JP7103820B2 - Function-separated shock absorber - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a function-separated type shock absorber having high shock absorbing capacity at the time of a large earthquake and easy to judge and replace at the time of replacement after a disaster, mainly as an upper structure of a bridge such as a road bridge or a railway bridge. It is installed between (hereinafter "bridge girder") and the substructure that supports the end of the bridge girder (hereinafter "bridge pier or pier"), absorbs the impact of a large earthquake, and the end of the bridge girder falls from the bridge pier or pier. It is used as a bridge collapse prevention device to prevent piercing.

Between the end of a bridge girder such as a road bridge or a railroad bridge and the pier or pier that supports the end of the bridge girder, there is a level 2 (the largest earthquake in the imaginable range) and an unexpected large earthquake exceeding level 2. A bridge collapse prevention device is installed to absorb the impact and prevent the bridge girder end from falling from the bridge pier or pier due to a large earthquake.

For example, Patent Document 1 includes a plurality of rings (21) to (25) connected to each other, and connects a bridge upper structure such as a bridge girder (H) and a bridge lower structure such as an abutment or a pier (B). The invention of a bridge collapse prevention chain that prevents the bridge superstructure from falling is disclosed.

In the bridge collapse prevention chain, the connecting portions of the rings are solidified with a rubber elastic body (3) at four intervals, and the length of the rubber elastic bodies (3) is the length of four rings. It is configured to be within the length of. According to the invention of the bridge collapse prevention buffer chain, it is said that the cushioning effect of absorbing the impact load at the time of an earthquake is large, the weight is light, and the work efficiency of installation / replacement can be improved.

Further, Patent Document 2 describes a first connecting member (42) connected to the upper structure (2), a second connecting member (43) connected to the lower structure (3), and a first connecting member (42). ) And the energy absorption mechanism (5) arranged between the second connecting member (43), and the energy absorbing mechanism (5) is the first fixing arranged in the first connecting member (42). A low yield point material connected to a portion (52), a second fixing portion (53) arranged on the second connecting member (43), a first fixing portion (52) and a second fixing portion (53). The energy absorbing member (51) to be formed and the connecting member (54) inserted into the second connecting member (43) and connected to the first fixing portion (52) are provided, and the connecting member (54) is provided. The invention of a fall prevention device is disclosed in which a play space (55) is formed between the energy absorbing member (51) and the second fixing portion (53) to allow movement of the energy absorbing member (51) due to plastic deformation.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2016-138416 Japanese Patent No. 4726094 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-242019

However, in the invention of the bridge collapse prevention buffer chain of Patent Document 1, the rubber elastic body (3) is particularly liable to deteriorate over time due to its material, so that it may solidify and the impact absorption capacity may be lowered at an early stage. It had to be replaced with a new one in a short period of time. Further, when replacing with a new one, it is difficult to judge the degree of deterioration from the appearance, so that it is very difficult to judge at the time of replacement.

Further, in the invention of the fall prevention device of Patent Document 2, since the amount of plastic deformation of the energy absorbing member (51) cannot be confirmed from the outside, there is a problem that it is difficult to judge at the time of replacement after being damaged by an earthquake.

The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and in particular, it is possible to maintain the shock absorbing capacity at the time of an earthquake for a long period of time, and to easily determine and replace the replacement after being damaged by an earthquake or the like. It is an object of the present invention to provide a function-separated type shock absorber.

The present invention is an invention of a shock absorbing device provided between structures having a shock absorber and causing relative deformation, for example, a shock absorbing device installed between an upper structure of a bridge and a lower structure supporting the upper structure. The impact absorber includes a deformed core material that is elasto-plastically deformed in the axial direction of the member due to a tensile load acting by relative displacement between the structures, a cover body that covers the deformed core material, and elasto-plastic deformation of the deformed core material. It is characterized in that it is provided with an elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit that proportionally protrudes from the end portion of the cover body and displays the elasto-plastic deformation amount of the deformed core material.

