JP2020118708A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor that can improve sensitivity characteristics, improve charge stability, and prevent crystallization of a photosensitive layer.SOLUTION: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprises a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating agent, a hole transport agent, an electron transport agent, a binder resin, and an additive. The hole transport agent includes a compound represented by the general formula (1). The additive includes at least one of an ultraviolet absorber of a specific structure and an anti-oxidant of a specific structure.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member is used as an image bearing member in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus (for example, a printer or a composite machine). The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer. As the electrophotographic photosensitive member, for example, a single-layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member and a laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member are used. The single-layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a single-layer photosensitive layer having a charge generating function and a charge transporting function. The laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a photosensitive layer including a charge generation layer having a charge generating function and a charge transporting layer having a charge transporting function.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,049 describes an imaging member with at least one charge transport layer containing a terphenyldiamine charge transport component of specific structure. The terphenyldiamine charge transport component is represented by, for example, the chemical formula (II).

JP, 2007-293342, A

However, the study by the present inventors has revealed that the image forming member described in Patent Document 1 is insufficient in terms of improvement of charging stability and suppression of crystallization of the photosensitive layer.

The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of improving sensitivity characteristics, improving charging stability, and suppressing crystallization of a photosensitive layer. is there. Another object of the present invention is to provide a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus capable of forming a good image by including such an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention includes a conductive substrate and a single photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin, and an additive. The hole transport material includes the compound represented by the general formula (1). The additive is at least one of an ultraviolet absorber represented by the general formula (50), an antioxidant represented by the general formula (51), and an antioxidant represented by the general formula (52). including.

In the general formula (1), R ¹ and R ² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ¹ and the carbon atom of the group represented by R ^2. The sum of the numbers is 2. R ³ and R ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ³ and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ⁴ is 2. ..

In the general formula (50), R ⁵¹ represents a halogen atom-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a halogen atom. R ⁵² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms. n and m each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less. When n represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵¹ may be the same as or different from each other. When m represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ^{52 s} may be the same as or different from each other.

In the general formula (51), R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. p represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. q and r each independently represent an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. s represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When p is an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵³ may be the same or different. When s represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of p may be the same as or different from each other, a plurality of q may be the same as or different from each other, and a plurality of r are the same as each other. Or may be different.

In the general formula (52), R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms. u represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. t represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When t represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵⁵ may be the same as or different from each other.

The process cartridge of the present invention includes the electrophotographic photosensitive member described above.

The image forming apparatus of the present invention includes an image carrier, a charging device, an exposure device, a developing device, and a transfer device. The image carrier is rotatably provided. The charging device charges the surface of the image carrier with a positive polarity. The exposure device irradiates the charged surface of the image carrier with exposure light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image carrier. The developing device develops the electrostatic latent image as a toner image. The transfer device transfers the toner image from the image carrier to the transfer target. The image carrier is the electrophotographic photoreceptor described above.

According to the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, it is possible to improve sensitivity characteristics, improve charging stability, and suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer. Further, according to the process cartridge and the image forming apparatus of the present invention including such an electrophotographic photosensitive member, it is possible to form a good image.

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of an image forming apparatus.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. However, the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments. The present invention can be implemented with appropriate modifications within the scope of the object of the present invention. It should be noted that although the description may be omitted as appropriate for the overlapping description, the gist of the invention is not limited. Hereinafter, a compound and its derivatives may be generically referred to by adding "system" after the compound name. Further, when a "system" is added after the compound name to represent the polymer name, it means that the repeating unit of the polymer is derived from the compound or its derivative.

First, the substituents used in this specification will be described. Examples of the halogen atom (halogen group) include a fluorine atom (fluoro group), a chlorine atom (chloro group), a bromine atom (bromo group), and an iodine atom (iodo group).

C1 to C10 alkyl group, C1 to C8 alkyl group, C1 to C6 alkyl group, C1 to C5 alkyl group, C1 to C4 The following alkyl groups, C1 to C3 alkyl groups, C1 to C4 alkyl groups, C3 to C10 alkyl groups, and C3 to C5 alkyls Each group is linear or branched and unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, 1 -Methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 3-methylbutyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, 2-ethylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, 2,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, n-hexyl group, 1-methylpentyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 3-methylpentyl group, 4-methylpentyl group, 1,1-dimethylbutyl group, 1,2-dimethyl Butyl group, 1,3-dimethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group, 2,3-dimethylbutyl group, 3,3-dimethylbutyl group, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1,2,2 -Trimethylpropyl group, 1-ethylbutyl group, 2-ethylbutyl group and 3-ethylbutyl group, straight-chain and branched heptyl groups, straight-chain and branched octyl groups, straight-chain and branched Examples include chain nonyl groups, and linear and branched decyl groups. C1 to C8 alkyl group, C1 to C6 alkyl group, C1 to C5 alkyl group, C1 to C4 alkyl group, C1 to C3 The following examples of the alkyl group, the alkyl group having 1, 4, or 8 carbon atoms, the alkyl group having 3 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms, and the alkyl group having 3 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms each have 1 carbon atom or less. Among the groups described above as examples of the alkyl group having 10 or less, the group having the corresponding number of carbon atoms.

Unless otherwise specified, the alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms and the alkyl group having 15 to 25 carbon atoms are linear or branched and unsubstituted. Examples of the alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms include linear and branched decyl groups, linear and branched undecyl groups, and linear and branched dodecyl groups. , Linear and branched tridecyl groups, linear and branched tetradecyl groups, linear and branched pentadecyl groups, linear and branched hexadecyl groups, direct Chain and branched heptadecyl groups, straight chain and branched octadecyl groups, straight chain and branched nonadecyl groups, straight chain and branched icosyl groups, straight chain And branched henicosyl groups, straight-chain and branched docosyl groups, straight-chain and branched tricosyl groups, straight-chain and branched tetracosyl groups, straight-chain and branched Examples include branched pentacosyl groups, and linear and branched triacontyl groups. Examples of the alkyl group having 15 to 25 carbon atoms are groups having 15 to 25 carbon atoms among the groups described as examples of the alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms.

Unless otherwise specified, the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are linear or branched and unsubstituted. Examples of the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, isopropoxy group, n-butoxy group, sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, n-pentoxy group, 1-methylbutoxy group, 2-methylbutoxy group, 3-methylbutoxy group, 1-ethylpropoxy group, 2-ethylpropoxy group, 1,1-dimethylpropoxy group, 1,2-dimethylpropoxy group, 2,2- Dimethylpropoxy group, 1,2-dimethylpropoxy group, n-hexyloxy group, 1-methylpentyloxy group, 2-methylpentyloxy group, 3-methylpentyloxy group, 4-methylpentyloxy group, 1,1- Dimethylbutoxy group, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy group, 1,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 2,2-dimethylbutoxy group, 2,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 3,3-dimethylbutoxy group, 1,1,2- Examples include a trimethylpropoxy group, a 1,2,2-trimethylpropoxy group, a 1-ethylbutoxy group, a 2-ethylbutoxy group, and a 3-ethylbutoxy group. Examples of the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms among the groups described as examples of the alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Unless otherwise specified, each of the aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and the aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms is unsubstituted. Examples of the aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms include, for example, phenyl group, naphthyl group, indacenyl group, biphenylenyl group, acenaphthylenyl group, anthryl group and phenanthryl group, tetracenyl group, tetraphenyl group, chrysenyl group, pyrenyl group, triphenylenyl group. Group, benzophenanthrenyl group, picenyl group, perylenyl group, and pentaphenyl group. Examples of the aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an indacenyl group, a biphenylenyl group, an acenaphthylenyl group, an anthryl group, and a phenanthryl group.

