JP7217936B2 - 可溶性腫瘍壊死因子を阻害することによるがんの予防および治療 - Google Patents
可溶性腫瘍壊死因子を阻害することによるがんの予防および治療 Download PDFInfo
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Description
これは、2015年12月18日に出願された米国仮出願第62/269,839号(これは、参考として本明細書に援用される)の利益を主張する。
本発明は、国立保健研究機構(National Institutes of Health)(NIH)に認定された助成金番号DE017150の下で政府支援によりなされたものである。政府は、本発明において一定の権利を有する。
本発明の実施形態の例として、以下の項目が挙げられる。
(項目1)
被験体における腫瘍の発生を阻害するまたは腫瘍を処置するための方法であって、治療有効量のドミナントネガティブ腫瘍壊死因子(DN-TNF)-αタンパク質および/または前記DN-TNF-αタンパク質をコードする核酸を被験体に投与し、それにより、被験体における前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することを含む、方法。
(項目2)
前記被験体が良性腫瘍を有し、前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、前記良性腫瘍の悪性腫瘍への変換を阻害することを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、前記被験体における前記腫瘍に対する免疫抑制応答を阻害することを含む、項目1または2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記免疫抑制応答を阻害することが、骨髄系由来サプレッサー細胞(MDSC)の数および/または機能を阻害することを含む、項目3に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記免疫抑制応答を阻害することが、免疫抑制性サイトカインの産生を阻害することを含む、項目1から4までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記サイトカインが、可溶性インターロイキン(IL)-1α、TGFβまたはIL-10である、項目5に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記免疫抑制応答を阻害することが、ヘルパーT細胞および細胞傷害性T細胞の枯渇および/または消耗を阻害することを含む、項目1から3までに記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、前記被験体における前記腫瘍に対する免疫応答を刺激することを含む、項目1または2に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記免疫応答を刺激することが、Th1免疫応答を刺激すること、Th17免疫応答を刺激すること、ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞/樹状細胞(DC)クロストークを促進すること、ヘルパーT細胞および細胞傷害性T細胞の増大を促進すること、ならびに/または、IL-1β、IL-12、IFNγおよび/もしくはIL-17の分泌を増加させることを含む、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、腫瘍のサイズおよび数を対照と比較して低減させることを含む、項目1から9までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記対照が、未処置の被験体または担体を用いて処置した被験体である、項目10に記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記DN-TNF-αポリペプチドが、配列番号2と記載されるアミノ酸配列を含む、項目1から11までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記腫瘍が、結腸がん、肺がん、前立腺がん、乳がん、カポジ肉腫、肝がん、頭頸部がん、食道がん、胃がん、腎がん、卵巣がん、膵がん、脳腫瘍、または黒色腫である、項目1から12までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記被験体に、前記腫瘍を処置するための追加的な薬剤を投与することをさらに含む、項目1から13までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目15)
前記追加的な薬剤が、外科手術、放射線、または化学療法剤である、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記薬剤が、MUC-1または前立腺特異的抗原(PCA)を含めた抗がんワクチンであり、前記腫瘍が、それぞれ結腸ポリープまたは前立腺前がん過形成性異形成である、項目1から12までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記追加的な薬剤が、モノクローナル抗体である、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目18)