A tension member such as a chain can be attached to one end of the shock absorber, and the bridge can be used not only between the upper structure and the lower structure of the bridge but also as a rope for connecting mooring facilities such as a pier and a floating pier.

The impact absorber and the tension member can be installed in a state of being loosened in a catenary curve between structures causing relative displacement (see FIG. 1), or are substantially linear without receiving a tensile load (FIG. 6). It can also be installed in (see). In addition to the chain, a cable, a PC steel bar, or the like can also be used as the tension member.

If the cover body is a cylindrical cover having a circular or rectangular shape that includes the entire deformed core material, the deformed core material is not exposed and the appearance is good. Further, if the cover body restrains the deformed core material within a range that does not cause breakage, for example, if it is a plate-shaped tensile restraint material, not only can it prevent fatal destruction of the structure such as a bridge collapse, but also the shape. Is easy and easy to manufacture, and cost reduction is possible.

The elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit is installed so as to display the elasto-plastic deformation amount of the deformed core material by protruding from the end portion of the cover body due to the elasto-plastic deformation (elongation) of the deformed core material. It can be easily confirmed visually that the prevention device has been activated in the event of an earthquake or the like.

The elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit may be, for example, a display unit such as a protrusion, a groove, or a hole that can be easily visually recognized, or may be colored so that it can be easily visually recognized even from a distant position.

Further, if protrusions and the like are installed at equal intervals in the deformation direction of the deformed core material, or if long grooves are formed along the deformation direction of the deformed core material, the number of protrusions and grooves protruding from the end of the cover body. The amount of plastic deformation of the deformed core material can be confirmed by the quantity.

In addition, the deformed core material and the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit are designed to reflect the material strength, and the design cross sections of both are determined so that the deformed core material undergoes elasto-plastic deformation prior to the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit. All you need is.

Further, if the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit is formed so as to break after elasto-plastic deformation when a tensile load at the time of a large earthquake exceeding level 2 is applied, the tension member such as a chain may break. It can be avoided, so that it can be easily and quickly restored by replacing only the shock absorber. If a constriction or a hole for inducing fracture is provided on the outer circumference of the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion, a design that induces stress concentration in this portion to ensure fracture of the member when an unexpected tensile load is applied. Control is possible.

According to the present invention, the elasto-plastic deformation of the deformed core material due to a tensile load is the protrusion length of the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion protruding from the end of the tubular cover in proportion to the elasto-plastic deformation of the deformed core material. By confirming with, it is possible to easily determine when to replace the bridge fall prevention device after being damaged by the earthquake.

Further, by coloring the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion, the elasto-plastic deformation of the deformed core material can be easily confirmed even from a distant position. Furthermore, when a load exceeding the design load is applied, the attachment part other than the elasto-plastic deformed part is broken to prevent damage to other parts, and the impact absorber alone can be replaced for easy and quick recovery. It can be realized.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a bridge collapse prevention device according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which a chain is used as a tension member and the bridge collapse prevention device is installed in a state of being loosened in a catenary curve between the end of a bridge girder and an abutment. It is a bridge collapse prevention device illustrated in FIG. 1, and is a perspective view which shows the state which it broke by receiving the tensile load at the time of an earthquake. The shock absorber of the bridge collapse prevention device shown in FIG. 1 is illustrated, FIG. 3 (a) is a perspective view of the appearance thereof, and FIG. 3 (b) is a perspective view of the inside thereof. FIGS. 4 (a) to 4 (d) are perspective views showing the behavior of the impact absorber due to the tensile load during an earthquake until it breaks. It is a graph which shows the load-displacement design curve until the impact absorber of the bridge collapse prevention device illustrated in FIG. 1 breaks. Another embodiment of the present invention is a perspective view of a bridge collapse prevention device in which a cable is used as a tension member and the bridge collapse prevention device is installed substantially linearly between the end of the bridge girder and the abutment without substantially receiving a tension load. be. It is a bridge collapse prevention device illustrated in FIG. 6, and is a perspective view which shows the state which it broke by receiving the tensile load at the time of an earthquake. FIG. 6 is a graph showing a load-displacement design curve until the impact absorber of the bridge collapse prevention device shown in FIG. 6 breaks. Another embodiment of the present invention is a front view of a bridge collapse prevention device in which a chain is used as a tension member and the bridge collapse prevention device is installed in a state of being loosened in a catenary curve between the end of a bridge girder and an abutment. The behavior of the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit when a tensile load during an earthquake is applied to the impact absorber of the bridge collapse prevention device shown in FIG. 9 is shown. FIG. 10 (a) is a front view and FIG. (b) and FIG. 10 (c) are cross-sectional views of the eye line and the roll line in FIG. 10 (a), respectively. FIG. 11A shows the behavior of the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit when a tensile load during an earthquake is applied to the impact absorber shown in FIG. 9, and FIG. 11 (a) is a front view before the tensile load is applied. , FIG. 11 (b) is a front view when a tensile load is applied, and FIG. 11 (c) is a partially broken plan view thereof.