Unless otherwise specified, the aryloxy group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms is unsubstituted. Examples of the aryloxy group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms include a phenoxy group, a naphthoxy group, an indacenyloxy group, a biphenylenyloxy group, an acenaphthylenyloxy group, an anthryloxy group, and a phenanthryloxy group. And a fluorenyloxy group.

Unless otherwise specified, the alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms is linear or branched and unsubstituted. The alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms has 1 to 3 double bonds. Examples of the alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a butadienyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a hexadienyl group, and a hexatrinyl group.

The heterocyclic group having 3 to 14 carbon atoms is unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. Examples of the heterocyclic group having 3 to 14 carbon atoms include piperidinyl group, piperazinyl group, morpholinyl group, thiophenyl group, furanyl group, pyrrolyl group, imidazolyl group, pyrazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group. Group, thiazolyl group, isothiazolyl group, flazanyl group, pyranyl group, pyridyl group, pyridazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyrazinyl group, indolyl group, 1H-indazolyl group, isoindolyl group, chromenyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group, purinyl group, pteridinyl group Group, triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, 4H-quinolidinyl group, naphthyridinyl group, benzofuranyl group, 1,3-benzodioxolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzimidazolyl group, carbazolyl group, phenanthridinyl group , An acridinyl group, a phenazinyl group, and a phenanthrolinyl group.

Unless otherwise specified, the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms and the aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms are each unsubstituted. The aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms. The aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms substituted with a phenyl group.

Unless otherwise specified, the aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms and the aralkyloxy group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms are unsubstituted. The aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and substituted with an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms. The aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms is, for example, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms substituted with a phenyl group.

<Electrophotographic photoreceptor>
The present embodiment relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter, also referred to as a photosensitive member). Hereinafter, the photoconductor 1 of the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 are partial cross-sectional views of the photoconductor 1.

As shown in FIG. 1, the photoconductor 1 includes, for example, a conductive substrate 2 and a photosensitive layer 3. The photosensitive layer 3 is a single layer. The photoconductor 1 is a single-layer type electrophotographic photoconductor including a single photosensitive layer 3.

As shown in FIG. 2, the photoreceptor 1 may include a conductive substrate 2, a photosensitive layer 3, and an intermediate layer 4 (undercoat layer). The intermediate layer 4 is provided between the conductive substrate 2 and the photosensitive layer 3. As shown in FIG. 1, the photosensitive layer 3 may be directly provided on the conductive substrate 2. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2, the photosensitive layer 3 may be provided on the conductive substrate 2 via the intermediate layer 4.

As shown in FIG. 3, the photoreceptor 1 may include a conductive base 2, a photosensitive layer 3, and a protective layer 5. The protective layer 5 is provided on the photosensitive layer 3. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the photosensitive layer 3 may be provided as the outermost surface layer of the photoreceptor 1. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3, the protective layer 5 may be provided as the outermost surface layer of the photoreceptor 1.

The photosensitive layer 3 contains a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin, and an additive.

The thickness of the photosensitive layer 3 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 μm or more and 100 μm or less, and more preferably 10 μm or more and 50 μm or less. The photoconductor 1 has been described above with reference to FIGS.

(Charge generating agent)
Examples of the charge generating agent include phthalocyanine pigments, perylene pigments, bisazo pigments, trisazo pigments, dithioketopyrrolopyrrole pigments, metal-free naphthalocyanine pigments, metal naphthalocyanine pigments, squaraine pigments, indigo pigments, azurenium pigments, cyanines. Pigments, powders of inorganic photoconductive materials (for example, selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-arsenic, cadmium sulfide, and amorphous silicon), pyrylium pigments, anthanthrone-based pigments, triphenylmethane-based pigments, slene-based pigments, toluidine-based pigments , Pyrazoline-based pigments, and quinacridone-based pigments. The photosensitive layer may contain only one type of charge generating agent, or may contain two or more types.

Examples of the phthalocyanine-based pigment include metal-free phthalocyanine and metal phthalocyanine. Examples of the metal phthalocyanine include titanyl phthalocyanine, hydroxygallium phthalocyanine, and chlorogallium phthalocyanine. The metal-free phthalocyanine is represented by the chemical formula (CGM-1). Titanyl phthalocyanine is represented by a chemical formula (CGM-2).

The phthalocyanine-based pigment may be crystalline or non-crystalline. Examples of the metal-free phthalocyanine crystals include X-type crystals of metal-free phthalocyanine (hereinafter sometimes referred to as X-type metal-free phthalocyanine). Examples of the crystal of titanyl phthalocyanine include α-type, β-type, and Y-type crystals of titanyl phthalocyanine (hereinafter, may be referred to as α-type, β-type, and Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine, respectively).

For example, in a digital optical image forming apparatus (for example, a laser beam printer or a facsimile using a light source such as a semiconductor laser), it is preferable to use a photoconductor having sensitivity in a wavelength region of 700 nm or more. Since it has a high quantum yield in the wavelength region of 700 nm or more, the charge generating agent is preferably a phthalocyanine-based pigment, more preferably a metal-free phthalocyanine or titanyl phthalocyanine, and further preferably an X-type metal-free phthalocyanine or a Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine. , Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine is particularly preferable.

Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine has a main peak at 27.2° of Bragg angle (2θ±0.2°) in the CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum. The main peak in the CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum is a peak having the first or second highest intensity in the range where the Bragg angle (2θ±0.2°) is 3° or more and 40° or less. Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine has no peak at 26.2° C. in the CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum.

The CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum can be measured, for example, by the following method. First, a sample (titanyl phthalocyanine) is filled in a sample holder of an X-ray diffractometer (for example, "RINT (registered trademark) 1100" manufactured by Rigaku Corporation), and an X-ray tube Cu, a tube voltage of 40 kV, a tube current of 30 mA, In addition, the X-ray diffraction spectrum is measured under the condition that the wavelength of the CuKα characteristic X-ray is 1.542Å. The measurement range (2θ) is, for example, 3° or more and 40° or less (start angle 3°, stop angle 40°), and the scanning speed is, for example, 10°/min. The main peak is determined from the obtained X-ray diffraction spectrum, and the Bragg angle of the main peak is read.

The content of the charge generating agent is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 4.5 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. preferable.

(Hole transfer material)
The hole-transporting agent contains a compound represented by the following general formula (1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as compound (1)). The photosensitive layer contains the compound (1) as a hole transport material.

In formula (1), R ¹ and R ² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ¹ and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ² The sum of and is 2. R ³ and R ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ³ and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ⁴ is 2. ..

Hereinafter, "R ¹ and R ² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ¹ and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ² is 2 and R ³ and R ⁴ each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and is the sum of the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ³ and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ^4. "Is 2" may be described as "a predetermined substituent." In addition, "R ¹ is located at the para position of the phenyl group, R ² is located at the ortho position of the phenyl group, R ³ is located at the para position of the phenyl group, and R ⁴ is located at the ortho position of the phenyl group" It is located at."

When the photosensitive layer contains the compound (1) as a hole transporting agent, the charging stability of the photoconductor can be improved and the crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed. The reason is presumed as follows. The charging stability is a characteristic that allows the photoconductor to be charged to a charging potential within a predetermined range even when an image is repeatedly formed on a recording medium. For convenience of explanation, A and B are shown in the following general formula (1), and the phenyl groups represented by A and B are described as phenyl groups A and B, respectively.

The first reason will be described. R ^{1 to} R ⁴ in the general formula (1) are predetermined substituents, not bulky substituents. The bulky substituents represented by R ^{1 to} R ⁴ tend to fill the minute voids in the photosensitive layer. Further, by arranging R ^{1 to} R ⁴ at predetermined positions, it becomes easy to fill the minute voids in the photosensitive layer. Therefore, since R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are the predetermined substituents and R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are located at the predetermined positions, the quality of the photoconductor is deteriorated from the outside of the photoconductor when images are repeatedly formed on the recording medium. It is possible to prevent inviting components (for example, gas) from entering the photosensitive layer. This improves the charging stability of the photoconductor.

