JP6999906B2 - In-pipe inspection equipment - Google Patents

In-pipe inspection equipment Download PDF

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JP6999906B2
JP6999906B2 JP2019009367A JP2019009367A JP6999906B2 JP 6999906 B2 JP6999906 B2 JP 6999906B2 JP 2019009367 A JP2019009367 A JP 2019009367A JP 2019009367 A JP2019009367 A JP 2019009367A JP 6999906 B2 JP6999906 B2 JP 6999906B2
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end side
blade
casing
inspection device
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JP2020118539A (en
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雄大 芝
昇史 坂上
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University Public Corporation Osaka
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Description

本発明は、管内検査装置に関し、より詳しくは、超音波により管内を検査する管内検査装置に関する。 The present invention relates to an in-pipe inspection device, and more particularly to an in-pipe inspection device for inspecting the inside of a tube by ultrasonic waves.

熱交換器チューブ等の管内の肉厚や損傷などを検査する従来の管内検査装置として、例えば、特許文献１に開示された超音波探傷装置が知られている。図５に示すように、超音波探傷装置５０は、円筒状のケーシング５１と、ケーシング５１の後端部に設けられ中央に超音波探触子５２を備える水切り治具５３と、超音波探触子５２から発信された超音波パルスを前方に導くようにケーシング５１内に回転可能に支持された中空軸５４と、中空軸５４の後端に固定された水タービン５５と、中空軸５４内の前部に設けられた音響ミラー５６とを備えている。 As a conventional in-tube inspection device for inspecting the thickness and damage in a tube of a heat exchanger tube or the like, for example, an ultrasonic flaw detector disclosed in Patent Document 1 is known. As shown in FIG. 5, the ultrasonic flaw detector 50 includes a cylindrical casing 51, a drainage jig 53 provided at the rear end of the casing 51 and having an ultrasonic probe 52 in the center, and an ultrasonic probe. A hollow shaft 54 rotatably supported in the casing 51 so as to guide the ultrasonic pulse transmitted from the child 52 forward, a water turbine 55 fixed to the rear end of the hollow shaft 54, and a hollow shaft 54. It is provided with an acoustic mirror 56 provided at the front portion.

この超音波探傷装置５０は、ケーシング５１を被検管６０の軸方向に移動させながら水Ｗを流すと、超音波探触子５２から発射された超音波Ｕが、音響ミラー５６で反射して被検管６０に伝播された後、その反射波が超音波探触子５２で検出されると共に、ケーシング５１を流れる水Ｗが、水切り冶具５３による断面減少効果によって流速が増加して水タービン５５に当たり、水タービン５５が回転する。検出された情報は、不図示の厚さ測定器に送信されて、被検管６０の全周の厚さ情報を取得することができる。 In this ultrasonic flaw detector 50, when water W is flowed while moving the casing 51 in the axial direction of the tube 60 to be inspected, the ultrasonic wave U emitted from the ultrasonic probe 52 is reflected by the acoustic mirror 56. After being propagated to the test tube 60, the reflected wave is detected by the ultrasonic probe 52, and the flow velocity of the water W flowing through the casing 51 increases due to the cross-sectional reduction effect of the drainage jig 53, and the water turbine 55. The water turbine 55 rotates. The detected information is transmitted to a thickness measuring instrument (not shown), and the thickness information of the entire circumference of the test tube 60 can be acquired.

実開平４－１２７５６７号公報Jikkenhei 4-127567

上記従来の超音波探傷装置５０は、水タービン５５が、外周面に螺旋溝を有しており、水Ｗが、水タービン５５を通過した後に、水抜き孔５７から中空軸５４内に導入されるように構成されているため、水タービン５５を高速回転させると、水タービン５５の周辺でキャビテーションが発生するおそれがあった。 In the conventional ultrasonic flaw detector 50, the water turbine 55 has a spiral groove on the outer peripheral surface, and water W is introduced into the hollow shaft 54 from the drain hole 57 after passing through the water turbine 55. Therefore, when the water turbine 55 is rotated at high speed, cavitation may occur around the water turbine 55.