1 to 5 show an embodiment of a function-separated shock absorbing device (hereinafter, “bridge collapse prevention device”) of the present invention. In the figure, the bridge collapse prevention device 1 includes a shock absorber 2, a tension member (hereinafter referred to as “chain”) 3 connected to one end side of the shock absorber 2, the other end side of the shock absorber 2, and a free end of the chain 3. It includes a mounting member 4 and a mounting member 5 attached to the side ends, respectively.

Further, the bridge collapse prevention device 1 fixes the mounting member 5 to the lower end of the bridge girder 6 and the mounting member 4 to the side surface of the abutment 7 supporting the end of the bridge girder 6 under each bridge girder 6 end. The shock absorber 2 and the chain 3 are installed along the bridge collapse direction in a catenary curve with a slight slack (see FIG. 1).

The shock absorber 2 includes a deformed core material 8 that is long in the bridge axis direction and a cylindrical tubular cover 9 that includes the entire length of the deformed core material 8 (see FIG. 3).

The deformed core material 8 is a steel rod-shaped deformed portion 8A that is elasto-plastically deformed in the tubular cover 9 by a tensile load acting in the direction of the bridge axis, and a diameter-expanded portion formed at both ends of the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A. It has 8B and 8C (see Figure 3 (b)).

The rod-shaped deformed portion 8A is formed in a rod shape having a rectangular or circular cross section, the diameter-expanded portion 8B is at the end of the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A on the abutment 7 side, and the diameter-expanded portion 8C is at the opposite end. It is formed in a substantially cross-shaped cross section with a diameter larger than 8A.

Further, the diameter-expanded portion 8C is fixed to the inner circumference of the end portion of the tubular cover 9, and the diameter-expanded portion 8B has the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A elasto-plastically deformed in the abutment 7 direction, and at the same time, the inside of the tubular cover 9 is covered with the tubular cover 9. Although it is movable to the end, it is restricted by a stopper (not shown) or the like so as not to protrude to the outside of the cylindrical cover 9.

The deformed core material 8 further includes a connecting portion 8D and a connecting portion 8E at the ends of the enlarged diameter portion 8B and the enlarged diameter portion 8C, the connecting portion 8D is attached to the mounting bracket 4, and the connecting portion 8E is attached to the end of the chain 3. Each is detachably connected via a shackle 10.

Further, between the diameter-expanded portion 8B and the connecting portion 8D, a steel elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit 11 that can visually confirm the elasto-plastic deformation of the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A and the amount of the deformation is provided between the diameter-expanded portion 8B and the connecting portion 8D. It is formed integrally with the connecting portion 8D and contained in the tubular cover 9.

The elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit 11 is formed in a plate shape having a predetermined width and a predetermined thickness together with the connecting portion 8D, and at the same time, the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A is elasto-plastically deformed in the abutment 7 direction by the tensile load acting in the bridge axial direction. It is installed so as to project from the end of the tubular cover 9 in the direction of the abutment 7 in proportion to the amount of deformation (elongation) of the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A.