前記モノクローナル抗体が、抗プログラム死(PD)-1抗体、抗プログラム死リガンド(PD-L)1抗体、抗プログラム死リガンドPD-L2抗体、抗リンパ球活性化遺伝子(LAG)3抗体、抗T細胞免疫グロブリンおよびムチンタンパク質(TIM)-3抗体、IgドメインおよびITIMドメインを有する抗T細胞免疫受容体(TIGIT)、または抗細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連タンパク質(CTLA)-4抗体である、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記追加的な薬剤が、ワクチンである、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記ワクチンが、樹状細胞-抗がんワクチンである、項目19に記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記ワクチンが、ポックスウイルスワクチンである、項目19に記載の方法。
(項目22)
前記ワクチンが、Toll様受容体リガンド(TLR-L)ワクチンである、項目19に記載の方法。
(項目23)
前記ワクチンが、MUC-1タンパク質、MUC-1タンパク質をコードする核酸、前立腺特異的抗原(PSA)、または前立腺特異的抗原をコードする核酸、MAGE、MART-1、gp100、チロシナーゼ、AFP、サバイビン、PRAME、WT1、NY-ESO-1を含む、項目19、20、21または22に記載の方法。
(項目24)
前記追加的な薬剤が、サイトカインである、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目25)
前記サイトカインが、インターフェロン(IFN)α、インターロイキン(IL)-2、IL-7、IL-15、SCF、GM-CSFまたはFlt3-リガンドである、項目24に記載の方法。
(項目26)
前記追加的な薬剤が、養子免疫療法である、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目27)
前記養子免疫療法が、ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞、T細胞および幹細胞を含む、項目26に記載の方法。
(項目28)
前記追加的な薬剤が、CD137(4-1BB)、CD40またはOX40を模倣するものである、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目29)
前記追加的な薬剤が、モノクローナル抗体である、項目28に記載の方法。
(項目30)
前記追加的な薬剤が、リガンドである、項目28に記載の方法。
(項目31)
前記DN-TNF-αタンパク質が、配列番号2のアミノ酸配列を含む、項目1から30までのいずれか一項に記載の方法。
添付の配列表に列挙されている核酸配列およびアミノ酸配列は、37C.F.R.1.822において定義されている通り、ヌクレオチド塩基については標準の文字略語、およびアミノ酸については3文字コードを使用して示されている。各核酸配列の一方の鎖のみが示されているが、示されている鎖への言及のいずれにも相補鎖が含まれると理解されたい。配列表は、ASCIIテキストファイル[Sequence_Listing、2016年11月20日、4,096バイト]として提出され、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。添付の配列表において:
用語
DN-TNF-αタンパク質は、野生型TNF-αと比較してモジュレートされた活性を有する。一部の実施形態では、DN-TNF-αタンパク質は、これだけに限定されないが、野生型TNF-αと比較した、受容体(p55、p75または両方)への結合の減少、活性化の低下および/または最終的に細胞傷害活性の喪失を含め、野生型TNF-αと比較して生物活性(例えば、拮抗作用)がない程に低下している。「細胞傷害活性」とは、DN-TNF-αポリペプチドの、細胞を選択的に死滅させるまたは阻害する能力を指す。DN-TNFは、野生型TNF-αの生物活性の50%未満、野生型TNF-αの生物活性の25%未満、15%未満、または10%未満を示す。TNF-α活性についての適切なアッセイとしては、これだけに限定されないが、カスパーゼアッセイ、TNF-α細胞傷害性アッセイ、DNA結合アッセイ;転写アッセイ;サイズ排除クロマトグラフィーアッセイおよび放射性標識/免疫沈降;ならびに安定性アッセイ(当技術分野で公知の円偏光二色性(CD)アッセイおよび平衡試験の使用を含む)が挙げられる。追加的な実施形態では、DN-TNF-αタンパク質の結合親和性に関する重大な少なくとも1つの性質が、野生型TNF-αの同じ性質と比較して変化しており、具体的には、DN-TNF-αタンパク質は受容体親和性が変化している。したがって、本明細書に開示されている方法において使用されるDN-TNF-αタンパク質は、結合親和性が変化しており、その結果、DN-TNF-αタンパク質が可溶性野生型TNF-αとは優先的にオリゴマー形成するが、野生型膜貫通TNF-αとは実質的にオリゴマー形成しないまたは野生型TNF-α受容体、すなわち、p55、p75とは相互作用しない。「野生型膜貫通TNFとは実質的にオリゴマー形成しない」とは、DN-TNFが膜貫通TNFを阻害することができないことを意味する。「TNF受容体とは実質的に相互作用しない」とは、DN-TNF-αタンパク質が、p55受容体またはp75受容体のいずれに対しても、会合して、当該受容体を有意に活性化し、TNFシグナル伝達経路(複数可)開始させることができないことを意味する。一部の実施形態では、野生型TNF-αの三量体と比較して、少なくとも50%、50%超、76%超、80%超、90%超、91%超、92%超、93%超、94%超、または95%超の、受容体活性化の低下が見られる。ドミナントネガティブ腫瘍壊死因子α(DN-TNF-α)タンパク質は、例えば、全て参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、PCT公開第WO2014/040076号;米国特許第7,446,174号;および米国特許第7,662,367号において開示されている。