このため、水タービン５５の高速回転に限界が生じ、検査時間の短縮が困難なだけでなく、発生した気泡が中空軸５４内に導入されることで、超音波探触子５２による検査精度を低下させるおそれがあった。 For this reason, the high-speed rotation of the water turbine 55 is limited, and it is difficult to shorten the inspection time. In addition, the generated bubbles are introduced into the hollow shaft 54, so that the inspection accuracy by the ultrasonic probe 52 can be improved. There was a risk of lowering it.

そこで、本発明は、超音波による管内の検査を短時間で精度良く行うことができる管内検査装置の提供を目的とする。 Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an in-pipe inspection device capable of performing an in-tube inspection by ultrasonic waves in a short time and with high accuracy.

本発明の前記目的は、円筒状のケーシングと、前記ケーシング内に回転自在に支持された回転体と、前記回転体に向けて基端側から超音波パルスを照射する超音波探触子とを備え、前記回転体は、中空筒状の本体部と、前記本体部の先端側に設けられた反射体とを備えており、前記ケーシングを被検査管の内部に挿入して前記超音波探触子から超音波パルスを発することにより、超音波パルスを前記反射体で反射させて前記被検査管の検査を行うことができる管内検査装置であって、前記ケーシングの内部には、基端側から供給される水を螺旋状に旋回させる静翼部が設けられ、前記回転体は、前記本体部の基端側に固定されて前記静翼部が生成する旋回流により前記本体部を回転させる動翼部を備えており、前記動翼部は、前記本体部の周方向に間隔をあけて環状に配置された複数の動翼羽根を備え、前記各動翼羽根の間に形成される複数の動翼流路により旋回流を外周側から内周側に案内して前記本体部の内部に導入する管内検査装置により達成される。 The object of the present invention is to provide a cylindrical casing, a rotating body rotatably supported in the casing, and an ultrasonic probe that irradiates an ultrasonic pulse toward the rotating body from the proximal end side. The rotating body includes a hollow cylindrical main body portion and a reflector provided on the tip end side of the main body portion, and the casing is inserted into the inside of the tube to be inspected to detect the ultrasonic wave. It is an in-tube inspection device capable of inspecting the tube to be inspected by reflecting the ultrasonic pulse with the reflector by emitting an ultrasonic pulse from a child, and the inside of the casing is inside the casing from the proximal end side. A stationary wing portion for spirally swirling the supplied water is provided, and the rotating body is fixed to the base end side of the main body portion, and the main body portion is rotated by a swirling flow generated by the stationary wing portion. A wing portion is provided, and the moving wing portion includes a plurality of moving wing blades arranged in a ring shape at intervals in the circumferential direction of the main body portion, and a plurality of moving wing blades formed between the moving wing portions. This is achieved by an in-pipe inspection device that guides the swirling flow from the outer peripheral side to the inner peripheral side by the moving blade flow path and introduces it into the inside of the main body.

この管内検査装置において、前記動翼流路は、基端側から見た外周側の入口部の長さが内周側の出口部の長さよりも長くなるように形成されていることが好ましい。 In this in-pipe inspection device, it is preferable that the rotor blade flow path is formed so that the length of the inlet portion on the outer peripheral side as seen from the proximal end side is longer than the length of the outlet portion on the inner peripheral side.

また、前記動翼流路は、基端側から見た案内方向両側部が円弧状となるように形成されていることが好ましい。 Further, it is preferable that the rotor blade flow path is formed so that both sides in the guiding direction when viewed from the proximal end side are arcuate.

本発明によれば、超音波による管内の検査を短時間で精度良く行うことができる管内検査装置を提供することができる。 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an in-pipe inspection device capable of performing an in-tube inspection by ultrasonic waves with high accuracy in a short time.

本発明の一実施形態に係る管内検査装置の縦断面図である。It is a vertical sectional view of the in-pipe inspection apparatus which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention. 図１に示す管内検査装置の要部平面図である。FIG. 3 is a plan view of a main part of the in-pipe inspection device shown in FIG. 図２のＡ－Ａ断面図である。FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. 本発明の他の実施形態に係る管内検査装置の要部断面図である。It is sectional drawing of the main part of the in-pipe inspection apparatus which concerns on other embodiment of this invention. 従来の管内検査装置の縦断面図である。It is a vertical sectional view of the conventional pipe inspection apparatus.