As a result, it is possible to visually confirm that the impact absorber 2 is operated by receiving a tensile load in the event of an earthquake, and it is possible to easily determine when the impact absorber 2 is to be replaced. By coloring the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit 11 for easy identification, it is possible to easily determine when the shock absorber 2 is to be replaced even from a distant position.

The elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit 11 is formed so that the rod-shaped deformation portion 8A is elasto-plastically deformed to the maximum length in the tubular cover 9, then elasto-plastically deformed, and finally fractured. A constriction 11a for inducing fracture is formed on the outer circumference of the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion so as to fracture by a tensile load of a predetermined value or more.

As a result, it is possible to avoid breakage of the chain 3, detachment and breakage of the mounting members 4 and 5, and it is possible to easily recover by simply replacing the shock absorber 2.

The cylindrical cover 9 bears the tensile load acting on the impact absorber 2 after the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A of the deformed core material 8 receives a tensile load and is elasto-plastically deformed to the maximum length.

In such a configuration, when a relative displacement occurs between the bridge girder 6 and the abutment 7 during an earthquake, the impact absorber 2 and the chain 3 are tensioned linearly between the attachment member 4 and the attachment member 5. By pulling 2 and the chain 3 with virtually no resistance, it is possible to absorb the seismic energy within level 2 acting between the end of the bridge girder 6 and the abutment 7 (FIGS. 4 (a) and 5). Load-displacement design curve (see (1)-(2)).

Further, in the event of an unexpected large earthquake exceeding level 2, a tensile load acts on the impact absorber 2 and the chain 3 against the relative displacement between the end of the bridge girder 6 and the abutment 7, and the deformed core material 8 is deformed into a rod shape. The elasto-plastic deformation of the part 8A inside the tubular cover 9 can absorb the impact and seismic energy during a large earthquake (Fig. 4 (b), load-displacement design curve (2)-(4) in Fig. 5). )reference).

Further, after the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A is elasto-plastically deformed to the maximum length in the tubular cover 9, the cylindrical cover 9 bears the tensile load in place of the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A. Then, the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion 11 is elasto-plastically deformed and finally broken, so that the chain 3 can be prevented from being broken, the mounting brackets 4 and 5 can be separated from each other, and the damage can be avoided (FIG. 4 (c), (d), load-displacement design curve (4)-(5) in FIG. 5). As a result, it is possible to recover in a short period of time simply by replacing only the shock absorber 2.

6 to 8 show another embodiment of the present invention, in which the cable 12 is used as the tension member, and the shock absorber 2 and the cable 12 are substantially between the end of the bridge girder 6 and the abutment 7. It is installed almost linearly without any tensile load acting on it.

In such a configuration, in the event of an unexpected large earthquake exceeding level 2 and level 2, a tensile load acts on the impact absorber 2 and the chain 3 against the relative displacement between the end of the bridge girder 6 and the abutment 7. The rod-shaped deformed portion 8A of the deformed core material 2 is elasto-plastically deformed in the tubular cover 9 to absorb the impact and seismic energy at the time of a large earthquake (FIG. 4 (b), the load-displacement design of FIG. 8). Curves (1)-(2)-see (3)).

Then, after the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A is elasto-plastically deformed to the maximum length in the tubular cover 9, the cylindrical cover 9 bears the tensile load in place of the rod-shaped deformed portion 8A. Then, the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion 11 is elasto-plastically deformed and finally broken, so that the cable 12 can be prevented from being broken, the mounting brackets 4 and 5 can be separated from each other, and the damage can be avoided (FIG. 4 (c), (d), see the load-displacement design curve (4)-(5) in FIG. 8). As a result, it is possible to recover in a short period of time simply by replacing only the shock absorber 2.

9 to 11 show another embodiment of the present invention, in which the bridge collapse prevention device 1 includes a shock absorber 13, a chain 3 connected to one end side of the shock absorber 13, and a shock absorber. A mounting member 4 and a mounting member 5 mounted on the other end side of the 13 and the free end side of the chain 3, respectively, are provided.