発癌現象を予防する、および/または腫瘍の形成を阻害する、腫瘍を処置する、もしくは腫瘍が発生するリスクを低減させるための方法が本明細書に開示されている。一部の実施形態では、良性病変から悪性病変への変換を予防する、または転移を予防するための方法が本明細書に開示されている。したがって、腫瘍は良性であっても悪性であってもよい。一部の実施形態では、腫瘍は、炎症性腫瘍である。腫瘍を有する被験体を処置するための方法が本明細書に開示されている。
材料および方法
マウス
8週齢の野生型C57BL/6(B6)雌マウス、T細胞/B細胞欠損SCID(B6;129S7-Rag1tm1mom/J)雌マウス、TNF欠損(TNFko、B6;129S-Tnftm1Gkl/J)雌マウス、TNFR1欠損(TNFR1ko、B6;129S-Tnfrsf1atm1Imx Il1r1tm1Imx/J)雌マウスおよびTNFR2欠損(TNFR2ko、B6.129S2-Tnfrsf1btm1Mwm/J)雌マウスをJackson Laboratory(Bar Harbor、ME)から購入した。マウスを、国際的に認可された動物設備内に収容した。承認されたプロトコールに従って動物試験を実施した。
以下の試薬、抗体およびキットを本試験に使用した:組換えヒトインターロイキン2(IL-2)(Chiron Corp.、Emeryville、CA);TLR4リガンド、Escherichia coliリポ多糖(LPS)(Lonza、Walkersville、MD);ヒトTNFR2-Fc融合タンパク質(エタネルセプト、ENBREL;Amgen、Thousand Oaks、CA);XPRO(商標)1595ドミナントネガティブTNF構築物(DN-TNF;Xencor、Monrovia、CA);フルオレセインイソチオシアネート(FITC)とコンジュゲートした抗CD3モノクローナル抗体、抗CD4モノクローナル抗体、抗CD11bモノクローナル抗体および抗CD45Rモノクローナル抗体(mAb);フィコエリトリン(PE)とコンジュゲートした抗CD3 mAb、抗Gr1(Ly-6G)mAb、抗CD25 mAb、抗NK1.1(Ly55)mAb、抗NKp46(CD335)mAb、抗CD11c mAbおよび抗F4/80 mAb;アロフィコシアニン(APC)とコンジュゲートした抗Ly6C mAb、抗FoxP3 mAbおよび抗CD8 mAb(すべてマウスCDに対するもの);ならびに、対応する、蛍光色素とコンジュゲートしたアイソタイプ対照mAb(全てeBioscience Inc.、San Diego、CAからのmAb);リン酸化pSTAT3に対するPEとコンジュゲートしたIgG2a mAb(STAT3 Tyr705、pSTAT3 Ser727)およびアイソタイプ対照mAb(BD Biosciences、San Jose、CA);マウスQuantikineIFN-γ酵素結合免疫吸着検定法(ELISA)キット(R&D Systems);ならびにMilliporeマウス32プレックスサイトカインキット(Billerica、MA)。
野生型B6マウスならびにTNF欠損B6マウス、TNFR1欠損B6マウスおよびTNFR2欠損B6マウスの剃毛した背側領域に、ゴマ油0.1mLに溶解させた3-メチルコラントレン(MCA)0.1mg(Sigma、St.Louis、MO)を皮下(s.c.)注射した。次いで、結果に記載の通り、野生型B6マウスをランダム化によって各々マウス10~15匹の群に分けた。PBS、XPRO(商標)1595-DN-TNFおよびTNFR2-Fc-ENBREL(マウス1匹当たり200μg/PBS 0.5mL)を、MCAを注射した日から開始して週に2回、12週間にわたって腹腔内(i.p.)注射した。週2回、触診によって直径2mmの腫瘍の出現を検出した。その後の腫瘍成長を、2つの垂直方向の腫瘍の直径を週2回カリパスで測定することによって決定した。データは、確立された個々の腫瘍の2つの腫瘍の直径の掛け算およびそれらの平均値として示されている。マウスの生存を毎日スコア化した。
内在性DC/NK細胞クロストークを以下の通り評価した。未処置の野生型マウスおよび処置した野生型マウスの脾細胞(2×106個/mL)を、RPMI-1640培地、0.1mMの非必須アミノ酸、2mMのピルビン酸ナトリウム、1mMのL-グルタミン、100μg/mlのストレプトマイシン、100U/mLのペニシリン、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FCS、Life Technologies、Grand Island、NY)および50μMの2-メルカプトエタノール(Bio-Rad、Hercules、CA)からなり、1μg/mLのLPSおよび6,000IU/mLのIL-2を補充した完全細胞培養培地(CM)に再懸濁させた。細胞懸濁物(100,000細胞/200μL/ウェル)を96ウェル丸底プレート(BD Biosciences、San Jose、CA)に播種し、37℃で24時間インキュベートした。
蛍光色素とコンジュゲートした抗体を用いた標準の細胞表面フローサイトメトリーを以前に記載されている通り実施した(17)。B細胞(CD45R+F4/80-)、マクロファージ(CD45R-F4/80+)、NK細胞(CD3-NK.1.1+またはCD3-NKp46+)、ならびにDC(CD11b±CD11c+)、CD4(CD3+CD4+CD8-)およびCD8(CD3+CD4-CD8+)T細胞、単球性(CD11b+Grlo/-Ly6C+/hi)および顆粒球性(CD11b+GrhiLy6C+)MDSCを、直接、多色細胞表面染色を使用して調査した。Treg(CD4+Foxp3+CD25hi)をTregキット製造者プロトコール(Biolegend、San Diego、CA)に従って調査した。リン酸化STAT3を以前に記載されている通り調査した(21)。細胞をCyan Blueフローサイトメーター(Beckman Coulter、Brea、CA)で分析した。フローサイトメトリーデータの解析をSummit 4.3 software(Beckman Coulter)を使用して実施した。