The second reason will be described. R ^{1 to} R ⁴ in the general formula (1) are predetermined substituents, and R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are located at predetermined positions. When R ^{1 to} R ⁴ in the general formula (1) are not the predetermined substituents (for example, a methoxy group or a butyl group) and R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are not located at the predetermined positions, they are positive. The hole transport ability of the hole transport material is reduced, and the charging stability is reduced. When R ^{1 to} R ⁴ in the general formula (1) are the predetermined substituents and R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are located at the predetermined positions, the hole transporting ability of the compound (1) is improved and the charging stability of the photoreceptor is stabilized. The property is improved.

The third reason will be described. In general, a compound having a terphenyl structure easily causes crystallization of the photosensitive layer. The present inventors diligently studied, and in the general formula (1), R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are predetermined substituents, R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are located at predetermined positions, and the phenyl groups A and B are methyl at the para position. It was found that the crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed by having a group. The predetermined substituent located at the predetermined position and the methyl group having the phenyl groups A and B in the para position increase the intermolecular force between the other molecule contained in the photosensitive layer and the compound (1). A reasonable distance is provided that is not too great. Therefore, crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed.

The fourth reason will be described. As described above, R ^{1 to} R ⁴ in the general formula (1) are predetermined substituents, not bulky substituents. A compound having a bulky substituent (for example, a phenylbutadienyl group or a butyl group) tends to cause crystallization of the photosensitive layer. Further, R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are located at predetermined positions. When R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are predetermined substituents that are not bulky and R ^{1 to} R ⁴ are located at predetermined positions, crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed. The reason why the charging stability of the photosensitive member can be improved and the crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed has been described above.

Preferable examples of the compound (1) include compounds represented by the chemical formulas (1-1), (1-2), and (1-3) (hereinafter, referred to as compounds (1-1) and (1- 2) and (may be described as (1-3)). Compounds (1-1) and (1-2) are more preferable as the compound (1) in order to particularly improve the charging stability of the photoreceptor and particularly suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer.

The content of the hole transport material is preferably 10 parts by mass or more, more preferably 50 parts by mass or more, and further preferably 65 parts by mass or more, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. The content of the hole transport material is preferably 300 parts by mass or less, more preferably 100 parts by mass or less, and further preferably 75 parts by mass or less, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

The photosensitive layer may contain only one kind of the compound (1) as a hole transport material. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer may contain two or more kinds of the compound (1) as a hole transport material. Further, the photosensitive layer may contain only the compound (1) as a hole transport material. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer further contains, as a hole-transporting agent, a hole-transporting agent other than the compound (1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as other hole-transporting agent) in addition to the compound (1). May be.

Examples of other hole-transporting agents include oxadiazole compounds (for example, 2,5-di(4-methylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) and styryl compounds (for example, 9-). (4-Diethylaminostyryl)anthracene), carbazole compound (for example, polyvinylcarbazole), organic polysilane compound, pyrazoline-based compound (for example, 1-phenyl-3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)pyrazolin), hydrazone compound, indole-based compound , Oxazole compounds, isoxazole compounds, thiazole compounds, thiadiazole compounds, imidazole compounds, pyrazole compounds, and triazole compounds.

The compound (1) can be produced, for example, according to a reaction represented by the following reaction formula (r1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as reaction (r1)). Y in the general formula (a) represented by the reaction formula (r1) represents a halogen atom. R ¹ in the general formula (b) and (c), R ^2, R ^3, and R ⁴ are each, R ¹ in the formula (1), R ^2, R ^3, and is synonymous with R ⁴ .. Each of the compounds represented by the general formulas (a), (b), and (c) may be referred to as a compound (a), (b), and (c).

In the reaction (r1), 1 molar equivalent of compound (a), 1 molar equivalent of compound (b) and 1 molar equivalent of compound (c) are reacted to obtain 1 molar equivalent of compound (1). .. When R ¹ and R ³ in the general formula (1) are the same as each other and R ² and R ⁴ are the same as each other, 1 molar equivalent of the compound (b) and 1 molar equivalent of the compound (c Instead of 2) 2 molar equivalents of compound (b) are used.

The reaction (r1) may be performed in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Examples of the palladium catalyst include palladium (II) acetate, palladium (II) chloride, sodium hexachloropalladium (IV) tetrahydrate, and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0).

The reaction (r1) may be performed in the presence of a ligand. Examples of the ligand include (4-dimethylaminophenyl)di-tertbutylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, and methyldiphenylphosphine.

The reaction (r1) may be performed in the presence of a base. Examples of the base include sodium tert-butoxide, tripotassium phosphate, and cesium fluoride. The addition amount of the base is preferably 1 molar equivalent or more and 10 molar equivalents or less with respect to 1 molar equivalent of the compound (b).

Reaction (r1) may be performed in a solvent. Examples of the solvent include xylene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide.

The reaction temperature of the reaction (r1) is preferably 80° C. or higher and 140° C. or lower. The reaction time of the reaction (r1) is preferably 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less. The reaction (r1) may be performed under an atmosphere of an inert gas (for example, argon gas).

(Binder resin)
Examples of the binder resin include thermoplastic resins (more specifically, polycarbonate resins, polyarylate resins, styrene resins, styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, styrene-maleic acid copolymers, Styrene-acrylic acid copolymer, acrylic copolymer, polyethylene resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polypropylene resin, ionomer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyester resin , Alkyd resin, polyamide resin, polyurethane resin, polysulfone resin, diallyl phthalate resin, ketone resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, and polyether resin), thermosetting resin (more specifically, silicone resin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, Examples include urea resins, melamine resins, and other crosslinkable thermosetting resins), and photocurable resins (more specifically, epoxy-acrylic acid-based resins and urethane-acrylic acid-based copolymers). ..

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoconductor and suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer, the binder resin is preferably a polycarbonate resin, which is represented by the chemical formula (R1), (R2), (R3), or (R4). A polycarbonate resin having the repeating unit represented is more preferable. “Polycarbonate resin having repeating units represented by the chemical formulas (R1), (R2), (R3), and (R4)” is referred to as “polycarbonate resin (R1), (R2), (R3), and ( R4)" may be described.

The viscosity average molecular weight of the binder resin is preferably 20,000 or more, more preferably 30,000 or more, still more preferably 40,000 or more. Further, the viscosity average molecular weight of the binder resin is preferably 80,000 or less, more preferably 70,000 or less, and further preferably 60,000 or less. When the viscosity average molecular weight of the binder resin is 20,000 or more, the photosensitive layer is less likely to wear. On the other hand, when the viscosity average molecular weight of the binder resin is 80,000 or less, the binder resin is easily dissolved in the solvent and the photosensitive layer is easily formed.

(Electronic transport material)
Examples of the electron transfer agent include quinone compounds, diimide compounds, hydrazone compounds, malononitrile compounds, thiopyran compounds, trinitrothioxanthone compounds, 3,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone compounds, Examples include dinitroanthracene compounds, dinitroacridine compounds, tetracyanoethylene, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, dinitrobenzene, dinitroacridine, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and dibromomaleic anhydride. Examples of the quinone compound include diphenoquinone compounds, azoquinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, naphthoquinone compounds, nitroanthraquinone compounds, and dinitroanthraquinone compounds. The photosensitive layer may contain only one type of electron transfer agent, or may contain two or more types of electron transfer agents.

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoconductor and suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer, suitable examples of the electron transfer agent include the following general formulas (10), (11), (12) and (13). , And (14) (hereinafter, may be referred to as compounds (10), (11), (12), (13), and (14), respectively).

In the general formula (10), Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ , and Q ⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, It represents an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms.

