JP7072898B2 - ポリミキシンb/トリメトプリム系の治療薬を含有する医薬組成物 - Google Patents
ポリミキシンb/トリメトプリム系の治療薬を含有する医薬組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7072898B2 JP7072898B2 JP2019508823A JP2019508823A JP7072898B2 JP 7072898 B2 JP7072898 B2 JP 7072898B2 JP 2019508823 A JP2019508823 A JP 2019508823A JP 2019508823 A JP2019508823 A JP 2019508823A JP 7072898 B2 JP7072898 B2 JP 7072898B2
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- polymyxin
- trimethoprim
- bacterial
- antibiotic
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- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;1-oxidopyridine-2-thione Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S.[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002888 zwitterionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
本出願は、2016年8月16日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/375,720号、及び2017年4月25日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/489,535号の優先権を主張するものである。
本発明は、National Institutes of Healthによって授与された1R01AI103507の下、政府の支援を受けて為されたものである。本発明における一定の権利は、政府によって留保されている。
1)グラム陽性球菌、例えばStaphylococci(Staph.aureus、Staph.epidermidis、Staph.saprophyticus、Staph.auricularis、Staph.capitis capitis、Staph.c.ureolyticus、Staph.caprae、Staph.cohnii cohnii、Staph.c.urealyticus、Staph.equorum、Staph.gallinarum、Staph.haemolyticus、Staph.hominis hominis、Staph.h.novobiosepticius、Staph.hyicus、Staph.intermedius、Staph.lugdunensis、Staph.pasteuri、Staph.saccharolyticus、Staph.schleiferi schleiferi、Staph.s.coagulans、Staph.sciuri、Staph.simulans、Staph.warneri及びStaph.xylosusなど)、
2)Streptococci(例えばβ溶血性化膿性連鎖球菌(例えばStrept.agalactiae、Strept.canis、Strept.dysgalactiae dysgalactiae、Strept.dysgalactiae equisimilis、Strept.equi equi、Strept.equi zooepidemicus、Strept.iniae、Strept.porcinus及びStrept.pyogenes)、微好気性化膿性連鎖球菌(Streptococcus「milleri」、例えばStrept.anginosus、Strept.constellatus constellatus、Strept.constellatus pharyngidis及びStrept.intermedius)、「mitis」の口腔レンサ球菌(α溶血性-鎖球菌「viridans」、例えばStrept.mitis、Strept.oralis、Strept.sanguinis、Strept.cristatus、Strept.gordonii及びStrept.parasanguinis)、「salivarius」(非溶血性、例えばStrept.salivarius及びStrept.vestibularis)及び「mutans」(歯表面連鎖球菌、例えばStrept.criceti、Strept.mutans、Strept.ratti及びStrept.sobrinus)群、Strept.acidominimus、Strept.bovis、Strept.faecalis、Strept.equinus、Strept.pneumoniae及びStrept.suis、あるいはA、B、C、D、E、G、L、P、UもしくはV群の連鎖球菌として代替的に分類される連鎖球菌)、
3)グラム陰性球菌、例えばNeisseria gonorrhoeae、Neisseria meningitidis、Neisseria cinerea、Neisseria elongata、Neisseria flavescens、Neisseria lactamica、Neisseria mucosa、Neisseria sicca、Neisseria subflava及びNeisseria weaveri、
4)Bacillaceae、例えばBacillus anthracis、Bacillus subtilis、Bacillus thuringiensis、Bacillus stearothermophilus及びBacillus cereus、
5)Enterobacteriaceae、例えばEscherichia coli、Enterobacter(Enterobacter aerogenes、Enterobacter agglomerans及びEnterobacter cloacaeなど)、Citrobacter(例えばCitrob.freundii及びCitrob.divernis)、Hafnia(Hafnia alveiなど)、Erwinia(Erwinia persicinusなど)、Morganella morganii、Salmonella(Salmonella enterica及びSalmonella typhi)、Shigella(Shigella dysenteriae、Shigella flexneri、Shigella boydii及びShigella sonneiなど)、Klebsiella(Klebs.pneumoniae、Klebs.oxytoca、Klebs.ornitholytica、Klebs.planticola、Klebs.ozaenae、Klebs.terrigena、Klebs.granulomatis(Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)及びKlebs.rhinoscleromatisなど)、Proteus(Pr.mirabilis、Pr.rettgeri及びPr.vulgarisなど)、Providencia(Providencia alcalifaciens、Providencia rettgeri及びProvidencia stuartiiなど)、Serratia(Serratia marcescens及びSerratia liquifaciensなど)、及びYersinia(Yersinia enterocolitica、Yersinia pestis及びYersinia pseudotuberculosisなど)、