末梢血血清中のサイトカインを、Milliporeマルチプレックスマウス-サイトカインキットを使用し、この会社によって推奨されている通り定量化した。Quantikineマウス-IFN-γ ELISA kit(R&D)を使用して細胞培養馴化培地中のIFN-γを測定した。血清または細胞培養馴化培地1mL中のサイトカインの量を決定した。
データを、SPSS(バージョン10.0 SPSS Inc.、Chicago、IL)およびR(バージョン3.0.2、R-project.orgウェブサイトを参照されたい)プログラムパッケージを使用して統計学的に評価した。データは平均±SDとして報告されている。データの統計的有意性を、スチューデントのt検定を使用して評価した。さらに、カプラン・マイヤー方法を使用して、がんの出現までの時間(腫瘍発生に対する累積的ハザード)および生存を分析した。厳密なログランク検定を使用して、実験群と対照群のがんの出現までの時間および生存曲線を比較した。p値≦0.05を有意であるとみなした。
MCA誘導性発癌現象は可溶性TNFの選択的な隔離によって予防される
DN-TNFにより、tmTNFに影響を及ぼすことなくsTNFが選択的に隔離され、細胞内病原体およびがんを制御する主要な免疫機構に影響を及ぼすことなく炎症性反応が阻害される(Vujanovic、Immunol. Res.、2011年;50巻:159~74頁;Van Hauwermeirenら、Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews、2011年;22巻:311~9頁)。対照的に、TNFR2-Fcでは、sTNFおよびtmTNFがどちらも中和され、炎症性反応および主要な免疫機構の両方が阻害される(Xuら、Blood、2007年;109巻:3333~41頁;Vujanovicら、Blood、2010年;116巻:575~583頁;Vujanovic、Immunol. Res.、2011年;50巻:159~74頁;Van Hauwermeirenら、Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews、2011年;22巻:311~9頁)。DN-TNF-XPRO(商標)1595およびTNFR2-Fc-ENBRELの影響を、最初に、野生型B6マウスにおけるMCA誘導性発癌現象に関して調査した(図1A)。処置にかかわらず全てのマウスにおいてMCA注射後第4週に小さな4mm2の腫瘍が出現し始めることが見いだされた。初発の腫瘍は、PBSで処置したマウスにおいて、ENBRELで処置したマウス、特に、DN-TNFで処置したマウスにおけるものよりも著しく頻度が高かった。PBSで処置したマウスとENBRELで処置したマウス、PBSで処置したマウスとDN-TNFで処置したマウス、またはENBRELで処置したマウスとDN-TNFで処置したマウスの腫瘍頻度の差異は有意であった(それぞれp=0.009、p<0.00005、およびp=0.027)。
sTNFの隔離により、MCAを注射したマウスにおける免疫調節性サイトカインがモジュレートされる
MCA誘導性がんは、免疫原性である(Cicinnatiら、Int J Cancer、2005年;13巻:961~70頁)。したがって、sTNF排除後、抗腫瘍免疫応答の改変および/または増強により、MCA誘導性発癌現象に対する抵抗性の増大が引き起こされ得る。分泌型サイトカインの型および数量により、抗腫瘍免疫応答の型および効果が規定される。MCA注射の2週間後に、健康/未処置(対照)マウスおよびMCAを注射した/PBSで処置したマウス、ENBRELで処置したマウスまたはDN-TNFで処置したマウスの血清中のサイトカインのレベルを調査した(図2)。MCAを注射した/PBSで処置したマウスでは、それぞれ中心的な炎症促進性Th1サイトカインおよびTh17サイトカインである、IL-1β、IL-12p40/p70およびIL-17は、対照マウスと比べて変化しなかった(IL-1β、IL-17;図2A、2C)か、またはわずかに減少した(IL-12p40/p70、図2B)。著しく対照的に、MCAを注射した/DN-TNFで処置したマウスではこれらのサイトカインのレベルが有意に上昇した(IL-1β:p=0.026;IL-12p40/70:p=0.05;IL-17;p=0.039)。MCAを注射した/ENBRELで処置したマウスではサイトカインは変化しなかった。対照的に、IL-1αレベルは、対照マウスにおいて高く、MCAを注射した/PBSで処置したマウスでは特に上昇したが、ENBREL処置(p=0.012)またはDN-TNF処置(p=0.023)により、対照レベルを下回って強力に低下した。これらの所見から、MCAを注射したマウスにおけるインフラマソーム(IL-1β)応答、Th1(IL-12)応答およびTh17(IL-17)応答がsTNFにより抑制され、sTNFの隔離により可能になることが示される。これらの応答は健康/未処置対照およびMCAを注射した/ENBRELで処置したマウス(sTNFおよびtmTNFの両方が中和された)では異ならなかったので、sTNFの隔離後の応答の増大は、tmTNFによって媒介される可能性がある。さらに、IL-1αの高いベースラインおよびMCAにより誘導される強化はENBRELまたはDN-TNFにより強力に抑制され、このことから、sTNFによりIL-1αが上方制御されることが示される。興味深いことに、この発癌現象の初期には、sTNFはMCAを注射した/未処置または処置したマウスの血清において検出可能でなかった。したがって、sTNFは、最初は標的組織にのみ生物学的に有意な分量で存在する可能性がある。
MDSC増大はMCAにより誘導され、sTNF隔離により妨げられる