In formula (10), it is preferable that Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ , and Q ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. More preferably, Q ¹ and Q ⁴ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and Q ² and Q ^{3 each} represent a hydrogen atom. As the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms represented by Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ , and Q ⁴ , an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable, and a 1,1-dimethylpropyl group is more preferable. ..

In formula (11), Q ⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms. Q ⁶ is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, a carbon atom It represents an aryloxy group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms or an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms. Q ⁷ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. v represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less.

In general formula (11), Q ⁵ preferably represents an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, and more preferably a phenyl group. Q ⁶ preferably represents an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, and even more preferably a benzyloxy group. It is preferable that v represents 0.

In formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ each independently represent an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms which may be substituted with at least one alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Represent

In general formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ each independently have 6 or more carbon atoms substituted with 2 or more and 5 or less (for example, 2) alkyl groups having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms. It is preferably an aryl group of 14 or less, more preferably a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group of 2 or more and 5 or less (for example, 2) having 1 or more and 3 or less carbon atoms, and ethylmethylphenyl More preferably, it represents a group, and particularly preferably a 2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl group.

In the general formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² and Q ¹³ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, It represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 3 to 14 carbon atoms.

In formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , and Q ¹³ each independently preferably represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferably, it represents a group, more preferably a methyl group or a tert-butyl group.

In the general formula (14), Q ¹⁴ , Q ¹⁵ , and Q ¹⁶ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 6 to 14 carbon atoms which may be substituted with a halogen atom. Represents an aryl group of.

In formula (14), Q ¹⁴ and Q ¹⁵ each independently preferably represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. It is more preferable to represent a tert-butyl group. Q ¹⁶ preferably represents an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom, more preferably phenyl substituted with a halogen atom, further preferably a chlorophenyl group. It is particularly preferred to represent the -chlorophenyl group.

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoconductor and suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer, more preferable examples of the electron transfer agent include chemical formulas (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), And compounds represented by (ET5) (hereinafter, may be referred to as compounds (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), and (ET5), respectively). Compound (ET1) is a suitable example of compound (10). Compound (ET2) is a suitable example of compound (11). Compound (ET3) is a suitable example of compound (12). Compound (ET4) is a suitable example of compound (13). Compound (ET5) is a suitable example of compound (14).

The content of the electron transport agent is preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 150 parts by mass or less, preferably 10 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less, and 20 parts by mass or more and 40 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. It is more preferably less than or equal to parts by mass.

(Additive)
The additive is at least one of an ultraviolet absorber represented by the general formula (50), an antioxidant represented by the general formula (51), and an antioxidant represented by the general formula (52). Including. Hereinafter, "ultraviolet absorber represented by the general formula (50)" is "ultraviolet absorber (50)" and "antioxidant represented by the general formula (51)" is "antioxidant (51)" And "the antioxidant represented by the general formula (52)" may be referred to as "antioxidant (52)". Further, the "ultraviolet absorber (50), antioxidant (51), and antioxidant (52)" may be collectively referred to as "predetermined additive".

When the photosensitive layer contains at least one of the predetermined additives, the sensitivity characteristics of the photoconductor can be improved, the charging stability can be improved, and the crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed. The reason is presumed as follows. Ultraviolet rays are generated by the recombination reaction of ions and electrons when the photoreceptor is charged. The generated ultraviolet rays may change the properties of the hole transport material and the like. On the other hand, when the photosensitive layer contains the ultraviolet absorber (50), it is possible to suppress the alteration of the hole transporting agent and the like due to the ultraviolet rays, and the sensitivity characteristics and the charging stability of the photoreceptor are improved. .. Further, when radicals are generated in the photosensitive layer, the transport of charges in the photosensitive layer is trapped by the radicals and residual charges are generated, which makes it difficult to charge the surface of the photoreceptor. On the other hand, when the photosensitive layer contains the antioxidant (51) or (52), radicals generated in the photosensitive layer can be trapped. As a result, the residual charge due to the generation of radicals is reduced, and the sensitivity characteristics and charging stability of the photoconductor are improved. Further, since the compound (1) which is a hole transport material and the predetermined additive are well compatible with the binder resin, crystallization of the photosensitive layer can be suppressed.

Hereinafter, each of the predetermined additives will be described in order. First, the ultraviolet absorber (50) will be described. The ultraviolet absorber (50) is a benzotriazole-based ultraviolet absorber. The ultraviolet absorber (50) is represented by the following general formula (50).

In formula (50), R ⁵¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom. R ⁵² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms. n and m each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less. When n represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵¹ may be the same as or different from each other. When m represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ^{52 s} may be the same as or different from each other.

As the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom represented by R ⁵¹ in the general formula (50), an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom is preferable, and chlorine is An alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms substituted with atoms is preferable. The halogen atom represented by R ⁵¹ is preferably a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom, more preferably a chlorine atom.

The alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵² in the general formula (50) is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1, 4 or 8 carbon atoms is preferable. A methyl group, a tert-butyl group, or a 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl group is more preferable. The aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵² is preferably an aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms. The aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵² is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms.

In general formula (50), R ⁵¹ preferably represents a halogen atom. R ⁵² preferably represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. It is preferable that n represents 0 or 1. m preferably represents 1 or 2. When m represents 2, two R ^{52 s} may be the same or different from each other.

Suitable examples of the ultraviolet absorber (50) include the ultraviolet absorbers represented by the general formulas (50-1) and (50-2). R ⁵¹ and R ^52, in formula (50-1) in is R ⁵¹ in the general formula (50), and the R ⁵² synonymous. Two R ^{52 s} in the general formula (50-1) may be the same or different from each other. R ⁵² in the general formula (50-2) has the same meaning as R ⁵² in the general formula (50).

As a more preferable example of the ultraviolet absorber (50), the ultraviolet absorbers represented by the chemical formulas (AD1) and (AD2) (hereinafter, referred to as the ultraviolet absorber (AD1) and (AD2), respectively) There is).

Next, the antioxidant (51) will be described. Antioxidant (51) is a hindered phenolic antioxidant. The antioxidant (51) is represented by the following general formula (51).

In general formula (51), R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. p represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. q and r each independently represent an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. s represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When p is an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵³ may be the same or different. When s represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of p may be the same as or different from each other, a plurality of q may be the same as or different from each other, and a plurality of r are the same as each other. Or may be different.

As the alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵³ in the general formula (51), an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable, and a branched chain group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms is used. An alkyl group is more preferable, and a tert-butyl group is particularly preferable.

In general formula (51), p preferably represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably 2.

In the general formula (51), q and r each independently preferably represent 1 or 2, more preferably q represents 2 and r represents 1.

In general formula (51), s preferably represents 3 or 4, and more preferably represents 4.

In general formula (51), R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. It is preferable that p represents 2. It is preferable that q and r each independently represent 1 or 2. It is preferable that s represents 4. When p represents 2 and s represents 4, eight R ^{53 s} may be the same or different. When s represents 4, four q's may be the same as or different from each other, and four r's may be the same or different from each other.

Preferable examples of the antioxidant (51) include the antioxidant represented by the general formula (51-3). R ⁵³ in the general formula (51-3), q, and r are each a R ⁵³ in the general formula (51), q, and synonymous with r. Eight R ^{53 s} in the general formula (51-3) may be the same or different from each other. The integers represented by four qs in the general formula (51-3) may be the same or different. The integers represented by the four r's in the general formula (51-3) may be the same or different.

A more preferable example of the antioxidant (51) is an antioxidant represented by the chemical formula (AD3) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as antioxidant (AD3)).

Next, the antioxidant (52) will be described. Antioxidant (52) is a hindered phenolic antioxidant. The antioxidant (52) is represented by the following general formula (52).

In formula (52), R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms. u represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less. t represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less. When t represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵⁵ may be the same as or different from each other.

