JP7210013B2 - VEHICLE WHEEL AND DECORATION METHOD THEREOF - Google Patents

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a vehicle wheel with excellent design and a method of decorating the same.

BACKGROUND ART As vehicle wheels made of an aluminum alloy, there have been proposed various vehicle wheels configured so as to improve designability by utilizing the metallic luster of a base metal.

For example, for a vehicle in which a plurality of continuous fine grooves extending in the same direction are provided in parallel and at regular intervals on the three-dimensional design surface of a vehicle wheel, and a bright surface is formed by the plurality of fine grooves. A wheel is described (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

JP 2017-226330 A

In the invention described in Patent Document 1, since a plurality of continuous fine grooves are formed on the three-dimensional design surface by cutting, the equipment cost of the processing equipment is high and the processing takes a long time. Therefore, there is a problem that the processing cost of the vehicle wheel becomes very high. In addition, although it is described that the bright surface appears to shine, it becomes a bright surface that is just shining and has little change, has little dynamism, and is inferior in design, and the design is not different for each wheel. Therefore, although it was excellent for mass production, it did not have the value of a single item as a craft.

An object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle wheel that can realize a design surface with excellent design properties and a sense of dynamism, can be processed at a low equipment cost, can be processed in a short time, and can keep the manufacturing cost of the vehicle wheel low. and to provide a method for decorating it.

The present invention includes the following inventions.
(1) A vehicle wheel comprising a light metal wheel body,
A polishing pattern including a plurality of elongated strip-shaped polishing lines is provided on the surface of the metal base material on the design surface of the wheel body, a clear coating layer is provided so as to cover the polishing pattern, and the pattern is provided on the disk portion of the wheel. A wheel for a vehicle , wherein a hole is provided, and the polishing pattern is provided on an inner peripheral surface of the pattern hole . In this specification, the design surface of the vehicle wheel means the surface of the vehicle wheel that is visible from the side of the vehicle when the vehicle wheel is mounted on the vehicle, and is the disc surface. , the inner peripheral surface of the pattern hole, the inner peripheral surface of the rim portion, and the like. In the present specification, the clear coating layer means a coating layer that allows the surface of the metal base material to be visually observed, and is a coating layer formed using a transparent clear, color clear, or translucent coating. means.

(2) The vehicle wheel according to (1), wherein the disc surface of the disc portion of the wheel body is provided with the polishing pattern.

(3) The vehicle wheel according to (1) or (2), wherein the polishing pattern is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the rim portion of the wheel body.

(4) The vehicle wheel according to any one of (1) to (3) , wherein the wheel body is provided with a corner portion along the outer edge of the polishing pattern.

(5) The vehicle wheel according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the polishing line is formed in a wavy or curved shape.

(6) The vehicle wheel according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the plurality of grinding lines are formed so that parts thereof overlap each other.

(7) A method of decorating a vehicle wheel having a wheel body made of light metal, wherein a plurality of elongated belt-shaped polishing lines are formed on the surface of the metal base material of the design surface of the wheel body using a polishing tool. and applying a clear coating to the design surface of the wheel body so as to cover the polishing pattern, wherein the surface of the metal base material is coated before forming the polishing pattern. A method for decorating a vehicle wheel, characterized by comprising a step of mirror finishing . In this specification, the term "clear coating" means coating using a coating that allows the surface of the metal base material to be visually observed, such as transparent clear, colored clear, or translucent coating.

(8) The method of decorating a vehicle wheel according to (7) above, wherein the polishing tool is manually operated to form the polishing pattern.