6)Enterococci(Enterococcus avium、Enterococcus casseliflavus、Enterococcus cecorum、Enterococcus dispar、Enterococcus durans、Enterococcus faecalis、Enterococcus faecium、Enterococcus flavescens、Enterococcus gallinarum、Enterococcus hirae、Enterococcus malodoratus、Enterococcus mundtii、Enterococcus pseudoavium、Enterococcus raffinosus及びEnterococcus solitariusなど)、
7)Helicobacter(Helicobacter pylori、Helicobacter cinaedi及びHelicobacter fennelliaeなど)、
8)Acinetobacter(例えば、A.baumannii、A.calcoaceticus、A.haemolyticus、A.johnsonii、A.junii、A.Iwoffi及びA.radioresistens)、
9)Pseudomonas(Ps.aeruginosa、Ps.maltophilia(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)、Ps.alcaligenes、Ps.chlororaphis、Ps.fluorescens、Ps.luteola.Ps.mendocina、Ps.monteilii、Ps.oryzihabitans、Ps.pertocinogena、Ps.pseudalcaligenes、Ps.putida及びPs.stutzeriなど)、
10)Bacteriodes fragilis、
11)Peptococcus(例えば、Peptococcus niger)、
12)Peptostreptococcus、
13)Clostridium(例えば、C.perfringens、C.difficile、C.botulinum、C.tetani、C.absonum、C.argentinense、C.baratii、C.bifermentans、C.beijerinckii、C.butyricum、C.cadaveris、C.camis、C.celatum、C.clostridioforme、C.cochlearium、C.cocleatum、C.fallax、C.ghonii、C.glycolicum、C.haemolyticum、C.hastiforme、C.histolyticum、C.indolis、C.innocuum、C.irregulare、C.leptum、C.limosum、C.malenominatum、C.novyi、C.oroticum、C.paraputrificum、C.piliforme、C.putrefasciens、C.ramosum、C.septicum、C.sordelii、C.sphenoides、C.sporogenes、C.subterminale、C.symbiosum及びC.tertium)、
14)マイコプラズマ(例えば、M.pneumoniae、M.hominis、M.genitalium及びM.urealyticum)、
15)マイコバクテリア(例えば、Mycobacterium tuberculosis、Mycobacterium avium、Mycobacterium fortuitum、Mycobacterium marinum、Mycobacterium kansasii、Mycobacterium chelonae、Mycobacterium abscessus、Mycobacterium leprae、Mycobacterium smegmitis、Mycobacterium africanum、Mycobacterium alvei、Mycobacterium asiaticum、Mycobacterium aurum、Mycobacterium bohemicum、Mycobacterium bovis、Mycobacterium branderi、Mycobacterium brumae、Mycobacterium celatum、Mycobacterium chubense、Mycobacterium confluentis、Mycobacterium conspicuum、Mycobacterium cookii、Mycobacterium flavescens、Mycobacterium gadium、Mycobacterium gastri、Mycobacterium genavense、Mycobacterium gordonae、Mycobacterium goodii、Mycobacterium haemophilum、Mycobacterium hassicum、Mycobacterium intracellulare、Mycobacterium interjectum、Mycobacterium heidelberense、Mycobacterium lentiflavum、Mycobacterium malmoense、Mycobacterium microgenicum、Mycobacterium microti、Mycobacterium mucogenicum、Mycobacterium neoaurum、Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum、Mycobacterium peregrinum、Mycobacterium phlei、Mycobacterium scrofulaceum、Mycobacterium shimoidei、Mycobacterium simiae、Mycobacterium szulgai、Mycobacterium terrae、Mycobacterium thermoresistabile、Mycobacterium triplex、Mycobacterium triviale、Mycobacterium tusciae、Mycobacterium ulcerans、Mycobacterium vaccae、Mycobacterium wolinskyi及びMycobacterium xenopi)、Haemophilus(Haemophilus influenzae、Haemophilus ducreyi、Haemophilus aegyptius、Haemophilus parainfluenzae、Haemophilus haemolyticus及びHaemophilus parahaemolyticusなど)、
16)Actinobacillus(Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans、Actinobacillus equuliなど)、
17)Actinobacillus hominis、Actinobacillus lignieresii、Actinobacillus suis及びActinobacillus ureae、
18)Actinomyces(Actinomyces israeliiなど)、
19)Brucella(Brucella abortus、Brucella canis、Brucella melintensis及びBrucella suisなど)、
20)Campylobacter(Campylobacter jejuni、Campylobacter coli、Campylobacter lari及びCampylobacter fetusなど)、
21)Listeria monocytogenes、