In formula (52), the alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵⁵ is preferably an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and a branched chain having 3 to 5 carbon atoms. An alkyl group is more preferable, and a tert-butyl group is particularly preferable.

In general formula (52), the alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms represented by R ⁵⁶ is preferably an alkyl group having 15 to 25 carbon atoms, and more preferably an octadecyl group.

In general formula (52), t is preferably an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less, and more preferably 2.

In general formula (52), u preferably represents 1 or 2, and more preferably represents 2.

In formula (52), R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms. u preferably represents 2. It is preferable that t represents 2. When t represents 2, two R ^{55 s} may be the same or different from each other.

Preferable examples of the antioxidant (52) include the antioxidant represented by the general formula (52-4). R ^55, R ^56, and u in the general formula (52-4), respectively, R ^55, R ⁵⁶ in the general formula (52), and is synonymous with u. Two R ^{55 s} in the general formula (52-4) may be the same or different from each other.

A more preferable example of the antioxidant (52) includes an antioxidant represented by the chemical formula (AD4) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as antioxidant (AD4)).

In order to improve the charging stability of the photoconductor and suppress crystallization of the photosensitive layer, the content of at least one of the predetermined additives is 0.1 parts by mass or more based on 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. Is more preferable, 0.5 parts by mass or more is more preferable, and 3 parts by mass or more is further preferable. For the same reason, the content of at least one of the predetermined additives is preferably 15 parts by mass or less, more preferably 10 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 7 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. It is more preferable that the amount is not more than part. When the photosensitive layer contains at least two of the predetermined additives, the content means the total content of at least two of the predetermined additives.

The photosensitive layer contains, for example, one kind, two kinds, or three kinds of predetermined additives. The photosensitive layer preferably contains one of the predetermined additives.

The photosensitive layer may contain, as an additive, only at least one kind of predetermined additive. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer may further contain, as an additive, an additive other than the predetermined additive (hereinafter, may be referred to as other additive).

Other additives include, for example, radical scavengers, singlet quenchers, softeners, surface modifiers, extenders, thickeners, dispersion stabilizers, waxes, donors, surfactants, plasticizers, thickeners. Examples include sensitizers, electron acceptor compounds, and leveling agents.

(Combination of materials)
In order to suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer while improving the sensitivity characteristics and charging stability of the photoconductor, the combination of the hole transport agent and the additive is each of the combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1. It is preferable. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transport agent and the additive is each of the combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1, and the binder resin is the polycarbonate resin (R1), (R2), (R3), or (R4). Is preferred. For the same reason, it is preferable that the combination of the hole transport material and the additive is each of the combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1, and the charge generating agent is the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transport agent and the additive is each of the combination examples C1 to C12 shown in Table 1, and the binder resin is the polycarbonate resin (R1), (R2), (R3), or (R4). And it is preferable that the charge generating agent is Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine.

In order to suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer while improving the sensitivity characteristics and the charging stability of the photoconductor, the combination of the hole transfer agent, the additive, and the electron transfer agent may be the combination examples D1 to D1 shown in Table 2. Each of D60 is preferable. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transfer agent, the additive, and the electron transfer agent is each of the combination examples D1 to D60 shown in Table 2, and the binder resin is the polycarbonate resin (R1), (R2), (R3). Or (R4) is preferable. For the same reason, it is preferable that the combination of the hole transfer agent, the additive, and the electron transfer agent is each of the combination examples D1 to D60 shown in Table 2, and the charge generation agent is Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine. For the same reason, the combination of the hole transfer agent, the additive, and the electron transfer agent is each of the combination examples D1 to D60 shown in Table 2, and the binder resin is the polycarbonate resin (R1), (R2), (R3). Or (R4), and the charge generating agent is preferably Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine.

In Tables 1 and 2, “example” indicates “combination example”, “HTM” indicates “hole transfer material”, and “ETM” indicates “electron transfer material”.

(Conductive substrate)
The conductive substrate is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as the conductive substrate of the photoconductor. At least the surface portion of the conductive substrate may be made of a material having conductivity. An example of the conductive substrate is a conductive substrate made of a material having conductivity. Another example of the conductive substrate is a conductive substrate coated with a material having conductivity. Examples of materials having conductivity include aluminum, iron, copper, tin, platinum, silver, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, cadmium, titanium, nickel, palladium, indium, stainless steel, and brass. These conductive materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more (for example, as an alloy). Among these materials having conductivity, aluminum and aluminum alloys are preferable because the transfer of charges from the photosensitive layer to the conductive substrate is good.

The shape of the conductive substrate is appropriately selected according to the structure of the image forming apparatus. Examples of the shape of the conductive substrate include a sheet shape and a drum shape. Moreover, the thickness of the conductive substrate is appropriately selected according to the shape of the conductive substrate.

(Middle layer)
The intermediate layer (undercoat layer) contains, for example, inorganic particles and a resin used for the intermediate layer (resin for intermediate layer). The presence of the intermediate layer makes it possible to smooth the flow of current generated when the photosensitive member is exposed and suppress an increase in resistance while maintaining the insulation state to the extent that leakage can be suppressed.

Examples of the inorganic particles include particles of metals (eg, aluminum, iron, and copper), particles of metal oxides (eg, titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide), and non-metal oxides. (Eg silica) particles. These inorganic particles may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The example of the resin for the intermediate layer is the same as the example of the binder resin described above. In order to favorably form the intermediate layer and the photosensitive layer, the intermediate layer resin is preferably different from the binder resin contained in the photosensitive layer. The intermediate layer may contain an additive. The examples of the additives contained in the intermediate layer are the same as the examples of the other additives contained in the photosensitive layer.

(Method for manufacturing photoconductor)
Next, an example of a method for manufacturing the photoconductor will be described. The method for manufacturing a photoreceptor includes a photosensitive layer forming step. In the photosensitive layer forming step, a coating liquid for forming the photosensitive layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a photosensitive layer coating liquid) is prepared. The photosensitive layer coating liquid is coated on the conductive substrate. Then, at least a part of the solvent contained in the applied coating liquid for photosensitive layer is removed to form a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer coating liquid contains, for example, a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin, an additive, and a solvent. The coating liquid for photosensitive layer is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a charge generating agent, a hole transporting agent, an electron transporting agent, a binder resin, and an additive in a solvent.

The solvent contained in the photosensitive layer coating liquid is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve or disperse each component contained in the photosensitive layer coating liquid. Examples of the solvent include alcohols (more specifically, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, etc.), aliphatic hydrocarbons (more specifically, n-hexane, octane, cyclohexane, etc.), aromatic carbons. Hydrogen (more specifically, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.), halogenated hydrocarbon (more specifically, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, etc.), ether (more specifically, dimethyl ether) , Diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether), ketones (more specifically, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc.), esters (more specifically, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, etc.), Examples include dimethylformaldehyde, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The photosensitive layer coating liquid is prepared by mixing the respective components and dispersing them in a solvent. For mixing or dispersing, for example, a bead mill, roll mill, ball mill, attritor, paint shaker, or ultrasonic disperser can be used.

The method for applying the photosensitive layer coating liquid is not particularly limited as long as it is a method capable of uniformly coating the photosensitive layer coating liquid. Examples of the coating method include a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a spin coating method, and a bar coating method.

Examples of the method for removing at least a part of the solvent contained in the photosensitive layer coating liquid include heating, reduced pressure, or combined use of heating and reduced pressure. More specifically, a method of heat treatment (drying with hot air) using a high temperature dryer or a reduced pressure dryer can be mentioned. The temperature of the heat treatment is, for example, 40° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower. The heat treatment time is, for example, 3 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less.

The method of manufacturing the photoconductor may further include a step of forming an intermediate layer, if necessary. A known method can be appropriately selected for the step of forming the intermediate layer.