以下、本発明の実施の形態について、添付図面を参照して説明する。図１は、発明の一実施形態に係る管内検査装置の縦断面図である。図１に示すように、管内検査装置１は、ケーシング１０と、ケーシング１０内の先端側に配置された回転体２０と、ケーシング１０内の基端側に配置された超音波探触子３０とを備えている。超音波探触子３０は、超音波パルスの送受信を行う装置であり、回転体２０に向けて基端側から超音波パルスを照射する。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of an in-pipe inspection device according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the in-pipe inspection device 1 includes a casing 10, a rotating body 20 arranged on the distal end side in the casing 10, and an ultrasonic probe 30 arranged on the proximal end side in the casing 10. It is equipped with. The ultrasonic probe 30 is a device that transmits and receives ultrasonic pulses, and irradiates the rotating body 20 with ultrasonic pulses from the proximal end side.

ケーシング１０は円筒状に形成されており、内周面に静翼部１１を備えている。静翼部１１は、内周面に螺旋溝１１ａが形成されており、ケーシング１０の基端側から供給される水Ｗを、螺旋溝１１ａに沿って螺旋状に旋回させる。静翼部１１は、螺旋状の旋回流を形成する構成であればよく、例えば、ケーシング１０の内周面や超音波探触子３０の外周面などに設けた螺旋状のリブであってもよい。 The casing 10 is formed in a cylindrical shape, and has a stationary blade portion 11 on the inner peripheral surface. The stationary blade portion 11 has a spiral groove 11a formed on the inner peripheral surface thereof, and the water W supplied from the base end side of the casing 10 is spirally swirled along the spiral groove 11a. The stationary blade portion 11 may be configured to form a spiral swirling flow, and may be, for example, a spiral rib provided on the inner peripheral surface of the casing 10 or the outer peripheral surface of the ultrasonic probe 30. good.

回転体２０は、本体部２１と、本体部２１内の先端側に設けられた反射体２２と、本体部２１の基端側に固定された動翼部２３とを備えている。本体部２１は、中空筒状に形成されており、ベアリング１２，１３によりケーシング１０と同軸状に回転自在に支持されている。反射体２２は、本体２１の軸線に対して傾斜配置された音響ミラーからなり、超音波探触子３０から本体部２１内に照射された超音波パルスを反射させて、ケーシング１０の周壁に形成された窓部２４を介して出力する。 The rotating body 20 includes a main body portion 21, a reflector 22 provided on the tip end side in the main body portion 21, and a moving blade portion 23 fixed to the base end side of the main body portion 21. The main body 21 is formed in a hollow cylindrical shape, and is rotatably supported by bearings 12 and 13 in a coaxial manner with the casing 10. The reflector 22 is composed of an acoustic mirror inclined with respect to the axis of the main body 21, and is formed on the peripheral wall of the casing 10 by reflecting the ultrasonic pulse radiated from the ultrasonic probe 30 into the main body 21. It is output through the window portion 24.

図２は、動翼部２３を拡大して示す平面図である。また、図３は、図２に示す動翼部２３をケーシング１０の基端側から見たＡ－Ａ断面図である。図１から図３に示すように、動翼部２３は、外径が本体部２１の外径よりも大きく、内径が本体部２１の内径に等しい円環状に形成されており、基端側の複数個所を切欠状に形成することで、本体部２１の周方向に間隔をあけて環状に配置された複数の動翼羽根２３ａを備えている。各動翼羽根２３ａの間には、外周側の入口部２３ｃから内周側の出口部２３ｄに向けて水Ｗを案内する動翼流路２３ｂが形成されており、出口部２３ｄが本体部２１の内部と連通している。 FIG. 2 is an enlarged plan view of the rotor blade portion 23. Further, FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of the rotor blade portion 23 shown in FIG. 2 as viewed from the base end side of the casing 10. As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the rotor blade portion 23 is formed in an annular shape having an outer diameter larger than the outer diameter of the main body portion 21 and an inner diameter equal to the inner diameter of the main body portion 21, and is formed on the proximal end side. By forming a plurality of portions in a notch shape, a plurality of blade blades 23a arranged in an annular shape at intervals in the circumferential direction of the main body portion 21 are provided. Between each blade blade 23a, a blade flow path 23b for guiding water W from the inlet portion 23c on the outer peripheral side to the outlet portion 23d on the inner peripheral side is formed, and the outlet portion 23d is the main body portion 21. It communicates with the inside of.