Further, the bridge collapse prevention device 1 is formed along the bridge axis direction by fixing the mounting member 5 to the lower end of the bridge girder 6 and the mounting member 4 to the side surface of the abutment 7 under each bridge girder 6 end. The shock absorber 13 and the chain 3 are installed in a suspended curve with a slight slack (see FIG. 9).

The shock absorber 13 includes a plate-shaped deformed core material 14 and two tensile restraining materials 15 and 15 installed on both sides of the plate-shaped deformed core material 14, and the plate-shaped deformed core material 14 is elasto-plastic due to a tensile load acting in the direction of the bridge axis. The plate-shaped deformed portion 14A to be deformed, the enlarged diameter portions 14B and 14C formed at both ends of the plate-shaped deformed portion 14A and wider than the plate-shaped deformed portion 14A, and further formed at the ends of the enlarged diameter portions 14B and 14C. It is equipped with the connected portions 14D and 14D.

The enlarged diameter portions 14B and 14C and the connecting portion 14D are formed to have the same width, and each connecting portion 14D is formed with a connecting hole 16 for connecting the mounting member 4 and the chain 3. The connecting hole 16 is a loose hole that is long in the direction of the bridge axis.

Further, on the side surface portion of the diameter-expanded portion 14B closer to the connecting portion 14D side, an elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion 17 that can visually confirm the elasto-plastic deformation of the band-shaped deformation portion 14A due to the tensile load and the deformation amount thereof is a tensile restraining material. It is formed in a hidden state within 15 (see Fig. 11 (a)).

The elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit 17 is formed so that it can be easily visually recognized, for example, a protrusion, a groove, a hole, or a hole filled with a colored filler. A hole is formed in the side surface of 14B, and a colored filler is filled in the hole so that the hole can be visually recognized (see FIG. 11 (c)).

In addition, the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit 17 may be colored so that it can be easily visually recognized even from a distant position. Further, if a plurality of protrusions or the like are formed at equal intervals in the deformation direction of the plate-shaped deformed core material 14 or long grooves are formed along the deformation direction of the plate-shaped deformed core material 14, the tensile restraining material 15 The amount of elasto-plastic deformation of the plate-shaped deformed portion 14A can be confirmed by the quantity by the number of protrusions protruding from the end and the length of the groove.

In such a configuration, in the event of an earthquake, the plate-shaped deformed portion 14A undergoes elasto-plastic deformation in the bridge-axis direction due to the tensile load acting in the bridge-axis direction, and at the same time, the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion 17 of the plate-shaped deformed portion 14A By projecting from the end of the tensile restraint member 15 in the direction of the abutment 7 in proportion to the amount of deformation (elongation amount), it is possible to visually confirm that the impact absorber 13 is operated under the tensile load, and the impact is impacted. It is possible to easily determine when to replace the absorber 13.

In addition, the plate-shaped deformed portion 14A undergoes elasto-plastic deformation to the maximum length within the tensile restraint members 15 and 15 at the edge of the enlarged diameter portion 14B near the connecting portion 14D, and then elasto-plastically deforms, and finally the plate. A constriction 18 for inducing fracture is formed so as to fracture prior to the deformed portion 14A.

The tensile restraint member 15 is formed in a plate shape having the same width as the enlarged diameter portions 14B and 14C, and has a length that covers the range of the deformed core material 14 excluding the connecting portions 14D and 14D at both ends. Further, the tensile restraint member 15 is symmetrically installed on both sides of the plate-shaped deformed core material 14, and is joined to the enlarged diameter portions 14B and 14C of the deformed core material 14 at both ends by a plurality of connecting bolts 19 and 20, respectively. In particular, the bolt hole 15a of the connecting bolt 19 is formed in an elongated hole having a major axis in the action direction of the tensile load (the major axis direction of the tensile restraint member 15).

