 40a to 40d. A process cartridge includes an image carrier 100 . The image carrier 100 is the photoreceptor 1 of this embodiment. The process cartridge further includes at least one of the charging device 42 and the cleaning device 54 in addition to the image carrier 100 .

As already described, according to the photoreceptor 1 of the present embodiment, it is possible to improve the charging stability of the photoreceptor 1 and suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer 3 . Therefore, by providing the photoreceptor 1 as the image carrier 100, the process cartridge can form a good image on the recording medium P. FIG.

The process cartridge may further include at least one of the exposure device 44 , the development device 46 and the transfer device 48 in addition to the image carrier 100 , the charging device 42 and the cleaning device 54 . The process cartridge may further include a static eliminator (not shown). The process cartridge is designed to be detachable from the image forming apparatus 110 . Therefore, the process cartridge is easy to handle, and when the sensitivity characteristics of the image carrier 100 deteriorate, the process cartridge including the image carrier 100 can be easily and quickly replaced. The process cartridge provided with the photoreceptor 1 of this embodiment has been described above with reference to FIG.

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically using examples. However, the present invention is in no way limited to the scope of the examples.

First, as materials for forming the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor, the following charge-generating agent, electron-transporting agent, hole-transporting agent, binder resin, and additives were prepared.

(Charge generating agent)
Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine described in the embodiment was prepared as a charge generating agent.

(Electron transport agent)
Each of the compounds (ET1) to (ET-5) described in the embodiment was prepared as an electron transport agent.

(Hole transport agent)
Compounds (1-1) to (1-3) described in the embodiment were prepared as hole transport agents. Each of compounds (1-1) to (1-3) was synthesized by the following method.

(Synthesis of compound (1-1))
4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl (11.98 g, 30.9 mmol), palladium(II) acetate (0.069 g, 0.307 mmol), (4-dimethylaminophenyl ) Di-tertbutylphosphine (0.205 g, 0.772 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (7.702 g, 80.15 mmol) were charged. The air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen gas by repeating degassing and nitrogen gas replacement in the flask twice. Into the flask was then charged (2,4-dimethylphenyl)(4′-methylphenyl)amine (13.85 g, 63.3 mmol) and xylene (100 mL). The contents of the flask were stirred at 120° C. for 3 hours under reflux. The temperature of the flask contents was then lowered to 50°C. The contents of the flask were filtered to remove ash to obtain a filtrate. Activated clay (“SA-1” manufactured by Japan Activated clay Co., Ltd., 24 g) was added to the filtrate, and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a mixture. The mixture was then filtered to obtain a filtrate. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. 20 g of toluene was added to the residue and heated to 100°C. The residue was dissolved in toluene by heating to obtain a solution. n-Hexane was added to the solution until the solution became slightly cloudy. Then, the solution was cooled to 5° C. and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration. The resulting crystals were dried to obtain compound (1-1). The yield of compound (1-1) was 18.2 g. The yield of compound (1-1) from 4,4''-dibromo-p-terphenyl was 90.8 mol%.

(Synthesis of compound (1-2))
Compound (1- A compound (1-2) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of 1).

(Synthesis of compound (1-3))
Compound (1- A compound (1-3) was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of 1).

¹ H-NMR spectra of synthesized compounds (1-1) to (1-3) were measured using a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (manufactured by JASCO Corporation, 300 MHz). CDCl ₃ was used as solvent. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) was used as an internal standard sample. As a representative example of compounds (1-1) to (1-3), the chemical shift value of compound (1-1) is shown below. It was confirmed from the chemical shift value that compound (1-1) was obtained. Compounds (1-2) and (1-3) were confirmed by the same method to obtain compounds (1-2) and (1-3).

Compound (1-1): ¹ H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ) δ = 7.57 (s, 4H), 7.42-7.45 (m, 4H), 7.01-7.07 (m , 18H), 2.34 (s, 6H), 2.29 (s, 6H), 2.03 (s, 6H).

Next, prepare compounds represented by the following chemical formulas (HT4) to (HT16) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as compounds (HT4) to (HT16), respectively) as hole transport agents used in Comparative Examples. bottom.

(binder resin)
As the binder resin, each of the polycarbonate resins (R1) to (R4) described in the embodiment was prepared. The viscosity average molecular weights of the polycarbonate resins (R1), (R2), (R3) and (R4) were 50000, 50000, 50000 and 50000, respectively.

(Additive)
As additives, the ultraviolet absorbers (AD1) and (AD2) and the antioxidants (AD3) and (AD4) described in the embodiment were prepared.

As an additive used in Comparative Examples, an antioxidant represented by the following chemical formula (AD5) (hereinafter referred to as antioxidant (AD5)) was prepared.

<Production of Photoreceptor>
Photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) and (B-1) to (B-15) using the charge generating agent, hole transport agent, binder resin, electron transport agent, and additive described above. manufactured.