<Image forming device>
Next, an image forming apparatus including the photoconductor 1 of this embodiment will be described. Hereinafter, a tandem type color image forming apparatus will be described as an example with reference to FIG. FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing an example of the image forming apparatus.

The image forming apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 4 includes image forming units 40a, 40b, 40c, and 40d, a transfer belt 50, and a fixing device 52. Hereinafter, when it is not necessary to distinguish them, each of the image forming units 40a, 40b, 40c, and 40d is referred to as an image forming unit 40.

The image forming unit 40 includes an image carrier 100, a charging device 42, an exposure device 44, a developing device 46, a transfer device 48, and a cleaning device 54. The image carrier 100 is the photoconductor 1 of this embodiment.

As described above, according to the photoconductor 1 of the present embodiment, the sensitivity characteristics of the photoconductor 1 can be improved, the charging stability can be improved, and the crystallization of the photosensitive layer 3 can be suppressed. Therefore, by providing the photoconductor 1 as the image carrier 100, the image forming apparatus 110 can form a good image on the recording medium P.

The image carrier 100 is provided at the center of the image forming unit 40. The image carrier 100 is rotatably provided in the arrow direction (counterclockwise). Around the image carrier 100, a charging device 42, an exposure device 44, a developing device 46, a transfer device 48, and a cleaning device 54 are arranged in this order from the upstream side in the rotation direction of the image carrier 100. It is provided.

Toner images of a plurality of colors (for example, four colors of black, cyan, magenta, and yellow) are sequentially superposed on the recording medium P on the transfer belt 50 by each of the image forming units 40a to 40d.

The charging device 42 positively charges the surface (for example, the peripheral surface) of the image carrier 100. The charging device 42 is, for example, a scorotron charger.

The exposure device 44 irradiates the surface of the charged image carrier 100 with exposure light. That is, the exposure device 44 exposes the surface of the charged image carrier 100. As a result, an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the image carrier 100. The electrostatic latent image is formed based on the image data input to the image forming apparatus 110.

The developing device 46 supplies toner to the surface of the image carrier 100 to develop the electrostatic latent image as a toner image. The developing device 46 develops the electrostatic latent image as a toner image while contacting the surface of the image carrier 100. That is, the image forming apparatus 110 adopts the contact developing method. The developing device 46 is, for example, a developing roller. When the developer is a one-component developer, the developing device 46 supplies toner, which is a one-component developer, to the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier 100. When the developer is a two-component developer, the developing device 46 supplies the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier 100 with the toner contained in the two-component developer and the carrier. In this way, the image carrier 100 carries the toner image.

The time from when the predetermined area on the surface of the image carrier 100 passes through the exposure position PA until it reaches the development position PB (hereinafter, also referred to as exposure-development time) is 100 milliseconds or less. is there. The exposure position PA is a position where the exposure light emitted from the exposure device 44 is incident on the surface of the image carrier 100. The developing position PB is a position where the surface of the image carrier 100 is in contact with the developing device 46 or is a position closest to the developing device 46. The predetermined area is, for example, one point on the surface of the image carrier 100 (for example, one point randomly selected).

The transfer belt 50 conveys the recording medium P between the image carrier 100 and the transfer device 48. The transfer belt 50 is an endless belt. The transfer belt 50 is provided so as to be rotatable in the arrow direction (clockwise direction).

The transfer device 48 transfers the toner image developed by the developing device 46 from the surface of the image carrier 100 to the recording medium P that is the transfer target. Specifically, the transfer device 48 transfers the toner image from the surface of the image carrier 100 to the recording medium P in a state where the surface of the image carrier 100 and the recording medium P are in contact with each other. That is, the image forming apparatus 110 employs the direct transfer method. The transfer device 48 is, for example, a transfer roller.

The cleaning device 54 collects the toner adhering to the surface of the image carrier 100. The cleaning device 54 includes a housing 541 and a cleaning roller 542. The cleaning device 54 does not include a cleaning blade. The cleaning roller 542 is arranged inside the housing 541. The cleaning roller 542 is arranged so as to contact the surface of the image carrier 100. The cleaning roller 542 polishes the surface of the image carrier 100 and collects the toner adhering to the surface of the image carrier 100 into the housing 541.

The recording medium P on which the toner image is transferred by the transfer device 48 is conveyed to the fixing device 52 by the transfer belt 50. The fixing device 52 is, for example, a heating roller and/or a pressure roller. The unfixed toner image transferred by the transfer device 48 is heated and/or pressed by the fixing device 52. By heating and/or pressurizing the toner image, the toner image is fixed on the recording medium P. As a result, an image is formed on the recording medium P.

Although an example of the image forming apparatus has been described above, the image forming apparatus is not limited to the image forming apparatus 110 described above. Although the image forming apparatus 110 described above is a color image forming apparatus, the image forming apparatus may be a monochrome image forming apparatus. In this case, the image forming apparatus may include only one image forming unit, for example. Further, although the image forming apparatus 110 described above adopts the tandem system, the image forming apparatus may adopt the rotary system, for example. Although the scorotron charger has been described as an example of the charging device 42, the charging device may be a charging device other than the scorotron charging device (for example, a charging roller, a charging brush, or a corotron charging device). Although the image forming apparatus 110 described above employs the contact developing method, the image forming apparatus may employ the non-contact developing method. Although the above-described image forming apparatus 110 adopts the direct transfer method, the image forming apparatus may adopt the intermediate transfer method. When the image forming apparatus adopts the intermediate transfer system, the transferred body corresponds to the intermediate transfer belt. Although the above-described cleaning device 54 includes the cleaning roller 542 and does not include the cleaning blade, the cleaning device may include the cleaning roller 542 and the cleaning blade. Although the image forming unit 40 described above does not include a charge eliminating device, the image forming unit may further include a charge eliminating device.

<Process cartridge>
Next, referring still to FIG. 4, an example of a process cartridge including the photoconductor 1 of the present embodiment will be described. The process cartridge corresponds to each of the image forming units 40a-40d. The process cartridge includes the image carrier 100. The image carrier 100 is the photoconductor 1 of this embodiment. In addition to the image carrier 100, the process cartridge further includes at least one of the charging device 42 and the cleaning device 54.

As described above, according to the photoconductor 1 of the present embodiment, it is possible to improve the charging stability of the photoconductor 1 and suppress the crystallization of the photosensitive layer 3. Therefore, by providing the photoconductor 1 as the image carrier 100, the process cartridge can form a good image on the recording medium P.

In addition to the image carrier 100, the charging device 42, and the cleaning device 54, the process cartridge may further include at least one of the exposure device 44, the developing device 46, and the transfer device 48. The process cartridge may further include a static eliminator (not shown). The process cartridge is designed to be attachable to and detachable from the image forming apparatus 110. Therefore, the process cartridge is easy to handle, and when the sensitivity characteristic of the image carrier 100 is deteriorated, the process cartridge including the image carrier 100 can be replaced easily and quickly. The process cartridge including the photoconductor 1 according to this embodiment has been described above with reference to FIG.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. However, the present invention is in no way limited to the scope of the examples.

First, the following charge generating agents, electron transfer agents, hole transfer agents, binder resins, and additives were prepared as materials for forming the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor.

(Charge generating agent)
As the charge generating agent, the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine described in the embodiment was prepared.

(Electronic transport material)
As the electron transfer agent, each of the compounds (ET1) to (ET-5) described in the embodiment was prepared.

(Hole transfer material)
The compounds (1-1) to (1-3) described in the embodiment were prepared as hole transport agents. Each of the compounds (1-1) to (1-3) was synthesized by the following method.