図３に示すように、動翼羽根２３aは、動翼流路２３ｂを通過する水Ｗの案内方向両側部２３１ｂ，２３２ｂが円弧状となるように形成されている。案内方向両側部２３１ｂ，２３２ｂは、出口部２３ｄ側が内周円の接線に沿うように先細に形成されており、出口部２３ｄから排出された水Ｗを、静翼部１１により生じる旋回流の旋回方向（矢示Ａ方向）とは逆方向の矢示Ｃ方向に旋回させる。 As shown in FIG. 3, the rotor blade blade 23a is formed so that both side portions 231b and 232b of the water W passing through the rotor blade flow path 23b have an arc shape. Both side portions 231b and 232b in the guiding direction are tapered so that the outlet portion 23d side is along the tangent line of the inner peripheral circle, and the water W discharged from the outlet portion 23d is swirled by the stationary blade portion 11. Turn in the direction of arrow C, which is the direction opposite to the direction (direction of arrow A).

上記の構成を備える管内検査装置１は、従来の管内検査装置と同様に、ケーシング１０を被検査管の内部に挿入し、超音波探触子３０から超音波パルスを発することにより、超音波パルスを反射体２２で反射させて被検査管の検査を行うことができる。ケーシング１０内には、基端側から水Ｗを供給することで、静翼部１１により螺旋状の旋回流が発生し、この旋回流が動翼２３に作用することで、回転体２０が回転する。これにより、被検査管の減肉状況等を周方向に検査することができ、ケーシング１０を被検査管内で移動させることにより、被検査管の全体を検査することができる。回転体２０の回転数は、窓部２４の近傍に設けられたターゲットピンやホール素子等の回転数検出器１４により検出することができる。 The in-tube inspection device 1 having the above configuration inserts the casing 10 into the tube to be inspected and emits an ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic probe 30 in the same manner as the conventional in-tube inspection device. Can be reflected by the reflector 22 to inspect the tube to be inspected. By supplying water W from the base end side into the casing 10, a spiral swirling flow is generated by the stationary blade portion 11, and the swirling flow acts on the moving blade 23 to rotate the rotating body 20. do. As a result, the thinning state of the tube to be inspected can be inspected in the circumferential direction, and by moving the casing 10 in the tube to be inspected, the entire tube to be inspected can be inspected. The rotation speed of the rotating body 20 can be detected by a rotation speed detector 14 such as a target pin or a Hall element provided in the vicinity of the window portion 24.

本実施形態の管内検査装置１は、図３に示すように、動翼部２３の外周に沿って流れる矢示Ａ方向の旋回流を、各動翼流路２３ｂの外周側から内周側に案内することで、動翼部２３を矢示Ｂ方向に回転させるように構成されており、動翼部２３を通過後の水Ｗは、本体部２１に押し込まれる。この結果、動翼流路２３ｂを通過する水Ｗの流速を高めつつ、動翼部２３の周辺における圧力低下を防止してキャビテーションの発生を抑制することができるので、回転体２０を高速回転させて検査効率を高めることができる。 As shown in FIG. 3, the in-pipe inspection device 1 of the present embodiment causes a swirling flow in the direction of arrow A flowing along the outer periphery of the rotor blade portion 23 from the outer peripheral side to the inner peripheral side of each rotor blade flow path 23b. By guiding, the moving blade portion 23 is configured to rotate in the direction of arrow B, and the water W after passing through the moving blade portion 23 is pushed into the main body portion 21. As a result, it is possible to prevent the pressure drop in the vicinity of the rotor blade portion 23 and suppress the occurrence of cavitation while increasing the flow velocity of the water W passing through the rotor blade flow path 23b, so that the rotating body 20 is rotated at high speed. The inspection efficiency can be improved.