According to the vehicle wheel and the method for decorating the wheel according to the present invention, the brightness of the reflected light at each part of the polishing line changes depending on the viewing direction, and the pattern of brightness and darkness differs for each polishing line, so that the design is excellent. To realize a vehicle wheel having a design surface with a lively feeling, to reduce equipment cost for machining a polishing pattern, to carry out the machining in a short time, and to reduce the production cost of the vehicle wheel. In addition, when the polishing pattern is manually processed, the polishing line can be formed in any direction, and the design surface of a single vehicle has a rich variety, a more dynamic feeling, and a design value of craftsmanship. Wheel can be realized.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a vehicle wheel. FIG. 2 is a front view of the vehicle wheel. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line III-III of FIG. 2. FIG. FIG. 4A is a plan view of the disk portion for explaining the polishing method. FIG. 4B is a vertical cross-sectional view of the disk portion for explaining the polishing method. FIG. 5A is an explanatory plan view of the polishing pattern of the first modification. FIG. 5B is an explanatory plan view of the polishing pattern of the second modification. FIG. 5C is an explanatory plan view of the polishing pattern of the third modification. FIG. 6 is an explanatory perspective view of a polishing pattern formation region for a rim portion and a pattern hole. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the polishing method for the inner peripheral surface of the patterned hole. FIG. 8A is a photograph substituting for a drawing when the design surface of the vehicle wheel subjected to the first decoration treatment is viewed from the front. FIG. 8B is a photograph substituting for a drawing when the essential part of the design surface of the disc portion subjected to the first decoration treatment is viewed obliquely. FIG. 9A is a photograph substituting for a drawing when the design surface of the vehicle wheel subjected to the second decoration treatment is viewed from the front. FIG. 9B is a photograph substituting for a drawing when the main part of the design surface of the disk portion subjected to the second decoration treatment is viewed obliquely. FIG. 9A is a photograph substituting for a drawing when the design surface of the vehicle wheel subjected to the third decorative treatment is viewed from the front. FIG. 10B is a photograph substituting for a drawing when the essential part of the design surface of the disk portion subjected to the second decoration treatment is viewed obliquely.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, a vehicle wheel 1 is an automobile wheel having a light metal wheel body 4 having a cylindrical rim portion 2 and a disk portion 3 disposed inside the rim portion 2. It is composed of a two-piece wheel, and the outer peripheral edge of the disc portion 3 is welded and fixed to the middle portion of the inner peripheral surface of the rim portion 2 in the rim width direction. A valve 5 is attached to the wheel body 4, and a decorative pierce bolt 6 or the like is attached as necessary.

The rim portion 2 is made of a light metal material such as an aluminum alloy or a magnesium alloy that is lightweight and has excellent extensibility, and has a substantially cylindrical shape, and is formed into a well-known rim shape capable of mounting a vehicle tire.

The disk portion 3 is integrally formed by casting, press molding, forging, or the like using a light metal material such as an aluminum alloy or a magnesium alloy. It has a hub portion 3b and a disk body 3c connecting the hub portion 3b and the ring portion 3a.

A hub hole 7 into which the end of the axle is mounted is formed in the central portion of the hub portion 3b, and five mounting holes 8 through which fixing bolts provided on the axle are inserted are formed in the hub portion 3b. However, the mounting holes 8 are provided according to the number and arrangement positions of the fixing bolts provided on the axle.

The disc portion 3 has an oval first pattern hole 10 extending substantially radially from the outer peripheral edge of the disc main body 3c to the hub portion 3b, and a radially midway portion of the disc main body 3c from the outer peripheral edge of the disc main body 3c. 5 sets of pattern holes each having a triangular second pattern hole 11 which is smaller than the first pattern hole 10 and arranged side by side with the extending first pattern hole 10 are arranged at regular intervals in the circumferential direction. formed. A substantially U-shaped U-shaped groove 12 is formed along the outer edge of the first pattern hole 10 on the design surface side of the disc body 3c, and the design of the vehicle wheel 1 is enhanced. However, the present invention can also be applied to a vehicle wheel provided with disk portions having pattern holes with different shapes, numbers, opening areas, and the like.

As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the design surface side of the disk portion 3 excluding the first pattern hole 10 and the second pattern hole 11 has a smooth surface that constitutes a part of the design surface of the vehicle wheel 1. As shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, and 10A are formed on the disk surface 3d shown in halftone dots in FIGS. 1 to 3. A polishing pattern as shown in FIG. 10B is formed, and clear coating is applied so as to cover the polishing pattern to form a clear coating film layer (not shown). In the vehicle wheel 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the grinding pattern is formed on the entire disk surface 3d, but it is also possible to form the grinding pattern on a part of the disk surface 3d.