(Synthesis of Compound (1-1))
In a three-necked flask having a capacity of 500 mL, 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl (11.98 g, 30.9 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (0.069 g, 0.307 mmol), (4-dimethylaminophenyl) ) Di-tertbutylphosphine (0.205 g, 0.772 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (7.702 g, 80.15 mmol) were charged. The air in the flask was replaced with nitrogen gas by repeating deaeration in the flask and replacement with nitrogen gas twice. Then, (2,4-dimethylphenyl)(4′-methylphenyl)amine (13.85 g, 63.3 mmol) and xylene (100 mL) were placed in the flask. The contents of the flask were stirred at 120° C. for 3 hours while refluxing. The temperature of the flask contents was then reduced to 50°C. The contents of the flask were filtered to remove ash, and a filtrate was obtained. Activated clay (24 g of "SA-1" manufactured by Nippon Activated Shirado Co., Ltd.) was added to the filtrate, and the mixture was stirred at 80°C for 10 minutes to obtain a mixture. Then, the mixture was filtered to obtain a filtrate. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a residue. 20 g of toluene was added to the residue and heated to 100°C. The residue was dissolved in toluene by heating to obtain a solution. N-Hexane was added to the solution until the solution became slightly cloudy. Then, the solution was cooled to 5° C., and the precipitated crystals were taken out by filtration. The obtained crystals were dried to obtain compound (1-1). The yield of compound (1-1) was 18.2 g. The yield of the compound (1-1) from 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl was 90.8 mol %.

(Synthesis of Compound (1-2))
Compound (1- except that 63.3 mmol of (2,4-dimethylphenyl)(4′-methylphenyl)amine was changed to 63.3 mmol of (2-ethylphenyl)(4′-methylphenyl)amine. Compound (1-2) was obtained by the same method as the synthesis of 1).

(Synthesis of Compound (1-3))
Compound (1-- except that 63.3 mmol of (2,4-dimethylphenyl)(4′-methylphenyl)amine was changed to 63.3 mmol of (4-ethylphenyl)(4′-methylphenyl)amine. Compound (1-3) was obtained by the same method as the synthesis of 1).

The ¹ H-NMR spectrum of the synthesized compounds (1-1) to (1-3) was measured using a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (300 MHz, manufactured by JASCO Corporation). CDCl ₃ was used as the solvent. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) was used as an internal standard sample. As typical examples of the compounds (1-1) to (1-3), the chemical shift values of the compound (1-1) are shown below. From the chemical shift value, it was confirmed that the compound (1-1) was obtained. It was confirmed that the compounds (1-2) and (1-3) were obtained by the same method for the compounds (1-2) and (1-3).

Compound (1-1): ¹ H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ )δ=7.57 (s, 4H), 7.42-7.45 (m, 4H), 7.01-7.07 (m , 18H), 2.34 (s, 6H), 2.29 (s, 6H), 2.03 (s, 6H).

Next, as hole transport agents used in Comparative Examples, compounds represented by the following chemical formulas (HT4) to (HT16) (hereinafter, may be referred to as compounds (HT4) to (HT16)) are prepared. did.

(Binder resin)
As the binder resin, each of the polycarbonate resins (R1) to (R4) described in the embodiment was prepared. The viscosity average molecular weights of the polycarbonate resins (R1), (R2), (R3), and (R4) were 50,000, 50,000, 50,000, and 50,000, respectively.

(Additive)
The ultraviolet absorbers (AD1) and (AD2) and the antioxidants (AD3) and (AD4) described in the embodiment were prepared as additives.

In addition, an antioxidant represented by the following chemical formula (AD5) (hereinafter referred to as antioxidant (AD5)) was prepared as an additive used in Comparative Examples.

<Manufacture of photoconductor>
Photoreceptors (A-1) to (A-13) and (B-1) to (B-15) using the charge generating agent, hole transporting agent, binder resin, electron transporting agent, and additive described above. Was manufactured.

(Production of Photoreceptor (A-1))
3 parts by mass of Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine which is a charge generating agent, 70 parts by mass of a compound (1-1) which is a hole transferring material, 100 parts by mass of a polycarbonate resin (R1) which is a binder resin, and a compound (ET1 which is an electron transferring material). ) 30 parts by mass, 5 parts by mass of an ultraviolet absorber (AD1) as an additive, and 800 parts by mass of tetrahydrofuran as a solvent were mixed for 50 hours with a ball mill to obtain a coating liquid for photosensitive layer. The coating solution for photosensitive layer was applied onto a conductive substrate (aluminum drum-shaped support) by a dip coating method. The applied photosensitive layer coating liquid was dried with hot air at 120° C. for 60 minutes. In this way, a photosensitive layer (film thickness 28 μm) was formed on the conductive substrate to obtain a photoconductor (A-1). In the photoconductor (A-1), a single-layer photosensitive layer was provided on the conductive substrate.

(Production of Photoreceptors (A-2) to (A-13) and (B-2) to (B-15))
Except that the hole transporting agent, electron transporting agent, additive, and binder resin of the types shown in Table 3 were used, the same procedure as in the production of the photoconductor (A-1) was repeated. Each of (A-13) and (B-2) to (B-15) was produced.

(Production of Photoreceptor (B-1))
A photoconductor (B-1) was produced in the same manner as the photoconductor (A-1) except that the additive was not added.

<Evaluation of sensitivity characteristics of photoconductor>
For each of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) and (B-1) to (B-15), under the environment of temperature 10° C. and relative humidity 15% RH, the drum sensitivity tester ( The sensitivity characteristics were evaluated by using Gentec Co., Ltd.). Specifically, the surface of the photoconductor was charged to +750V using a drum sensitivity tester. Then, monochromatic light (wavelength: 780 nm, exposure amount: 0.4 μJ/cm ² ) was extracted from the light of the halogen lamp using a bandpass filter, and was irradiated on the surface of the photoreceptor. The surface potential of the photoconductor was measured when 70 ms had elapsed from the end of monochromatic light irradiation. The measured surface potential was defined as the post-exposure potential V _L (unit: +V) of the photoconductor. From the post-exposure potential V _L , the sensitivity characteristics of the photoconductor were evaluated based on the following criteria. In addition, the photosensitive member having the sensitivity characteristic of C was evaluated as having a poor sensitivity characteristic.

(Evaluation of sensitivity characteristics)
Evaluation A: The post-exposure potential V _L is less than +150V.
Evaluation B: The post-exposure potential V _L is +150 V or more and less than +200 V.
Evaluation C: The post-exposure potential V _L is +200 V or more.

<Evaluation of charge stability of photoconductor>
For each of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) and (B-1) to (B-15), the charging stability was evaluated under the environment of a temperature of 10° C. and a relative humidity of 15% RH. did. An evaluation machine (a modified model of "FS-C5250DN" manufactured by Kyocera Document Solutions Co., Ltd.) was used for evaluation of the charging stability. The evaluation machine was equipped with a scorotron charger and a cleaning roller, and was not equipped with a cleaning blade. The exposure-development time was set to 70 ms.

First, an image A (entire blank image) was printed on three recording media (A4 size paper) using an evaluation machine. When printing on each sheet, the surface potential of the photoconductor was measured at the developing position. Since the exposure is not performed when printing the blank image, the measured surface potential corresponds to the charging potential. The surface potential was measured once for printing one sheet of paper, a total of three times. The average value of the surface potentials measured three times was used as the charging potential V ₀₁ (unit: +V) before the printing test.

Then, a printing test was conducted. The printing test was a test in which an image B (printing pattern image with a printing rate of 5%) was printed at intervals of 15 seconds on 10,000 recording media (A4 size paper) using an evaluation machine. Immediately after the printing test, the image A (entire blank image) was printed on three recording media (A4 size paper). When printing on each sheet, the surface potential of the photoconductor was measured at the developing position. The surface potential was measured once for printing one sheet of paper, a total of three times. The average value of the surface potentials measured three times was used as the charging potential V ₀₂ (unit: +V) after the printing test.