(Production of photoreceptor (A-1))
3 parts by mass of Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine as a charge generating agent, 70 parts by mass of compound (1-1) as a hole transport agent, 100 parts by mass of a polycarbonate resin (R1) as a binder resin, a compound (ET1 ), 5 parts by weight of the ultraviolet absorber (AD1) as an additive, and 800 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran as a solvent were mixed for 50 hours using a ball mill to obtain a coating solution for a photosensitive layer. A coating liquid for a photosensitive layer was applied onto a conductive substrate (a drum-shaped support made of aluminum) by a dip coating method. The coated photosensitive layer coating solution was dried with hot air at 120° C. for 60 minutes. Thus, a photosensitive layer (thickness: 28 μm) was formed on the conductive substrate to obtain a photosensitive member (A-1). Photoreceptor (A-1) had a single photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate.

(Production of photoreceptors (A-2) to (A-13) and (B-2) to (B-15))
Photoreceptor (A-2) to Photoreceptor (A-2) to Photoreceptor (A-2) in the same manner as Photoreceptor (A-1) except that the types of hole transport agent, electron transport agent, additive, and binder resin shown in Table 3 were used. Each of (A-13) and (B-2) to (B-15) was produced.

(Production of photoreceptor (B-1))
A photoreceptor (B-1) was produced in the same manner as the photoreceptor (A-1), except that no additive was added.

<Evaluation of Sensitivity Characteristics of Photoreceptor>
A drum sensitivity tester ( Gentec Co., Ltd.) was used to evaluate sensitivity characteristics. Specifically, the surface of the photoreceptor was charged to +750 V using a drum sensitivity tester. Next, monochromatic light (wavelength: 780 nm, exposure amount: 0.4 μJ/cm ² ) was extracted from the light of the halogen lamp using a band-pass filter and irradiated onto the surface of the photoreceptor. The surface potential of the photoreceptor was measured 70 milliseconds after the end of irradiation with monochromatic light. The measured surface potential was defined as post-exposure potential V _L (unit: +V) of the photosensitive member. Based on the post-exposure potential V _L , the sensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptor were evaluated according to the following criteria. In addition, the photoreceptor whose sensitivity characteristic was evaluated as C was evaluated as having poor sensitivity characteristic.

(Evaluation of sensitivity characteristics)
Evaluation A: Post-exposure potential _VL is less than +150V.
Evaluation B: Post-exposure potential _VL is +150V or more and less than +200V.
Evaluation C: Post-exposure potential _VL is +200 V or higher.

<Evaluation of charging stability of photoreceptor>
Evaluate the charging stability of each of the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) and (B-1) to (B-15) under an environment of a temperature of 10°C and a relative humidity of 15% RH. bottom. An evaluation machine (a modified machine of "FS-C5250DN" manufactured by Kyocera Document Solutions Co., Ltd.) was used to evaluate the charging stability. The evaluator was equipped with a scorotron charger and cleaning roller and no cleaning blade. The exposure-development time was set at 70 ms.

First, using the evaluation machine, image A (full white paper image) was printed on three sheets of recording media (A4 size paper). When printing on each sheet, the surface potential of the photoreceptor was measured at the development position. Since exposure is not performed when printing a blank image, the measured surface potential corresponds to the charging potential. The surface potential was measured three times in total, once for printing one sheet of paper. The average value of the surface potentials measured three times was taken as the charging potential V ₀₁ (unit: +V) before the printing test.

A print test was then conducted. The printing test was a test in which image B (printing pattern image with a printing rate of 5%) was printed on 10,000 sheets of recording media (A4 size paper) at intervals of 15 seconds using an evaluator. Immediately after the printing test, image A (all white paper image) was printed on three recording media (A4 size paper). When printing on each sheet, the surface potential of the photoreceptor was measured at the development position. The surface potential was measured three times in total, once for printing one sheet of paper. The average value of the surface potentials measured three times was taken as the charging potential V ₀₂ (unit: +V) after the printing test.

A value obtained by subtracting the charge potential V ₀₂ after the print test from the charge potential V ₀₁ before the print test (V ₀₁ -V ₀₂ ) was defined as the charge potential drop ΔV ₀ (unit: V). The charge stability of the photoreceptor was evaluated from the charge potential drop amount ΔV ₀ based on the following criteria. Table 3 shows the evaluation results of charging stability. The photoreceptors with charging stability evaluations B and C were evaluated as having poor charging stability.

(Evaluation of charging stability)
Evaluation A: The charge potential drop amount ΔV ₀ is less than 60V.
Evaluation B: The charge potential drop amount ΔV ₀ is 60V or more and less than 110V.
Evaluation C: The charge potential drop amount ΔV ₀ is 110 V or more.