発がん物質およびがんのどちらによっても強力な免疫抑制が誘導され、それにより、がんの発生および成長が可能になり得る(WojdaniおよびAlfred、Cancer Res、1984年;44巻:942~5頁;Horiguchiら、Cancer Res、1999年;59巻:2950~6頁;Baskicら、Head & Neck、2013年;35巻:388~98頁)。MDSCは、主要な免疫機能を強力に抑制する未成熟骨髄細胞の不均一な集団である(GabrilovichおよびNagaraj、Nat Rev Immunol、2009年;9巻:162~174頁;NagarajおよびGabrilovich、Cancer J、2010年;16巻:348~53頁)。MDSCは健康な生物体では希少であるが、がん宿主骨髄、末梢リンパ組織および腫瘍ではそれらの頻度および活性が高度に増大する。MDSCは、腫瘍の免疫エスケープおよび免疫療法の不首尾に寄与すると考えられている。しかし、化学的に誘導された発癌現象および免疫抑制におけるMDSCの存在および役割はまだ探求されていない(NagarajおよびGabrilovich、Cancer J、2010年;16巻:348~53頁)。MCA注射による発癌現象の誘導ならびに/またはsTNFおよび/もしくはtmTNFの排除による発癌現象の予防により、MDSC(図6、図3A~3D)および/またはマクロファージ(図7)の頻度の変化が導かれる。MCAにより、野生型マウスの脾臓における単球性MDSC(CD11b+Gr1lo/-Ly6C+/hi、図3A、3B)および顆粒球性MDSC(CD11b+Gr1hiLy6C+、図3C、3D)の増加が誘導された。MDSCの頻度の増大は、MCA誘導性発癌現象の、がん開始段階で注目すべきものであり(14日目:それぞれ1.4倍および1.3倍)、確立された腫瘍の段階で高度に強化された(84日目:それぞれ6.7倍および6.8倍)。対照的に、脾臓F4/80+マクロファージの頻度はMCA注射後に有意に変化しなかった(図7C、7D)。しかし、TNFR2-Fc-ENBRELによる両方のTNF型の中和により、腫瘍を有さない、MCAを注射したマウスおよび腫瘍を有する、MCAを注射したマウスにおいて両方の時点で、単球性MDSCおよび顆粒球性MDSCの両方ならびにマクロファージの頻度が低下した。驚くべきことに、腫瘍を有さない、MCAを注射したマウスおよび腫瘍を有する、MCAを注射したマウスにおいて、どちらの時点においても、DN-TNF-XPRO(商標)1595によるsTNFの隔離は、単球性MDSC、顆粒球性MDSCおよびマクロファージの頻度が、それらの正常/未処置対照レベルまでまたはそれ未満に一定してかつ強力に低下した。MDSC頻度のDN-TNFにより誘導される低下は、ENBRELによって誘導される低下よりも顕著であった。MCAを注射した、腫瘍を有する、両方のTNF型を欠くTNF欠損マウスおよびsTNF受容体を欠くTNFR1欠損マウスにおいても、MDSCおよびマクロファージ頻度の同様の低下が観察された。MCAを注射した、DN-TNFで処置したまたはENBRELで処置した野生型マウスおよびTNF欠損マウスまたはTNFR1欠損マウスとは著しく対照的に、かつ、MCAを注射した、PBSで処置した野生型マウスと同様に、MCAを注射した、tmTNF受容体を欠くTNFR2欠損マウスでは、健康/未処置対照マウスと比較して、単球性MDSCおよび顆粒球性MDSCのどちらの頻度も高度に増大しており、マクロファージの頻度は変化していなかった。驚いたことに、FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg頻度は、MCAを注射したマウスの群の全てにおいて変化しないことが見いだされた。これらのデータから、MCAにより、発癌現象中のMDSC増大が誘導されることが示される。驚くべきことに、MCA誘導性MDSCの増大およびマクロファージ集団の維持にはsTNFが必要であるが、tmTNFは必要ではないこと、ならびに選択的なsTNF阻害剤DN-TNF-XPRO(商標)1595を用いた処置によりMDSC増大が効率的に予防されることも証明された。
MCAにより骨髄細胞におけるsTNF依存性STAT3活性化が誘導される
STAT3は、MDSCの発生および機能の調節において必須の役割を果たす転写因子である(NagarajおよびGabrilovich、Cancer J、2010年;16巻:348~53頁;Vasquez-Dunddelら、J Clin Invest、2013年;123巻:1580~9頁)。STAT3のリン酸化された活性な形態(pSTAT3)は、MDSCの特質であると考えられる。発がん物質に誘導されるsTNF依存性MDSCの増大を検証するために、MCAにより骨髄細胞におけるsTNF依存性pSTAT3が誘導されるかどうかを調査した。健康/未処置対照およびMCAを注射した/PBSで処置した野生型マウス、ENBRELで処置した野生型マウスまたはDN-TNFで処置した野生型マウスの脾細胞をMCA注射の84日後に回収し、フローサイトメトリーによってpSTAT3y705残基およびpSTAT3s727残基の存在について調査した(図4)。単球および顆粒球を、前方散乱(サイズ)および側方散乱(粒度)により、それぞれ非顆粒/大きな細胞および顆粒/中型の細胞として定義した(図8)。細胞集団の正体を、蛍光色素とコンジュゲートした、Gr-1に対する抗体、CD11bに対する抗体、Ly6Cに対する抗体およびF4/80に対する抗体を用いてそれらを標識することを使用して確認した(図6および7)。対照マウスでは、pSTAT3を発現する脾臓の単球および顆粒球の頻度は低かった(図4)。著しく対照的に、MCAを注射した/PBSで処置したマウスでは、STAT3y705+(図4A、4B)およびpSTAT3s727+(図4C、4D)単球(図4A、4C)および顆粒球(図4B、4D)の頻度が高度にかつ同様に上昇した。pSTAT3+細胞の頻度のMCAにより誘導される増大は、腫瘍を有さないマウスおよび腫瘍を有するマウスのどちらにおいてもTNFR2-Fc-ENBRELまたはDN-TNF-XPRO(商標)1595による処置により予防された。これらのデータから、MCAおよび/またはMCA誘導性腫瘍により、骨髄細胞における必須のMDSC転写因子STAT3が活性化することが示され、これは、MDSC増大と並行し、相関する。sTNFが、MCAに誘導されるMDSCの増大に関して重要であるだけでなく、骨髄細胞におけるSTAT3のMCAにより誘導される活性化に関しても重要であることも示される。