22)Vibrio(Vibrio cholerae及びVibrio parahaemolyticus、Vibrio alginolyticus、Vibrio carchariae、Vibrio fluvialis、Vibrio furnissii、Vibrio hollisae、Vibrio metschnikovii、Vibrio mimicus及びVibrio vulnificusなど)、
23)Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae、
24)Corynebacteriaceae(Corynebacterium diphtheriae、Corynebacterium jeikeum及びCorynebacterium urealyticumなど)、
25)Spirochaetaceae、例えばBorrelia(Borrelia recurrentis、Borrelia burgdorferi、Borrelia afzelii、Borrelia andersonii、Borrelia bissettii、Borrelia garinii、Borrelia japonica、Borrelia lusitaniae、Borrelia tanukii、Borrelia turdi、Borrelia valaisiana、Borrelia caucasica、Borrelia crocidurae、Borrelia duttoni、Borrelia graingeri、Borrelia hermsii、Borrelia hispanica、Borrelia latyschewii、Borrelia mazzottii、Borrelia parkeri、Borrelia persica、Borrelia turicatae及びBorrelia venezuelensisなど)ならびにTreponema(Treponema pallidum ssp.pallidum、Treponema pallidum ssp.endemicum、Treponema pallidum ssp.pertenue及びTreponema carateum)、Pasteurella(Pasteurella aerogenes、Pasteurella bettyae、Pasteurella canis、Pasteurella dagmatis、Pasteurella gallinarum、Pasteurella haemolytica、Pasteurella multocida multocida、Pasteurella multocida gallicida、Pasteurella multocida septica、Pasteurella pneumotropica及びPasteurella stomatisなど)、
26)Bordetella(Bordetella bronchiseptica、Bordetella hinzii、Bordetella holmseii、Bordetella parapertussis、Bordetella pertussis及びBordetella trematumなど)、
27)Nocardiaceae、例えばNocardia(Nocardia asteroides及びNocardia brasiliensisなど)、
28)Rickettsia(例えば、RicksettsiiまたはCoxiella burnetii)、
29)
30)Legionella(Legionalla anisa、Legionalla birminghamensis、Legionalla bozemanii、Legionalla cincinnatiensis、Legionalla dumoffii、Legionalla feeleii、Legionalla gormanii、Legionalla hackeliae、Legionalla israelensis、Legionalla jordanis、Legionalla lansingensis、Legionalla longbeachae、Legionalla maceachemii、Legionalla micdadei、Legionalla oakridgensis、Legionalla pneumophila、Legionalla sainthelensi、Legionalla tucsonensisなど、
31)Legionalla wadsworthii、
32)Moraxella catarrhalis、
33)Cyclospora cayetanensis、
34)Entamoeba histolytica、
35)Giardia lamblia、
36)Trichomonas vaginalis、
37)Toxoplasma gondii、
38)Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、
39)Burkholderia cepacia、Burkholderia mallei及びBurkholderia pseudomallei、
40)Francisella tularensis、
41)Gardnerella(Gardneralla vaginalis及びGardneralla mobiluncusなど)、Streptobacillus moniliformis、
42)Flavobacteriaceae、例えばCapnocytophaga(Capnocytophaga canimorsus、Capnocytophaga cynodegmi、Capnocytophaga gingivalis、Capnocytophaga granulosa、Capnocytophaga haemolytica、Capnocytophaga ochracea及びCapnocytophaga sputigenaなど)、
43)Bartonella(Bartonella bacilliformis、Bartonella clarridgeiae、Bartonella elizabethae、Bartonella henselae、Bartonella quintana及びBartonella vinsonii arupensis)、
44)Leptospira(Leptospira biflexa、Leptospira borgpetersenii、Leptospira inadai、Leptospira interrogans、Leptospira kirschneri、Leptospira noguchii、Leptospira santarosai及びLeptospira weiliiなど)、
45)Spirillium(Spirillum minusなど)、
46)Baceteroides(Bacteroides caccae、Bacteroides capillosus、Bacteroides coagulans、Bacteroides distasonis、Bacteroides eggerthii、Bacteroides forsythus、Bacteroides fragilis、Bacteroides merdae、Bacteroides ovatus、Bacteroides putredinis、Bacteroides pyogenes、Bacteroides splanchinicus、Bacteroides stercoris、Bacteroides tectus、Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron、Bacteroides uniformis、Bacteroides ureolyticus及びBacteroides vulgatusなど)、