The value (V ₀₁ -V ₀₂ ) obtained by subtracting the charging potential V ₀₂ after the printing test from the charging potential V ₀₁ before the printing test was taken as the charging potential decrease amount ΔV ₀ (unit: V). The charging stability of the photosensitive member was evaluated based on the following criteria based on the charging potential decrease amount ΔV ₀ . Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the charging stability. The photoreceptors having the evaluations of charging stability of B and C were evaluated as having poor charging stability.

(Evaluation of charge stability)
Evaluation A: The amount of decrease in charging potential ΔV ₀ is less than 60V.
Evaluation B: The amount of decrease in charging potential ΔV ₀ is 60 V or more and less than 110 V.
Evaluation C: The charging potential decrease amount ΔV ₀ is 110 V or more.

<Evaluation of suppression of crystallization of photosensitive layer>
The entire surface (photosensitive layer) of each of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) and (B-1) to (B-15) was visually observed. Then, the presence or absence of a crystallized portion in the photosensitive layer was confirmed. Based on the confirmation result, whether or not crystallization was suppressed was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3. In addition, the photoconductor in which the evaluation of the crystallization suppression was evaluation C was evaluated that the crystallization of the photosensitive layer was not suppressed.

(Evaluation criteria for suppressing crystallization)
Evaluation A: A crystallized part was not confirmed.
Evaluation B: Some crystallized parts were confirmed.
Evaluation C: A crystallized portion was clearly confirmed.

In Table 3, HTM, resin, and ETM represent a hole transfer material, a binder resin, and an electron transfer material, respectively.

As shown in Table 3, the photosensitive layers of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) were compound (1) (specifically, compounds (1-1) to (1) as hole transport agents. -3)). The photosensitive layers of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) have at least one of predetermined additives (more specifically, an ultraviolet absorber (AD1) and an ultraviolet absorber (AD2) as an additive. ), an antioxidant (AD3), and an antioxidant (AD4)). Evaluation of the sensitivity characteristics of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) was evaluated as A or B, and the sensitivity characteristics of the photoconductor were good. The evaluation of the charging stability of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) was evaluation A, and the charging stability of the photoconductor was good. In addition, the evaluation of crystallization suppression of the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) was evaluation A or B, and crystallization of the photoconductor was suppressed. Therefore, the photoconductors (A-1) to (A-13) were able to achieve all of the improvement of sensitivity characteristics, the improvement of charging stability, and the suppression of crystallization of the photosensitive layer.

From the above, it was shown that the photoreceptor according to the present invention can achieve improvement in sensitivity characteristics, improvement in charging stability, and suppression of crystallization of the photosensitive layer. Since the photoconductor according to the present invention can improve the sensitivity characteristics, improve the charging stability, and suppress the crystallization of the photoconductive layer, the process cartridge and the image forming apparatus including the photoconductor according to the present invention can provide a good image Can be formed.

The photoconductor and the process cartridge according to the present invention can be used in an image forming apparatus. The image forming apparatus according to the present invention can be used to form an image on a recording medium.

1: Photoreceptor (electrophotographic photoreceptor)
2: Conductive substrate 3: Photosensitive layer 42: Charging device 44: Exposure device 46: Developing device 48: Transfer device 100: Image carrier 110: Image forming device PA: Exposure position PB: Development position P: Recording medium

Claims (12)

A conductive substrate and a single photosensitive layer,
The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating agent, a hole transfer agent, an electron transfer agent, a binder resin and an additive,
The hole transport material contains a compound represented by the general formula (1):
The additive is at least one of an ultraviolet absorber represented by the general formula (50), an antioxidant represented by the general formula (51), and an antioxidant represented by the general formula (52). An electrophotographic photosensitive member including.

(In the general formula (1),
R ¹ and R ² each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ¹ and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ² is 2. ,
R ³ and R ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group, and the sum of the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ³ and the number of carbon atoms of the group represented by R ⁴ is 2. .. )

(In the general formula (50),
R ⁵¹ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom,
R ⁵² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms,
n and m each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less,
When n represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵¹ may be the same or different from each other,
When m represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ^{52 s} may be the same as or different from each other. )

(In the general formula (51),
R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,
p represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less,
q and r each independently represent an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less,
s represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less,
When p is an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵³ may be the same as or different from each other,
When s represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of p may be the same as or different from each other, a plurality of q may be the same as or different from each other, and a plurality of r are the same as each other. Or may be different. )

(In the general formula (52),
R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,
R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms,
u represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less,
t represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less,
When t represents an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R ⁵⁵ may be the same as or different from each other. ) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by the chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), or (1-3). ..

The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (1) is a compound represented by the chemical formula (1-1) or (1-2). In the general formula (50),
R ⁵¹ represents a halogen atom,
R ⁵² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms,
n represents 0 or 1,
m represents 1 or 2,
When m represents 2, two R ^{52 s} may be the same or different from each other,
In the general formula (51),
R ⁵³ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,
p represents 2,
q and r each independently represent 1 or 2,
s represents 4,
Eight R ^{53 s} may be the same or different from each other,
Four q may be the same or different from each other, four r may be the same or different from each other,
In the general formula (52),
R ⁵⁵ represents an alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,
R ⁵⁶ represents an alkyl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms,
u represents 2,
t represents 2,
The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein two R ^{55 s} may be the same or different from each other. The ultraviolet absorber represented by the general formula (50) is an ultraviolet absorber represented by the chemical formula (AD1) or (AD2),
The antioxidant represented by the general formula (51) is the antioxidant represented by the chemical formula (AD3),
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the antioxidant represented by the general formula (52) is an antioxidant represented by the chemical formula (AD4).

The electrophotographic photograph according to claim 1, wherein the binder resin includes a polycarbonate resin having a repeating unit represented by the chemical formula (R1), (R2), (R3), or (R4). Photoconductor.

7. The electron according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the electron transfer material includes a compound represented by the general formula (10), (11), (12), (13), or (14). Photoreceptor.

(In the general formula (10), Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ , and Q ⁴ are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. A group, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (11), Q ⁵ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, and Q ⁶ is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Group, aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryloxy group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or carbon atom Represents an aralkyloxy group having a number of 7 or more and 20 or less, Q ⁷ represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 or more and 6 or less, v represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less,
In the general formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ are each independently an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms which may be substituted with at least one alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Represents
In the general formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , and Q ¹³ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group having 3 to 14 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (14), Q ¹⁴ , Q ¹⁵ and Q ¹⁶ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 6 to 14 carbon atoms which may be substituted with a halogen atom. The following aryl groups are represented. ) In the general formula (10), Q ¹ , Q ² , Q ³ , and Q ⁴ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (11), Q ⁵ represents an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, Q ⁶ represents an aralkyloxy group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and v represents 0.
In the general formula (12), Q ⁸ and Q ⁹ each independently represent an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, which is substituted with two alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (13), Q ¹⁰ , Q ¹¹ , Q ¹² , and Q ¹³ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
In the general formula (14), Q ¹⁴ and Q ¹⁵ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and Q ¹⁶ is 6 to 14 carbon atoms substituted with a halogen atom. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7, which represents the aryl group of. 9. The electron photograph according to claim 1, wherein the electron transfer agent contains a compound represented by the chemical formula (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), or (ET5). Photoconductor.

A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1. An image carrier rotatably provided,
A charging device for positively charging the surface of the image carrier,
An exposure device that irradiates the charged surface of the image carrier with exposure light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image carrier.
A developing device for developing the electrostatic latent image as a toner image,
A transfer device for transferring the toner image from the image carrier to the transfer target;
An image forming apparatus, wherein the image carrier is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 9. A predetermined area of the surface of the image carrier has a time of 100 milliseconds or less from reaching the developing position after passing the exposure position,
The exposure position is a position at which the exposure light is incident on the surface of the image carrier,
The image forming apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the developing position is a position at which the surface of the image carrier comes into contact with the developing device or a position closest to the developing device.

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