NK細胞/DCクロストークの細胞媒介性抑制はMCAにより誘導され、sTNF阻害により妨げられる
NK細胞/DCクロストークは、自然免疫応答および獲得免疫応答の型および程度を定義する中心的な免疫調節機構である(Moretta、Nature Rev Immunol、2002年;2巻:957~64頁;Cooperら、TRENDS Immunol、2004年;25巻:47~52頁;Walzerら、Blood、2005年;106巻:2252~8頁)。がんの成長を効率的に制御する高いTh1応答を導くクロストークは、主に細胞間接触およびtmTNFによって媒介されることが以前に決定された(Xuら、Blood、2007年;109巻:3333~41頁;Vujanovicら、Blood、2010年;116巻:575~583頁;Vujanovic、Immunol Res、2011年;50巻:159~74頁、Makarenkovaら、J Leukoc Biol、2005年;77巻:408~13頁)。発がん物質および腫瘍により、NK細胞および/またはDCが抑制され(Horiguchiら、Cancer Res、1999年;59巻:2950~6頁.;Baskicら、Head & Neck、2013年;35巻:388~98頁;Gorelikら、J Natl Cancer Inst、1981年;67巻:1317~22頁;Gabrilovichら、Cell Immunol、1996年;170巻:101~10頁;Gabrilovichら、Clin Cancer Res、1997年;3巻:483~90頁)、それにより、NK細胞/DCクロストークができなくなり、発癌現象および腫瘍成長が可能になる可能性がある。MCAにより、sTNF依存性発癌現象、NK細胞/DCクロストークにおいて上方制御される中心的な免疫調節性サイトカインの抑制、およびMDSCの増大も同時に誘導されるので、NK細胞/DCクロストークのMDSC媒介性抑制がMCA誘導性免疫抑制機構であるかどうかを調査した(図5)。健康/未処置対照およびMCAを注射した/PBSで処置した野生型マウス、ENBRELで処置した野生型マウスおよびDN-TNFで処置した野生型マウスの脾細胞の間で内在性NK細胞/DCクロストークを最初に評価した(図5A、5B)。脾細胞を、IL-2およびLPSを用いて刺激してそれぞれNK細胞およびDCを活性化し、それらのクロストークおよびIFNγ分泌を促進した(Xuら、Blood、2007年;109巻:3333~41頁;Vujanovicら、Blood、2010年;116巻:575~583頁)。IL-2/LPSによる刺激により、対照脾細胞(対照2)において、それらの刺激していない対応物(対照1)と比べてNK細胞/DCクロストークおよびIFNγ分泌の増強が誘導された。発がん物質注射の14日後および84日後のどちらにおいても、MCAの84日後のDN-TNFで処置した腫瘍を有さないマウス以外は、処置にかかわらず、MCAを注射したマウス全てのIL-2/LPSで刺激した脾細胞で、Th1応答の有意な低下が示された(図5A、5B)。活性の低下は、ENBRELで処置したマウスの脾細胞において特に明白であった。これらの所見から、NK細胞/DCクロストークがMCA誘導性発癌現象全体を通して抑制されることが示される。ENBRELで処置したマウス全てにおけるNK細胞/DCクロストークの抑制の増強、およびMCA後84日目のDN-TNFで処置した腫瘍を有さないマウスにおける抑制の欠如から、内在性NK細胞/DCクロストークがtmTNFによって媒介されることが確認され(Xuら、Blood、2007年;109巻:3333~41頁;Vujanovicら、Blood、2010年;116巻:575~583頁;Vujanovic、Immunol Res、2011年;50巻:159~74頁)、また、MCA誘導性抑制におけるsTNFの潜在的な関与が示される。
ヘルパーT細胞および細胞傷害性T細胞の枯渇が、MCAにより誘導され、ENBRELにより促進され、Xpro1595 DN-TNFにより妨げられ、ヘルパーT細胞および細胞傷害性T細胞の増大がXpro1595 DN-TNFにより可能になる。
DN-TNFにより、BRAF変異体黒色腫におけるsTNFにより誘導されるBRAFおよびMEK阻害剤抵抗性が遮断される
TNFは、MAPK経路阻害剤(MAPKi)に対する獲得されたBRAF変異体黒色腫抵抗性に関連する重要な因子であることが提唱されている(Smith、M.P.ら、Cancer Discov.、2016年、4巻:1214~1229頁;Lehraiki、A.ら、Cell Discov、2015年、1巻:15030頁)。例えば、MAPKi療法により、試験したBRAF阻害剤(BRAFi)に抵抗性である黒色腫患者病変の全てにおいて腫瘍関連マクロファージの数の増加およびTNFの発現の増大が導かれることが示され、マクロファージ由来(腫瘍由来ではない)TNFが、MAPKiに対する抵抗性に関連する重要な黒色腫増殖因子として関連付けられた。MAPKiに対するTNFにより誘導される抵抗性を特異的に標的とし、遮断するための戦略が有益であると思われる。DN-TNFを、in vitroにおいて、BRAF阻害剤およびMEK阻害剤(それぞれBRAFiおよびMEKi)に対するsTNFに誘導される黒色腫抵抗性を和らげる能力について試験した。組換えsTNFおよびマクロファージにより分泌されたsTNFは、BRAFi(PLX4720)に媒介される細胞傷害性およびMEKi(セルメチニブ)に媒介される細胞傷害性に対する強力な阻害効果を一貫して示した。これらの効果は、DN-TNF、ならびに、sTNFおよびtmTNFの両方を非特異的に遮断する抗TNF抗体により有効に緩和された(図10)。これらの試験により、選択的なsTNFアンタゴニストであるDN-TNFをBRAFV600EおよびMEKの小分子阻害剤と組み合わせることが、BRAFV600E変異体黒色腫を処置するための有効な戦略になり得ることが実証される。