47)Prevotella(Prevotella bivia、Prevotella buccae、Prevotella corporis、Prevotella dentalis(Mitsuokella dentalis)、Prevotella denticola、Prevotella disiens、Prevotella enoeca、Prevotella heparinolytica、Prevotella intermedia、Prevotella loeschii、Prevotella melaninogenica、Prevotella nigrescens、Prevotella oralis、Prevotella oris、Prevotella oulora、Prevotella tannerae、Prevotella venoralis及びPrevotella zoogleoformansなど)、Porphyromonas(Porphyromonas asaccharolytica、Porphyromonas cangingivalis、Porphyromonas canoris、Porphyromonas cansulci、Porphyromonas catoniae、Porphyromonas circumdentaria、Porphyromonas crevioricanis、Porphyromonas endodontalis、Porphyromonas gingivalis、Porphyromonas gingivicanis、Porphyromonas levii及びPorphyromonas macacaeなど)、
48)Fusobacterium(F.gonadiaformans、F.mortiferum、F.naviforme、F.necrogenes、F.necrophorum necrophorum、F.necrophorum fundiliforme、F.nucleatum nucleatum、F.nucleatum fusiforme、F.nucleatum polymorphum、F.nucleatum vincentii、F.periodonticum、F.russii、F.ulcerans及びF.variumなど)、
49)Chlamydia(Chlamydia trachomatisなど)、
50)Cryptosporidium(C.parvum、C.hominis、C.canis、C.felis、C.meleagridis及びC.murisなど)、
51)Chlamydophila(Chlamydophila abortus(Chlamydia psittaci)、Chlamydophila pneumoniae(Chlamydia pneumoniae)及びChlamydophila psittaci(Chlamydia psittaci)など)、
52)Leuconostoc(Leuconostoc citreum、Leuconostoc cremoris、Leuconostoc dextranicum、Leuconostoc lactis、Leuconostoc mesenteroides及びLeuconostoc pseudomesenteroidesなど)、
53)Gemella(Gemella bergeri、Gemella haemolysans、Gemella morbillorum及びGemella sanguinisなど)、ならびに
54)Ureaplasma(Ureaplasma parvum及びUreaplasma urealyticumなど)。
材料と方法
細菌株と増殖条件
これらの研究で使用される細菌株は、従来の実験室株のPseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1及びStaphylococcus aureus UAMS-1を含み、これらの株は両方とも抗生物質感受性であり、堅牢なバイオフィルムを形成しうる。Gillaspy AF,Hickmon SG,Skinner RA,Thomas JR,Nelson CL,Smeltzer MS.Role of the accessory gene regulator(agr)in pathogenesis of staphylococcal osteomyelitis.Infection and immunity 1995;63:3373-3380.を参照。Pseudomonas aeruginosaの7つの臨床角膜炎分離株を、Flaum Eye Institute,Rochester NYから採取し、International Health Management Associates(IHMA;Schaumburg,IL)から購入された国の地理的に別個の地域からのStaphylococcus aureusの25個の臨床分離株。プランクトン様培養物を必要とする実験用に、指示された生物をLuria-Bertaniブロス(LB;Franklin Lakes,NJ)中で一晩増殖させ、新鮮な培地で1:100に希釈して、対数増殖期初期(S.aureus及びP.aeruginosa用にそれぞれ0.18または0.4OD600nm)まで増殖させて処置した。平底ポリスチレンプレート(Falcon,Corning Life Sciences;Durham,NC)の個々のウェルに、指示された生物の一夜培養物を、終濃度1×107CFU ml-1になるまで200μlの新鮮なLBに接種することによりバイオフィルムを確立した。プレートを37℃の加湿インキュベーター内に72時間入れて、静置バイオフィルムを形成させた。非接着細胞を吸引し、各実験に先立って、バイオフィルムをリン酸緩衝生理食塩水で2回洗浄した。
トブラマイシン、リファンピシン、ネオマイシン、シプロフロキサシン、アンピシリン、ゲンタマイシン、ベシフロキサシン及びセフトリアキソンはSigma Aldrich(St.Louis,MO)から購入されたものであり、点眼液中の化合物(モキシフロキサシン、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム)は、Flaum Eye Institute(Rochester,NY)から入手されたものである。853FDA承認薬のライブラリは、Selleck Chemical(Houston、TX)から入手されたものである。
一連の遺伝子型決定及び生物学的アッセイを予備的手段として使用して、採取された臨床的P.aeruginosa分離株のクローン性を、以下のようにして評価する。Qiagen DNeasyキット(Hilden,Germany)を使用して各分離株からゲノムDNAを精製し、このゲノムDNAをポリメラーゼ連鎖反応の鋳型として用い、以前に公開されたプライマーを使用して病原性因子exoS、exoY、exoU、exoT及びpcrVの存在を検出する(表1)。Allewelt M,Coleman FT,Grout M,Priebe GP,Pier GB.Acquisition of expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoU cytotoxin leads to increased bacterial virulence in a murine model of acute pneumonia and systemic spread.Infection and immunity 2000;68:3998-4004、Lomholt JA,Poulsen K,Kilian M.Epidemic population structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa:evidence for a clone that is pathogenic to the eye and that has a distinct combination of virulence factors.Infection and immunity 2001;69、及びLedbetter EC,Mun JJ,Kowbel D,Fleiszig SM.Pathogenic phenotype and genotype of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from spontaneous canine ocular infections.