As a result, the plate-shaped deformed portion 14A of the plate-shaped deformed core material 14 is elasto-plastically deformed within the range of the bolt holes 15a, and the tensile restraining materials 15 and 15 bear the tensile load that imparts deformation beyond this range. Finally, by breaking the portion having the constriction 18, it is possible to avoid the breakage of the chain 3 and the detachment and breakage of the mounting members 4 and 5, and the shock absorber 13 can be easily replaced. It can be restored.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention has a particularly large shock absorbing capacity at the time of an earthquake, and can easily determine and replace at the time of replacement after being damaged by an earthquake. In addition, when an earthquake force exceeding the design is applied, the magnitude of the earthquake can be grasped instantly by forcibly breaking a specific part.

1 Bridge collapse prevention device (function separation type shock absorber)
2 Shock absorber 3 Chain (tension member)
4 Mounting member 5 Mounting member 6 Bridge girder 7 Abutment 8 Deformed core material
8A rod-shaped deformed part
8B diameter expansion part
8C enlarged diameter part
8D connection
8E Connecting part 9 Cylindrical cover
10 shackle
11 Elastoplastic deformation amount display
11a Constriction
12 Cable (pulling member)
13 Shock absorber
14 Plate-shaped deformed core material
14A Plate-shaped deformed part
14B diameter expansion part
14C enlarged diameter part
14D connection
15 Tension restraint
15a long hole
16 connecting holes
17 Elastoplastic deformation amount display
18 Constriction for inducing rupture
19 Connecting bolt
20 Connecting bolt

Claims (10)

In a shock absorber installed between structures that are provided with a shock absorber that is elasto-plastically deformed by receiving a tensile load and a tension member that is connected to one end side of the shock absorber and that causes relative displacement, the above-mentioned The shock absorber includes a deformed core material that is elasto-plastically deformed in the axial direction of the member due to a tensile load acting by relative displacement between the structures, a cover body that includes the deformed core material, and elasto-plastic deformation of the deformed core material. The deformed core material and the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit are provided with an elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit that projects from the end portion of the cover body in proportion to and displays the elasto-plastic deformation amount of the deformed core material. Function-separated shock absorption , which is designed to reflect the strength and whose design cross section is determined so that the deformed core material is elasto-plastically deformed prior to the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion. Device. The shock absorption device provided between a shock absorber that undergoes elasto-plastic deformation under a tensile load and a tension member connected to one end side of the shock absorber and is installed between structures that cause relative displacement, said shock absorption. The body is formed by a deformed core material that is elasto-plastically deformed in the axial direction of the member due to a tensile load acting by relative displacement between the structures, tension restraint members arranged on both sides of the deformed core material, and bullets of the deformed core material. The deformed core material and the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit are provided with an elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit that projects from the end of the tensile restraint member in proportion to the plastic deformation and displays the elasto-plastic deformation amount of the deformed core material. Is designed to reflect the material strength, and the design cross sections of both are determined so that the deformed core material is elasto-plastically deformed prior to the elasto-plastic deformation amount display portion. Type shock absorber. In the function-separated shock absorbing device according to claim 1, the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit is installed so as to display the elasto-plastic deformation amount of the deformed core material by the protruding length protruding from the end portion of the cover body . A function-separated shock absorber characterized by being In the function-separated shock absorbing device according to claim 2 , the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit displays the elasto-plastic deformation amount of the deformed core material by the protruding length protruding from the end portion of the tension restraint member . A function-separated shock absorber characterized by being installed. The function-separated shock absorber according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit is colored. In the function-separated shock absorbing device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, the elasto-plastic deformation amount display unit is provided with a fracture-inducing constriction or hole that breaks due to a tensile load of a predetermined value or more . A function-separated shock absorber characterized by. In the function-separated shock absorber according to any one of claims 1 to 6, the structure is a superstructure of a bridge and a substructure that supports the superstructure, and is other than the shock absorber. A function-separated shock absorber, characterized in that the ends are fixed to the lower structure and the free ends of the tension member are fixed to the upper structure. The function-separated shock absorber according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the other end of the shock absorber is fixed to the structure via a tension member . Shock absorber. The function-separated shock absorber according to claim 8 , wherein the shock absorber and the tension member are installed in a loose state. The function-separated type shock absorber according to claim 8 , wherein the shock absorber and the tension member are installed in a straight line without substantially receiving a tensile load.

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