As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the polishing pattern is formed by manually operating an air-driven polishing tool 20 having a well-known structure such as a single rotary sander or a double action sander to form the disk portion 3 on the metal base material. It consists of a plurality of elongated belt-like polishing lines 13 (illustrated by halftone dots in FIG. 4A) formed on the surface of the substrate. However, it is also possible to have an articulated robot learn manual operation of the polishing tool 20 and operate the polishing tool 20 by the articulated robot.

Here, the polishing process for forming the polishing pattern will be briefly described. First, as shown in FIGS. is fixed to the chuck 20a of the polishing tool 20, and while the pad member 22 is rotated by the polishing tool 20, the sandpaper 21 is applied to the disk surface 3d at an angle θ1 with respect to the disk surface 3d as the processing surface for forming the polishing pattern. 3d, and the polishing line 13 is formed by moving the pad member 22 along the center line L1 indicated by the one-dot chain line in FIG. By sequentially performing the forming work of the polishing lines 13 at different angles with respect to the circumferential direction of the disk portion 3 so that the polishing lines 13 partially overlap each other, the polishing composed of the plurality of polishing lines 13 is performed. will form a pattern.

The polishing line 13 is composed of an aggregate of fine grooves and ridges formed on the surface of the base metal of the disc portion 3 by abrasive particles adhered to the sandpaper 21, and depending on the viewing angle, bright portions and dark portions are formed. It is configured so that the parts change and a design surface with a sense of dynamism can be obtained. As the sandpaper 21, sandpaper of any diameter and grain size can be used.

The width of the polishing line 13 can be adjusted as desired by adjusting the angle θ1 formed between the disk surface 3d and the sandpaper 21, by adjusting the pressing force of the sandpaper 21 against the disk surface 3d, or by changing the diameter of the sandpaper 21. can be adjusted to the width of The width of the polishing line 13 can be configured to have a substantially uniform width over the entire length of the polishing line 13, or can be configured to vary along the length of the polishing line 13. FIG. The angle θ1 can be set to any angle, for example, 10° to 50°, preferably 30° to 45°.

The polishing patterns shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 10A, and 10B are formed in the image of "flame". Specifically, a plurality of strip-shaped and wave-shaped polishing lines 13 are formed substantially radially from the hub portion 3b to the outer peripheral edge of the disk portion 3 by a polishing tool 20 consisting of a single-rotation sander. A plurality of polishing lines 13 are formed on the disk surface 3d with almost no gap by changing the circumferential interval between adjacent polishing lines 13, the angle of the polishing lines 13, the amplitude and wavelength of the polishing lines 13, and the like. is.

However, as the polishing pattern, a polishing pattern of any design can be provided as long as a plurality of strip-shaped polishing lines 13 having a desired width are formed in a desired shape. For example, as shown in FIG. 5A, a plurality of polishing lines 13 can be formed along a center line L2 shown by a dashed dotted line extending radially and substantially linearly from the hub portion 3b, or FIG. 5B. , a plurality of polishing lines 13 are formed along a center line L3 shown by a dashed line extending radially from the hub portion 3b and curved in one direction with respect to the radial direction. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5C, a plurality of polishing lines 13 are formed along the central line L4 shown in the figure by a dashed-dotted line extending substantially concentrically around the hub portion 3b and in a wavy shape. can also

The polishing pattern is one or two selected from the disk surface 3d, the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2, the inner peripheral surface 10a of the first pattern hole 10, and the inner peripheral surface 11a of the second pattern hole 11. It can also be formed in part or all of the region above the seeds. For example, as shown by halftone dots in FIG. 6, it can be provided on the entire inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2 on the design surface side of the disk portion 3 and the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a of the pattern holes 10 and 11. .