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2009;50を参照。モキシフロキサシン、セフトリアキソン、アンピシリン、ネオマイシン、ゲンタマイシン、トブラマイシン及びポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムに対する各分離株の抗生物質感受性プロファイルを、最小発育阻止濃度(MIC)のガイドラインに準じて評価した。Institute C.Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing:Twenty-fifth Informational Supplement.Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing:Twenty-fifth Informational Supplementを参照。分離株ごとのバイオフィルム形成能力を定量した。この定量を行うことを目的に、72時間で確立されたバイオフィルムを含むポリスチレンプレートのウェルを0.8%NaClで洗浄し、非接着細胞を除去して、クリスタルバイオレットで染色した。バイオフィルム染色を定量するため、プレートをH2Oで3回洗浄し、染色液を30%氷酢酸中に懸濁させ、前述のように自動プレートリーダーを用いて各ウェルの光学密度(OD600nm)を計測した。Jacobs AC,Blanchard CE,Catherman SC,Dunman PM,Murata Y.An ribonuclease T2 family protein modulates Acinetobacter baumannii abiotic surface colonization.PloS one 2014;9を参照。
ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの抗菌活性を増強する薬剤を同定するために、我々は最初に、P.aeruginosa株PAO1及びS.aureus株UAMS-1の成長を可能にする、最高濃度のポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの組み合わせを特定した。そうするには、標準MICプレートアッセイを実施し、2倍濃度のポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの存在下で、1×105CFUをマイクロタイタープレートの各ウェルに加えて、37℃で16時間インキュベートした。MICは、肉眼で測定したところ、成長を示さなかった薬物濃度として同定された。濃度のより低い薬物の微妙な効果を理解するために、各生物の1倍、0.5倍、0.25倍及び0.125倍のMICを呈するウェルからアリコート(20μl)を平板培養し、生存CFUの数を特定した。約106CFUの生存を可能にしたポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの濃度が、中等度の抗菌活性を有する濃度を呈したが、一晩インキュベーションした後に、成長表現型の喪失に至らなかった(図4)ため、この濃度を、このようなスクリーニングにおける使用のために選択した。
チェッカーボード形式では、S.aureus株UAMS-1またはP.aeruginosa株PAO1を、マイクロタイタープレートの個々のウェルに加えた。各プレートの横列を漸増濃度のポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム(0~12.5μg/ml-1)で処置したのに対し、各縦列を漸増濃度のリファンピシン、トブラマイシンまたはベシフロキサシンで処置した。プレートを16時間インキュベートし、その時点で(単独で)細菌増殖を阻害する各試験剤の濃度を様々な濃度を併用して測定した。式:(併用中の薬物Aの最小発育阻止濃度(MIC)/単独の薬物AのMIC)+(併用中の薬物BのMIC/単独の薬物BのMIC)=FICを用い、分画阻止濃度(FIC)指数を計算した。相乗的相互作用をFIC値<0.5として定義し、相加的相互作用をFIC値0.5~1.0として定義し、相互作用なしをFIC1~4として定義し、拮抗的相互作用をFIC>4として定義した。Odds FC.Synergy,antagonism,and what the chequerboard puts between them.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2003;52:1を参照。
バイオフィルムを上記のようにして確立し、次いでプランクトン様PAO1またはUAMS-1細胞を、0.5×、1×、2×、4×または8×MICの試験剤を補充した100μlの新鮮培地で処置した。24時間後、残りの培地及び非接着細胞を除去し、バイオフィルムを0.8%NaCl中に懸濁し、平板培養して生存細菌を定量した。化合物の併用により処置されたバイオフィルムの感受性を、各化合物のプランクトンMICの比1:1(すなわち、PAO1に対して6.25μg ml-1のポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム及び15.6μg ml-1のリファンピシン)を利用して、上記と同じ方法で算定した。バイオフィルムを、0~64×MICの範囲の漸増量で処置した。
指示された生物の一晩培養物を用い、100mlの新鮮培地に接種(1:100希釈)して、対数増殖期中期まで増殖させた。試験化合物(複数可)を1×、2×、または4×MICにて添加し、引き続き培養物をインキュベーションした。アリコートを1時間目、2時間目、3時間目、4時間目、及び24時間目に採取し、段階希釈してコロニー形成単位用に平板培養した。
2つの液体培養法を用いて、P.aeruginosa株PAO1及びS.aureus株UAMS-1について、指示された試験剤(複数可)に対する自発的耐性を測定した。最初に、プランクトン様増殖細胞(1×105CFUを、1×MICのリファンピシン、1×MICポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム及び1×MICを組み合わせて添加した100μlのMueller Hinton培地を含むマイクロタイタープレートの個々のウェルに添加した。プレートを一晩インキュベートし、その時点でアリコートを採取し、生存コロニー形成単位の数を計数するために平板培養した。推定の耐性生存細胞を呈したいずれの試験条件についても、結果として得られた8つのコロニーを上記のように反復MIC試験用に無作為に選択して、それらのコロニーが耐性分離株を表すかどうかを立証した。第二のアプローチとして、上記からの各処置条件からの50μlの懸濁液を、1.95mlのMHを含有するBacterioScan製の採取用キュベットに移した。BacterioScan製のs216Dxレーザー微生物増殖モニターを使用して増殖を測定し、40時間にわたって3分ごとに光学的測定を行った。40時間後、生存コロニー形成単位を測定するため試料を平板培養し、薬剤感受性の再試験を行った。
ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの抗菌活性を改善する化合物の同定