Claims (24)
- 被験体における腫瘍免疫抑制および/または腫瘍の発生を阻害するための、ドミナントネガティブ腫瘍壊死因子(DN-TNF)-αタンパク質および/または前記DN-TNF-αタンパク質をコードする核酸を含む組成物であって、前記組成物は、被験体に投与され、それにより、被験体における前記腫瘍免疫抑制および/または前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することを特徴とし、前記腫瘍は固形腫瘍である、組成物であって、ここで、前記DN-TNF-αタンパク質は、可溶性腫瘍壊死因子(sTNF)を隔離する、組成物。
- 前記被験体が良性腫瘍を有し、前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、前記良性腫瘍の悪性腫瘍への変換を阻害することを含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、前記被験体における前記腫瘍に対する免疫抑制応答を阻害することを含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫抑制応答を阻害することが、骨髄系由来サプレッサー細胞(MDSC)の数および/または機能を阻害することを含む、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫抑制応答を阻害することが、免疫抑制性サイトカインの産生を阻害することを含む、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 前記サイトカインが、可溶性インターロイキン(IL)-1α、TGFβまたはIL-10である、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、前記被験体における前記腫瘍に対する免疫応答を刺激することを含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫応答を刺激することが、Th1免疫応答を刺激すること、Th17免疫応答を刺激すること、ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞/樹状細胞(DC)クロストークを促進すること、ヘルパーT細胞および細胞傷害性T細胞の増大を促進すること、ならびに/または、IL-1β、IL-12、IFNγおよび/もしくはIL-17の分泌を増加させることを含む、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記腫瘍の発生を阻害することが、腫瘍のサイズおよび数を対照と比較して低減させることを含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記対照が、未処置の被験体または担体を用いて処置した被験体である、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 前記DN-TNF-αポリペプチドが、配列番号2のアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記腫瘍が、結腸がん、肺がん、前立腺がん、乳がん、カポジ肉腫、肝がん、頭頸部がん、食道がん、胃がん、腎がん、卵巣がん、膵がん、脳腫瘍、または黒色腫である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記腫瘍を処置するための追加的な薬剤が前記被験体にさらに投与されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、外科手術、放射線、または化学療法剤である、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、MUC-1または前立腺特異的抗原(PCA)を含む抗がんワクチンであり、前記腫瘍が、それぞれ結腸ポリープまたは前立腺前がん過形成性異形成である、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、モノクローナル抗体である、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体が、抗プログラム死(PD)-1抗体、抗プログラム死リガンド(PD-L)1抗体、抗プログラム死リガンドPD-L2抗体、抗リンパ球活性化遺伝子(LAG)3抗体、抗T細胞免疫グロブリンおよびムチンタンパク質(TIM)-3抗体、IgドメインおよびITIMドメインを有する抗T細胞免疫受容体(TIGIT)、または抗細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連タンパク質(CTLA)-4抗体である、請求項16に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、ワクチンである、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記ワクチンが、a)樹状細胞-抗がんワクチン;b)ポックスウイルスワクチン;またはc)Toll様受容体リガンド(TLR-L)ワクチンである、請求項18に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、a)サイトカイン