When forming a polishing pattern on the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2, basically in the same manner as when forming a polishing pattern on the disk surface 3d, while rotating the pad member 22 with the polishing tool 20, A sandpaper 21 is pressed against the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2, and the pad member 22 is meanderingly moved in the rim width direction to form a polishing line 13 on the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2, and the polishing is performed. A polishing pattern consisting of a plurality of polishing lines is formed by sequentially performing the work of forming the lines 13 at intervals in the circumferential direction of the rim portion 2 so that the polishing lines partially overlap each other. Become. Instead of providing the polishing pattern on the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2, the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2 is processed into a mirror surface so that the polishing pattern of the disk portion 3 is reflected on the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2. It is also preferable to make the structure so as to be embedded in the structure to enhance the design.

Further, in the case of forming a polishing pattern on the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a of the pattern holes 10 and 11, for example, as shown in FIG. While rotating the shafted drum 25 with the polishing tool 27, the inner peripheral surface 10a of the pattern hole 10 as a processing surface for forming a polishing pattern, A polishing line is formed by moving the sandpaper 26 along the inner peripheral surface 10a of the patterned hole 10 while pressing the end of the sandpaper 26 at an angle θ2, and repeating this process multiple times to perform a plurality of polishing operations. A polishing pattern consisting of lines will be formed. The angle θ2 can be set within a range in which the polishing tool 27 does not come into contact with the disk portion 3, for example 10° to 50°, preferably 10° to 30°. As with the sandpaper 21, the sandpaper 26 may have any grain size, for example, #250 to #600.

In this vehicle wheel 1, the brightness and darkness of the reflected light at each portion of the polishing line 13 changes depending on the viewing direction, and the pattern of brightness and darkness differs for each polishing line 13, so that a design surface with excellent design and dynamic feeling can be obtained. It is possible to realize the vehicle wheel 1 having. Moreover, the polishing tool 20 reduces the equipment cost for processing the polishing pattern, and the processing can be performed in a short period of time, so that the production cost of the vehicle wheel 1 can be kept low. In addition, since the polishing pattern is processed manually, the polishing line 13 can be formed in any direction, and the design surface is rich in variety, more lively, and has industrial value. The vehicle wheel 1 can be realized.

In addition to the disk surface 3d, one or two selected from the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2, the inner peripheral surface 10a of the first patterned hole 10, and the inner peripheral surface 11a of the second patterned hole 11. Forming a polishing pattern on a part or all of the region above the seeds makes it possible to achieve a more varied design surface.

Forming the polishing line 13 in a wavy or curved shape allows the polishing line 13 to have a greater variety of changes in brightness.

The plurality of polishing lines 13 can be formed so as not to overlap each other, but if they are formed so as to partially overlap each other, a highly dense polishing pattern can be formed.

(Manufacturing method of vehicle wheel)
Next, while explaining the manufacturing method of the vehicle wheel 1, the decorating method using the polishing pattern will be explained.

First, the disk portion 3 is manufactured by casting using a light metal material such as an aluminum alloy by a well-known method, and after performing necessary heat treatment, the hub hole 7, the mounting hole 8, etc. are formed by machining, and the lathe is used. The disk surface 3d is cut into a smooth surface by .

Next, the machined disk surface 3d is subjected to a decoration process, which will be described later, and then the disk portion 3 is washed and dried. Apply transparent clear or color clear to

On the other hand, a band plate made of a light metal such as an aluminum alloy is rounded, the ends are welded, and the rim portion 2 having a desired shape is manufactured by spinning. However, as a method of manufacturing the rim portion 2, a disc-shaped metal plate is drawn into a bottomed cylindrical primary molded product, both ends are cut off leaving only the body portion of the primary molded product, and the body portion is cut. It can also be manufactured by a well-known manufacturing method such as manufacturing by spinning.

Next, the disc portion 3 is fitted in an appropriate position in the middle of the rib width direction of the inner peripheral surface 2a of the rim portion 2, and the disc portion 3 is welded to the rim portion 2 to obtain the vehicle wheel 1. It will be.