抗生物質ポリミキシンB+トリメトプリム含有の点眼液は、広範囲の抗菌活性と、耐性に関連した低い臨床的失敗を示すが、この併用治療効果は、一部には、特定の細菌種に対する効力が比較的低いこと、殺菌速度が遅く、抗バイオフィルム特性が不十分なことが原因で制限されてきた。ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム点眼液の抗菌性能を潜在的に改善する可能性のある薬剤/を特定するため、まず、別途に阻害濃度以下の濃度のポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの存在下にて、抗菌活性を付与する薬剤について、853メンバーのFDA承認薬ライブラリのメンバーのスクリーニングを行った。これを行うため、1.2μg/ml-1のポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム(0.25xMIC)を補充したマイクロタイタープレートの個々のウェルに、105CFUのS.aureus株UAMS-1を接種した。ライブラリメンバーを低濃度(5μM)または高濃度(50μM)で添加してから、一晩インキュベートした後、増殖を阻害する薬剤をスコアで評価した。そのような薬剤は、それ自体で抗菌活性を呈し、及び/またはポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの抗菌活性を増強する化合物を代表することが期待された。並行して、0.2μg ml-1のポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム(0.5×MIC)を補充した培地中に接種されたP.aeruginosa PAO1細胞に対し、増殖表現型の喪失を示す薬剤について低濃度及び高濃度にてライブラリもまたスクリーニングした。
リファンピシン及びトブラマイシンによる、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの抗菌活性の向上
ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの抗菌活性を増強する薬剤と独立した抗菌活性を有する薬剤とを区別するため、リファンピシン(リファマイシン)、トブラマイシン(アミノグリコシド)及びベソフロキサシン(フルオロキノロン)を使用して、プランクトン様S.aureus及びP.aeruginosa培養物に対し、チェッカーボード形式で分画阻止濃度(FIC)測定を実施した。表4に示すように、抗菌感受性試験にて、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムに対するP.aeruginosa株PAO1のMICは、0.41μg/ml-1であったのに対し、リファンピシン、トブラマイシン及びベシフロキサシン単独の場合のMICは、それぞれ15.6μg/ml-1、0.48μg/ml-1、及び1.56μg/ml-1であったことが明らかにされた。リファンピシンとポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムとを併用した結果、P.aeruginosa(FIC=0.637)に対し相加効果が得られた。このことは、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの抗菌活性を増強することを示唆している。ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムとの併用時には、トブラマイシン(FIC=1.28)及びベシフロキサシン(FIC=1)は相加作用もなく拮抗作用もなかった。S.aureus株UAMS-1に対して、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムのMICは2μg/ml-1であった一方、リファンピシン、トブラマイシン及びベシフロキサシン単独の場合のMICはそれぞれ、0.01μg ml-1、1.9μg ml-1及び0.12μg ml-1であったことが見出された(表4)。ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムと併用した際、リファンピシンは相乗効果を示し(FIC=0.469)、トブラマイシンは相加効果を示した(FIC=0.872)。一方、ベシフロキサシンは効果を示さなかった(FIC=1)。総合すれば、これらの結果によると、リファンピシンなどのリファマイシンは、P.aeruginosa及びS.aureusの両方に対するポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの活性を改善する可能性があるが、トブラマイシンはS.aureusに対してポリミキシンを改善する可能性のあることが示唆される。こうした活性の向上が臨床的に関連のある菌株にわたるものかどうかを調べるため、分画阻止濃度試験を同時代的S.aureus及びP.aeruginosa臨床角膜炎分離株のパネルが包含されるように拡大した。
ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの、リファンピシンまたはトブラマイシンとの併用時の臨床眼分離株に対する有効性
7つのP.aeruginosa眼用組織分離株をUniversity of Rochester Flaum Eye Instituteから受け取り、予備的な遺伝子型決定及び表現型分析に供し、株セットの多様性を確証した。その為に、PCRを用い、病原性因子、exoS、exoY、exoU、exoT及びpcrVの存在または不在を評価し、各株に対する抗生物質感受性プロファイルを確立した(表5)。結果から明らかにされたように、全ての株にexoY、exoT及びperVが含まれており、4株にはexoS(RW01、RW02、RW03、RW06)もまた含まれ、1株にはexoU(RW07)が含まれていた。2株にはexoSもexoUも含まれていなかった(RW04、RW05)。同様な病原性因子パターンを有する株が、様々な耐性パターンを呈したことから、これらの株がクローン株ではないことが示唆される。また、国の様々な地域からの多様な臨床感染部位を表すS.aureus眼科臨床分離株セットも得られた。総合すれば、このP.aeruginosa及びS.aureus株のコレクションは、リファンピシンまたはトブラマイシンの不在下及び存在下でポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの活性スペクトルを評価するための、同時代的探索的な眼分離株コレクションを表すものと考えられた。
ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの、リファンピシンまたはトブラマイシンとの併用時の確立済バイオフィルムに対する抗菌効果
S.aureus及びP.aeruginosaの両方が堅牢なバイオフィルムを形成する傾向ならびに角膜疾患の増強におけるバイオフィルムの役割の可能性を考慮し、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム+リファンピシンまたはトブラマイシンの有効性を、最新の主要な角膜炎治療のモキシフロキサシンと比較して、各生物によって形成されたバイオフィルムに対し評価した。図1Aに示すように、確立済P.aeruginosa PAO1バイオフィルムをポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム(単独)で処置した際、中等度の抗バイオフィルム活性を呈し、菌株のプランクトン様ポリミキシン+トリメトプリムのMIC(0.41μg ml-1)の32×にて、CFU/mlが2log減少した。確立済P.aeruginosaバイオフィルムをリファンピシン(単独)またはトブラマイシン(単独)で処置した際、同様な用量依存的応答が生じ、32×MICの濃度にて各々のCFUが5log減少した。トブラマイシン+ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムを併用した際、2~4×MICの濃度ではトブラマイシン(単独)よりもわずかにパフォーマンスが劣化したのに対し、より高濃度ではトブラマイシン(単独)と等効力であり、32×MICではバイオフィルム関連CFUが5log減少した。リファンピシン+ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムは、2×MICにて開始し、用量依存的にリファンピシン、トブラマイシンまたはポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムよりも優れ、32×MICにてCFUが最大6log減少した。リファンピシン+ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムは、モキシフロキサシンと比較して、32×MICにて同様な最大対数減少を達成したが、モキシフロキサシンは4×~16×MICの間で抗バイオフィルム活性が上昇したことを実証した。
ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムのリファンピシンとの併用時の抗菌効果
リファンピシン、及び比較的程度は低いがトブラマイシンと併用した際に確立済バイオフィルムに対してポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムが有効であったことから示唆されるように、これらを併用した場合の方が、それぞれを単独使用した場合と比べて殺菌活性の向上が見られる。併用した際の殺菌効果をより詳細に調べるために、プランクトン様S.aureus及びP.aeruginosa細胞を使用して標準的な死滅曲線研究を行い、モキシフロキサシンと比較した。これを行うため、各生物体を対数増殖期初期まで増殖させ、その時点で培養物を、リファンピシン、トブラマイシン及びポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムの2×MIC単独または併用で処置し、生存CFUの数を平板培養によって測定した。
は生存細胞が根絶された。トブラマイシンをポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムと併用した際には、CFUが5log減少したと共に、4時間目までに殺菌活性の改善が見られ、24時間までには完全に根絶されることが実証された。リファンピシンとポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムとの併用では、2時間目までに殺菌活性が向上し、4時間目に生存細胞が6log減少し、24時間目に回復可能な生存細胞が存在しなかった。この活性は、全ての時点でモキシフロキサシンとほぼ同じであった。総合すると、これらの結果から、リファンピシンとポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムとの併用では、S.aureus及びP.aeruginosaの両方に対する殺菌活性が向上してモキシフロキサシンと同等またはそれよりもすぐれていたことが判る。
ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム+リファンピシンの抗菌剤耐性プロファイルの向上
リファンピシン、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム及びその併用では、S.aureus株UAMS-1及びP.aeruginosa株PAO1の自発的耐性頻度を、2つの方法を用いて評価した。P.aeruginosa PAO1またはAaureus UAMS-1を用いて、約106個のプランクトン様細胞を1×MICのリファンピシン、ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリム、または各1×MICの併用のいずれかで20時間処置した後、培養物を平板培養し、個々のコロニーを単離した。これらのコロニーが未処置細胞対耐性細胞に相当するものであるかどうかを判別するため、各処置条件からそれぞれ8つの個々のコロニーを無作為に選択し、MICの試験を行った。以前にリファンピシンで処置されたS.aureus細胞及びP.aeruginosa細胞の両方が、元のMICの2~4倍にてリファンピシン耐性を生じた。ポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムで処置された細胞についても同様、結果として得られた増殖物には、元のMICの2~4倍の耐性細胞が含まれていた。リファンピシンとポリミキシンB/トリメトプリムとの併用では、20時間目に回復可能な生存S.aureus細胞またはP.aeruginosa細胞が見られなくなり、耐性コロニーの単離が皆無となった(データ不図示)。
フルオロキノロンの使用は、広範囲の経験的感染性角膜炎治療に功を奏してきたにもかかわらず、対応する耐性が出現して臨床的失敗を招来し、新規な治療選択肢に対するニーズが強調されるようになった。Bertino JS.Impact of antibiotic resistance in the management of ocular infections:the role of current and future antibiotics.Clinical ophthalmology(Auckland,NZ)2009;3:507-521、及びCollier SA,Gronostaj MP,MacGurn AK,et al.Estimated burden of keratitis-United States,2010.MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2014;63:1027-1030を参照。バンコマイシンまたはトブラマイシンなどの特殊配合抗生物質は、新たな耐性が生ずるのを回避することを目的に幾つかの学術センターで利用可能であるが、治療用の商業的な代替選択肢は限られている。
Claims (34)
- 活性剤である1)ポリミキシンBとトリメトプリムとを含む組成物A、及び2)リファンピシンを含む抗生物質と、1つ以上の医薬的に許容される担体または賦形剤と、を具備する、抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が、約1:1000~約1000:1である、請求項1に記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が、約1:500~約500:1である、請求項2に記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が、約1:100~約100:1である、請求項2に記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が、約1:1、約1:10、約1:15、約1:20、約1:30、約1:40、約1:50、約1:60、約1:70、約1:80、約1:90、約1:100、約1:125、約1:150、約1:175、約1:200、約1:250、約1:300、約1:350、約1:400、約1:450、約1:500、約1:550、約1:600、約1:650、約1:700、約1:750、約1:800、約1:850、約1:900、約1:950、約1:1000、約2:1、約3:1、約4:1、約5:1、約8:1、約10:1、約15:1、約20:1、約25:1、約30:1、約40:1、約50:1、約60:1、約70:1、約80:1、約90:1、約100:1、約125:1、約150:1、約175:1、約190:1、約200:1、約250:1、約300:1、約350:1、約400:1、約450:1、約500:1、約550:1、約600:1、約650:1、約700:1、約750:1、約800:1、約850:1、約900:1、約950:1、または約1000:1である、請求項2に記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物Aが硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリムを含む、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物AをポリミキシンBとトリメトプリムとからなるものとした、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物Aを硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリムを含むものとし、且つ硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリム及びリファンピシンを唯一の活性剤とした、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質の総濃度が、約1重量%~約50重量%である、請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の抗菌性組成物。