<Evaluation of suppression of crystallization of photosensitive layer>
The entire surfaces (photosensitive layers) of the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) and (B-1) to (B-15) were observed with the naked eye. Then, the presence or absence of a crystallized portion in the photosensitive layer was confirmed. Based on the confirmation results, whether or not crystallization was suppressed was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria. Table 3 shows the evaluation results. In addition, the photoreceptor with evaluation C for crystallization suppression was evaluated as not having crystallization of the photosensitive layer suppressed.

(Evaluation Criteria for Suppression of Crystallization)
Evaluation A: No crystallized portion was observed.
Evaluation B: Some crystallized portions were confirmed.
Evaluation C: A crystallized portion was clearly confirmed.

In Table 3, HTM, resin, and ETM indicate hole transport agent, binder resin, and electron transport agent, respectively.

As shown in Table 3, the photosensitive layers of photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) contained compound (1) (specifically, compounds (1-1) to (1 - Any of 3)) was contained. The photosensitive layers of the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) contain, as additives, at least one of predetermined additives (more specifically, ultraviolet absorber (AD1), ultraviolet absorber (AD2 ), antioxidant (AD3), and antioxidant (AD4)). The sensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) were evaluated as A or B, and the sensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptors were good. The charging stability of the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) was evaluated as A, and the charging stability of the photoreceptors was good. In addition, the evaluation of crystallization suppression of photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) was A or B, indicating that crystallization of the photoreceptors was suppressed. Therefore, the photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) were able to achieve all of the improvement in sensitivity characteristics, the improvement in charging stability, and the suppression of crystallization of the photosensitive layer.

From the above, it was shown that the photoreceptor according to the present invention can achieve improvement in sensitivity characteristics, improvement in charging stability, and suppression of crystallization of the photosensitive layer. Since the photoreceptor according to the present invention can improve sensitivity characteristics, improve charging stability, and suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer, a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus equipped with the photoreceptor according to the present invention can produce good images. can be formed.

A photoreceptor and a process cartridge according to the present invention can be used in an image forming apparatus. The image forming apparatus according to the present invention can be used to form an image on a recording medium.

1: photoreceptor (electrophotographic photoreceptor)
2: Conductive substrate 3: Photosensitive layer 42: Charging device 44: Exposure device 46: Developing device 48: Transfer device 100: Image carrier 110: Image forming device PA: Exposure position PB: Development position P: Recording medium

Claims (9)

comprising a conductive substrate and a single photosensitive layer,
The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin and an additive,
The hole transport agent contains a compound represented by chemical formula (1-1) or (1-2) ,
The electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the additive includes an ultraviolet absorber represented by the chemical formula (AD1) or (AD2) .

2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the additive contains an ultraviolet absorber represented by the chemical formula (AD2). 3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin contains a polycarbonate resin having repeating units represented by chemical formulas (R1), (R2), (R3), or (R4).

The electron transport agent according to any one of claims 1 to 3 , wherein the electron transport agent includes a compound represented by general formula (10), (11), (12), (13), or (14). photoreceptor.

(In general formula (10), Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ , and Q ⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, group, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (11), Q ⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, and Q ⁶ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or a carbon atom represents an aralkyloxy group having a number of 7 or more and 20 or less, Q represents an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or ^less carbon atoms, v represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less,
In the general formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ are each independently an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms which may be substituted with at least one alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. represents
In general formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , and Q ¹³ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. , an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 3 to 14 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (14), Q ¹⁴ , Q ¹⁵ and Q ¹⁶ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or 6 to 14 carbon atoms optionally substituted with a halogen atom. Represents the following aryl groups. ) In the general formula (10), Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ and Q ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (11), Q ⁵ represents an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, Q ⁶ represents an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, v represents 0,
In the general formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ each independently represent an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms substituted with two alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
In general formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² and Q ¹³ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (14), Q ¹⁴ and Q ¹⁵ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and Q ¹⁶ is substituted with a halogen atom and has 6 to 14 carbon atoms. 5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 4 , wherein the aryl group of The electrophotography according to any one of claims 1 to 5 , wherein the electron transport agent includes a compound represented by chemical formula (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), or (ET5). photoreceptor.

A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 6 . a rotatable image carrier;
a charging device that positively charges the surface of the image carrier;
an exposure device that irradiates the charged surface of the image carrier with exposure light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image carrier;
a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image as a toner image;
a transfer device for transferring the toner image from the image carrier to a transfer target;
An image forming apparatus, wherein the image carrier is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 6 . the time required for the predetermined region of the surface of the image carrier to reach the development position after passing through the exposure position is 100 milliseconds or less;
the exposure position is a position where the exposure light is incident on the surface of the image carrier;
9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the developing position is a position where the surface of the image carrier contacts the developing device or a position closest to the developing device.

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