(First decoration treatment)
As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the decoration process in which a polishing pattern is formed on the disc portion 3 and the colored coating is applied to the disc surface 3d other than the disc surface 3d will be described. The design surface of the disc portion 3 is painted, for example, with a black color.

Next, after drying the disk portion 3, the coating film on the disk surface 3d is peeled off with a grinder. At this time, as shown in FIG. Since the corners 3e, 11b, and 12a are formed in the portion, respectively, the corners 3e, 11b, and 12a are used to form a clear linear boundary between the peeled-off portion of the coating film on the outer edge of the disk surface 3d. can be formed into

Next, as in the polishing process described above, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, while rotating the pad member 22 with the polishing tool 20, the polishing tool 20 is manually manipulated to make an angle with respect to the disk surface 3d. The sandpaper 21 is pressed against the disc surface 3 d with θ1, and the pad member 22 is meanderingly moved from the central portion of the disc portion 3 toward the outer peripheral edge thereof to form the polishing line 13 . By sequentially performing the forming work of the polishing lines 13 at different angles with respect to the circumferential direction of the disk portion 3 so that the polishing lines 13 partially overlap each other, the polishing composed of the plurality of polishing lines 13 is performed. will form a pattern.

When one of the inner peripheral surface 10a of the first patterned hole 10 and the inner peripheral surface 11a of the second patterned hole 11 is to be decorated, the coating film on the inner peripheral surface of the patterned hole to be decorated is applied. After peeling with a grinder, as shown in FIG. and moving the sandpaper 26 along the inner peripheral surface 10a of the pattern hole 10 while pressing the end of the sandpaper 26 to form a polishing line, and repeating this a plurality of times to form a plurality of polishing lines. It will form a polishing pattern consisting of.

(Second decoration treatment)
As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, a polishing pattern is formed on the disk portion 3, and fine ridges and grooves are formed on the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a of the pattern holes 10 and 11 and the inner surface of the U groove 12 in the circumferential direction. To describe the decorating process in the case of exposing the base metal of the disk portion 3 to form a hairline composed of a hairline, first, for example, # # Polishing is performed in stages using a grinder equipped with grindstones of grain size from 150 to #250.

Next, while the drum 25 with the shaft is rotated by the polishing tool 27, the peripheral surface of the sandpaper 26 is pressed against the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a of the pattern holes 10 and 11 and the inner surface of the U groove 12, and the drum 25 with the shaft is pressed. Abrasive particles of the whetstone form hairlines by moving in the circumferential direction along the inner surfaces of patterned holes 10 and 11 and U-groove 12 . When one of the inner peripheral surface 10a of the first patterned hole 10 and the inner peripheral surface 11a of the second patterned hole 11 is to be decorated instead of the hairline, the drum 25 with the shaft is rotated by the polishing tool 27. The sandpaper 26 is moved along the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a of the pattern holes 10 and 11 while pressing the end portion of the sandpaper 26 against the inner peripheral surface 10a of the pattern hole 10. By repeating this a plurality of times, a polishing pattern consisting of a plurality of polishing lines is formed.

Next, similarly to the first decoration process, the polishing tool 20 is used to form a polishing pattern consisting of a plurality of polishing lines 13 on the disk surface 3d.

(Third decoration treatment)
As shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, the decorating process for forming a polishing pattern on the disc portion 3 and mirror-finishing the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a of the pattern holes 10 and 11 and the inner surface of the U-groove 12 will be described. First, at least the design surface of the disk portion 3 that has been machined as described above is subjected to stepwise polishing by means of a grinder equipped with a grindstone having a grain size of, for example, #150 to #600.

Next, the entire outer surface of the disk portion 3 is mirror-polished by wet barrel polishing.

Next, similarly to the first decoration process, the polishing tool 20 is used to form a polishing pattern consisting of a plurality of polishing lines 13 on the disk surface 3d. When one of the inner peripheral surface 10a of the first patterned hole 10 and the inner peripheral surface 11a of the second patterned hole 11 is to be decorated, mirror-polishing is performed and then polishing is performed using the polishing tool 27 in the same manner as described above. Then, a polishing pattern is formed on the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a.