また、動翼流路２３ｂは、図３に示すように、外周側の入口部２３ｃの長さ（外周面に沿った円弧長さ）Ｌ１が、内周側の出口部２３ｄの長さ（内周面に沿った円弧長さ）Ｌ２よりも長くなるように形成されており、これによってもキャビテーションの発生を抑制して、回転体２０の高速回転を可能にしている。Ｌ１のＬ２に対する比（Ｌ１/Ｌ２）は、大きすぎると、動翼流路２３ｂ内の流速を高めることが困難になる一方、小さすぎると、出口部２３ｄでの流れ抵抗が大きくなり、いずれの場合も回転体２０の高速回転が困難になり易いことから、１．５～２．５の範囲に設定することが好ましい。 Further, as shown in FIG. 3, in the moving blade flow path 23b, the length L1 of the inlet portion 23c on the outer peripheral side (the arc length along the outer peripheral surface) L1 is the length of the outlet portion 23d on the inner peripheral side (inner). The arc length along the peripheral surface) is formed to be longer than L2, which also suppresses the occurrence of cavitation and enables high-speed rotation of the rotating body 20. If the ratio of L1 to L2 (L1 / L2) is too large, it becomes difficult to increase the flow velocity in the rotor blade flow path 23b, while if it is too small, the flow resistance at the outlet portion 23d increases. In this case as well, it is easy to make high-speed rotation of the rotating body 20 difficult, so it is preferable to set it in the range of 1.5 to 2.5.

動翼流路２３ｂを通過する水Ｗは、円弧状の案内方向両側部２３１ｂ，２３２ｂにより案内されて、出口部２３ｄから内周に沿って排出されるため、本体部２１内での乱流の発生が抑制されて、キャビテーションの発生が抑えられる。 The water W passing through the rotor blade flow path 23b is guided by the arc-shaped guide direction side portions 231b and 232b and discharged from the outlet portion 23d along the inner circumference, so that the turbulent flow in the main body portion 21 Occurrence is suppressed and cavitation is suppressed.

また、動翼流路２３ｂの入口部２３ｃの長さ（外周面に沿った円弧長さ）Ｌ１は、動翼羽根２３ａの外周長さ（円弧長さ）Ｌ３以下であることが好ましく、これによって動翼流路２３ｂ内の流速を高めて、回転体２０の高速回転を図ることができる。動翼部２３の外周面における開口比率（Ｌ１／（Ｌ１＋Ｌ３））は、大きすぎると、動翼流路２３ｂ内の流速を高めることが困難になる一方、小さすぎると、動翼流路２３ｂ内の流れ抵抗が大きくなり、いずれの場合も回転体２０の高速回転が困難になり易いことから、１／２～１／４の範囲に設定することが好ましい。 Further, the length (arc length along the outer peripheral surface) L1 of the inlet portion 23c of the rotor blade flow path 23b is preferably equal to or less than the outer peripheral length (arc length) L3 of the rotor blade blade 23a. The flow velocity in the rotor blade flow path 23b can be increased to achieve high-speed rotation of the rotating body 20. If the opening ratio (L1 / (L1 + L3)) on the outer peripheral surface of the rotor blade portion 23 is too large, it becomes difficult to increase the flow velocity in the rotor blade flow path 23b, while if it is too small, it is in the rotor blade flow path 23b. In either case, the flow resistance of the rotor blade 20 becomes large, and high-speed rotation of the rotor blade 20 tends to be difficult. Therefore, it is preferable to set it in the range of 1/2 to 1/4.

以上、本発明の一実施形態について詳述したが、動翼羽根２３ａの配置や形状等は、特に限定されるものではなく、各動翼羽根２３ａの間に形成される複数の動翼流路２３ｂにより旋回流を外周側から内周側に案内して本体部２１に導入する構成であればよい。例えば、図４に示すように、各動翼羽根２３ａの間に形成される動翼流路２３ｂの案内方向両側部の一方側が、円環状の動翼２３における内周の接線と一致するように、直線状に延びる構成であってもよい。動翼羽根２３ａの枚数は、多くなるほど回転体２０の高速回転が容易になる傾向にあるが、特に限定されるものではない。 Although one embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail above, the arrangement and shape of the blade blades 23a are not particularly limited, and a plurality of blade flow paths formed between the blade blades 23a are not particularly limited. The configuration may be such that the swirling flow is guided from the outer peripheral side to the inner peripheral side by 23b and introduced into the main body portion 21. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, one side of both sides of the moving blade flow path 23b formed between the moving blade blades 23a in the guiding direction coincides with the tangent line of the inner circumference of the annular moving blade 23. , It may be configured to extend linearly. The larger the number of blade blades 23a, the easier it is for the rotating body 20 to rotate at high speed, but the number is not particularly limited.