、b)養子免疫療法またはc)リガンドである、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤がサイトカインであり、前記サイトカインが、インターフェロン(IFN)α、インターロイキン(IL)-2、IL-7、IL-15、SCF、GM-CSFまたはFlt3-リガンドである、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、養子免疫療法であり、前記養子免疫療法が、ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞、T細胞および幹細胞を含む、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、CD137(4-1BB)、CD40またはOX40を模倣するものである、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記追加的な薬剤が、モノクローナル抗体である、請求項23に記載の組成物。
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PCT/US2016/066552 WO2017106278A1 (en) | 2015-12-18 | 2016-12-14 | Cancer prevention and therapy by inhibiting soluble tumor necrosis factor |
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AU2017343621B2 (en) | 2016-10-11 | 2021-12-02 | Agenus Inc. | Anti-LAG-3 antibodies and methods of use thereof |
CA3213069A1 (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2021-09-30 | Roxana Schillaci | Method for treating therapy-resistant muc4+ cancer |
US20230321152A1 (en) | 2020-09-08 | 2023-10-12 | Dexon Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Cytokine storm suppressor, method for using cytokine storm suppressor and screening method |
JP6974892B1 (ja) | 2021-05-27 | 2021-12-01 | デクソンファーマシューティカルズ株式会社 | 癌悪液質の改善剤および癌悪液質の改善方法 |
WO2024025967A1 (en) * | 2022-07-28 | 2024-02-01 | Springworks Therapeutics, Inc. | Determination of bcma level on plasma cells by flow cytometry |
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EP3738605A1 (en) | 2012-09-10 | 2020-11-18 | Xencor, Inc. | Methods of treating neurological diseases |
CA3006767C (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2024-02-06 | University Of Pittsburgh - Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education | Cancer prevention and therapy by inhibiting soluble tumor necrosis factor |
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US20230285526A1 (en) | 2023-09-14 |
AU2016371907B2 (en) | 2021-03-04 |
KR20180095037A (ko) | 2018-08-24 |
US20190336591A1 (en) | 2019-11-07 |
US11633464B2 (en) | 2023-04-25 |
AU2016371907A1 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
JP2022066448A (ja) | 2022-04-28 |
EP3389788A1 (en) | 2018-10-24 |
JP2019504008A (ja) | 2019-02-14 |
WO2017106278A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
CN108697906A (zh) | 2018-10-23 |
JP2020079306A (ja) | 2020-05-28 |
CA3006767C (en) | 2024-02-06 |
EP3389788A4 (en) | 2019-07-17 |
US10543264B2 (en) | 2020-01-28 |
US20200093908A1 (en) | 2020-03-26 |
CA3006767A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
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