When a polishing pattern is formed on the mirror-polished disk surface 3d as in the third decoration treatment, fine particles are applied to the mirror-polished smooth disk surface 3d by abrasive particles attached to the sandpaper 21. A plurality of polishing lines 13 each composed of an aggregate of grooves and ridges are formed. Therefore, compared to the case of forming a polishing pattern on the disk surface 3d which is not mirror-polished, the fine grooves and ridges forming the polishing line 13 have a uniform width and depth. As a result, the polishing line 13 as a whole becomes a clear line with a clear contrast between the bright portion and the dark portion, so that the design of the polishing pattern can be improved. Also in the first decoration treatment, wet barrel polishing can be performed after the coating film is peeled off from the disk surface 3d and before the polishing pattern is formed. In the second decoration process, at least the design surface of the disk portion 3 is polished by a grinder, and then the inner peripheral surfaces 10a and 11a of the pattern holes 10 and 11 and the inner surface of the U groove 12 are polished. Wet barrel polishing can also be performed before forming the hairline.

In the present embodiment, the case where the present invention is applied to the two-piece wheel consisting of the disc portion 3 and the rim portion 2 has been described, but the one-piece wheel formed by integrally casting the disc portion 3 and the rim portion 2 is described. Also, for a three-piece wheel consisting of a disk portion, an outer rim portion, and an inner rim portion, one or more selected from the disk surface, the inner peripheral surface of the rim portion, and the inner peripheral surface of the pattern hole. A polishing pattern can be formed in the same manner as described above for some or all regions.

Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the present invention is by no means limited to the above-described embodiments, and it goes without saying that the configuration can be changed without departing from the gist of the present invention.

1 vehicle wheel 2 rim portion 2a inner peripheral surface 3 disk portion 3a ring portion 3b hub portion 3c disk main body 3d disk surface 3e corner portion 4 wheel main body 5 valve 6 pierce bolt 7 hub hole 8 mounting hole 10 inside first patterned hole 10a Peripheral surface 11 Second pattern hole 11a Inner peripheral surface 11b Corner 12 U-groove 12a Corner 13 Polishing line 20 Polishing tool 20a Chuck 21 Sandpaper (disc shape)
22 Pad member 25 Drum with shaft 26 Sand paper (cylindrical truncated cone)
27 polishing tool L1 center line L2 center line L3 center line θ1 angle θ2 angle

Claims (8)

A vehicle wheel comprising a light metal wheel body,
A polishing pattern including a plurality of elongated strip-shaped polishing lines is provided on the surface of the metal base material on the design surface of the wheel body,
A clear coating layer is provided so as to cover the polishing pattern ,
A patterned hole is provided in the disk portion of the wheel, and the polishing pattern is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the patterned hole,
A vehicle wheel characterized by: 2. The vehicle wheel according to claim 1, wherein the disc surface of the disc portion of the wheel body is provided with the polishing pattern. 3. The vehicle wheel according to claim 1, wherein the polishing pattern is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the rim portion of the wheel body. 4. The vehicle wheel according to any one of claims 1 to 3 , wherein the wheel body is provided with a corner portion along the outer edge of the polishing pattern. The vehicle wheel according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the polishing line is formed in a wavy or curved shape. 6. The vehicle wheel according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the plurality of polishing lines are formed such that portions thereof overlap each other. A method for decorating a vehicle wheel having a wheel body made of light metal,
A step of forming a polishing pattern including a plurality of elongated band-shaped polishing lines on the surface of the metal base material of the design surface of the wheel body using a polishing tool;
a step of applying a clear coating to the design surface of the wheel body so as to cover the polishing pattern;
with
A method for decorating a vehicle wheel, comprising a step of mirror-finishing the surface of the metal base material before forming the polishing pattern . 8. The method of decorating a vehicle wheel according to claim 7 , wherein the polishing tool is manually operated to form the polishing pattern.

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