１ 管内検査装置
１０ ケーシング
１１ 静翼部
１１ａ 螺旋溝
２０ 回転体
２１ 本体部
２２ 反射体
２３ 動翼部
２３ａ 動翼羽根
２３ｂ 動翼流路
２３１ｂ，２３２ｂ 案内方向両側部
２３ｃ 入口部
２３ｄ 出口部
３０ 超音波探触子 1 In-pipe inspection device 10 Casing 11 Silent wing part 11a Spiral groove 20 Rotating body 21 Main body part 22 Reflector 23 Moving blade part 23a Moving blade blade 23b Moving blade flow path 231b, 232b Guide direction both sides 23c Inlet part 23d Outlet part 30 Super Sound probe

Claims (3)

円筒状のケーシングと、前記ケーシング内に回転自在に支持された回転体と、前記回転体に向けて基端側から超音波パルスを照射する超音波探触子とを備え、
前記回転体は、中空筒状の本体部と、前記本体部の先端側に設けられた反射体とを備えており、
前記ケーシングを被検査管の内部に挿入して前記超音波探触子から超音波パルスを発することにより、超音波パルスを前記反射体で反射させて前記被検査管の検査を行うことができる管内検査装置であって、
前記ケーシングの内部には、基端側から供給される水を螺旋状に旋回させる静翼部が設けられ、
前記回転体は、前記本体部の基端側に固定されて前記静翼部が生成する旋回流により前記本体部を回転させる動翼部を備えており、
前記動翼部は、前記本体部の周方向に間隔をあけて環状に配置された複数の動翼羽根を備え、前記各動翼羽根の間に形成される複数の動翼流路により旋回流を外周側から内周側に案内して前記本体部の内部に導入する管内検査装置。 It is provided with a cylindrical casing, a rotating body rotatably supported in the casing, and an ultrasonic probe that irradiates an ultrasonic pulse from the proximal end side toward the rotating body.
The rotating body includes a hollow cylindrical main body portion and a reflector provided on the tip end side of the main body portion.
By inserting the casing into the inside of the tube to be inspected and emitting an ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic probe, the ultrasonic pulse is reflected by the reflector to inspect the tube to be inspected. It ’s an inspection device,
Inside the casing, a stationary wing portion that spirally swirls the water supplied from the base end side is provided.
The rotating body includes a moving blade portion that is fixed to the base end side of the main body portion and rotates the main body portion by a swirling flow generated by the stationary blade portion.
The rotor blade portion includes a plurality of blade blades arranged in an annular shape at intervals in the circumferential direction of the main body portion, and a swirling flow is provided by a plurality of blade flow paths formed between the blade blades. An in-pipe inspection device that guides the blades from the outer peripheral side to the inner peripheral side and introduces them into the inside of the main body. 前記動翼流路は、基端側から見た外周側の入口部の長さが内周側の出口部の長さよりも長くなるように形成されている請求項１に記載の管内検査装置。 The in-pipe inspection device according to claim 1, wherein the rotor blade flow path is formed so that the length of the inlet portion on the outer peripheral side as seen from the proximal end side is longer than the length of the outlet portion on the inner peripheral side. 前記動翼流路は、基端側から見た案内方向両側部が円弧状となるように形成されている請求項１または２に記載の管内検査装置。 The in-pipe inspection device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the rotor blade flow path is formed so that both sides in the guiding direction when viewed from the proximal end side are arcuate.
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JP2001226707A (en) 1999-12-10 2001-08-21 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd Method for inspecting stave cooler, device for the same, method for inspecting multilayered structure consisting of pipe as core and device for the same
JP5237113B2 (en) 2005-12-20 2013-07-17 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Dental composition containing radiation-to-heat converter and use thereof
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