- 活性剤である1)ポリミキシンBとトリメトプリムとを含む組成物A、及び2)リファンピシンを含む抗生物質と、1つ以上の医薬的に許容される担体または賦形剤と、を具備する、局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が、約1:1000~約1000:1である、請求項10に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が1:500~約500:1である、請求項11に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が1:100~約100:1である、請求項11に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が、約1:1、約1:10、約1:15、約1:20、約1:30、約1:40、約1:50、約1:60、約1:70、約1:80、約1:90、約1:100、約1:125、約1:150、約1:175、約1:200、約1:250、約1:300、約1:350、約1:400、約1:450、約1:500、約1:550、約1:600、約1:650、約1:700、約1:750、約1:800、約1:850、約1:900、約1:950、約1:1000、約2:1、約3:1、約4:1、約5:1、約8:1、約10:1、約15:1、約20:1、約25:1、約30:1、約40:1、約50:1、約60:1、約70:1、約80:1、約90:1、約100:1、約125:1、約150:1、約175:1、約190:1、約200:1、約250:1、約300:1、約350:1、約400:1、約450:1、約500:1、約550:1、約600:1、約650:1、約700:1、約750:1、約800:1、約850:1、約900:1、約950:1、または約1000:1である、請求項11に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aが硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリムを含む、請求項10~14のいずれかに記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物AをポリミキシンBとトリメトプリムとからなるものとした、請求項10~14のいずれかに記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aを硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリムを含むものとし、且つ硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリム及びリファンピシンを唯一の活性剤とした、請求項10~14のいずれかに記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物が、対象における眼、耳、鼻、皮膚または創傷感染症の治療を用途としたものである、請求項10~17のいずれかに記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記感染症が細菌と関連する、請求項18に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記感染症が細菌性眼感染症である、請求項19に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記細菌性眼感染症が、細菌性角膜炎、細菌性結膜炎、または細菌性眼内炎である、請求項20に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 活性剤である1)ポリミキシンBとトリメトプリムとを含む組成物A、及び2)リファンピシンを含む抗生物質と、1つ以上の医薬的に許容される担体または賦形剤と、を具備し、前記組成物Aの濃度が局所医薬組成物の単位あたり約0.001重量%~約8重量%であり、且つ前記抗生物質の濃度が局所医薬組成物の単位あたり約0.001重量%~約10重量%である、局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aと前記抗生物質との重量比が、約1:1000~約1000:1である、請求項22に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aが硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリムを含む、請求項22または23に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物AをポリミキシンBとトリメトプリムとからなるものとした、請求項22または23に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物Aを硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリムを含むものとし、且つ硫酸ポリミキシンBと硫酸トリメトプリム及びリファンピシンを唯一の活性剤とした、請求項22または23に記載の局所医薬組成物。
- 対象における細菌性感染症を治療する方法における使用のための請求項1または10または22に記載の組成物であって、前記方法が前記対象に治療上有効量の前記組成物を投与することを含む、前記組成物。
- 前記細菌性感染症が、眼感染症、耳感染症、鼻腔感染症、皮膚感染症、または創傷感染症である、請求項27に記載の組成物。
- 前記細菌性感染症が、以下の微生物:Staphylococcus aureus、Staphylococcus epidermidis、Streptococcus pneumonia、Streptococcus viridans、Haemophilus influenza及びPseudomonas aeruginosaの感受性株によって誘発される、急性細菌性結膜炎及び眼瞼結膜炎をはじめとする細菌性眼表面感染症である、請求項27に記載の組成物。
- 前記細菌性感染症が、細菌のコロニー化またはバイオフィルム形成を特徴とする、請求項27または28に記載の組成物。
- 細菌性生物を脱コロニー化する方法における使用のための請求項1または10または22に記載の組成物であって、前記方法が前記細菌性生物を前記組成物と接触させることを含む、前記組成物。
- 前記細菌性生物がグラム陽性菌またはグラム陰性菌である、請求項31に記載の組成物。
- 細菌性生物のバイオフィルム形成を破壊するか、または中断するか、または阻害するかまたは低減させる方法における使用のための請求項1または10または22に記載の組成物であって、前記方法が前記細菌性生物を前記組成物と接触させることを含む、前記組成物。
- 前記細菌性生物がグラム陽性菌またはグラム陰性菌である、請求項33に記載の組成物。
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