JP6989615B2 - 導電性コンポジット - Google Patents
導電性コンポジット Download PDFInfo
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Description
酸化グラフェン(GO)を担体液に分散させて分散液又は溶液を調製する工程と、
上記分散液又は溶液にナノ結晶セルロース(NCC)を添加して懸濁液を調製する工程であって、該懸濁液中のナノ結晶セルロースの質量濃度を、ナノ結晶セルロースのマトリクスと酸化グラフェンとから成る導電性コンポジットが得られる様に選択し、該マトリクスは少なくともその一領域において、該領域内でp型電荷キャリア伝導性又はn型電荷キャリア伝導性のいずれかを備えることでユニポーラ性を示す、工程と、
上記懸濁液中に存する固体から原料マトリクス体を生成させる工程と、
上記原料マトリクス体を乾燥させて、ナノ結晶セルロースのマトリクスと酸化グラフェンとから成る導電性コンポジットを得る工程であって、該マトリクスは少なくともその一領域において、該マトリクスの該領域に於けるナノ結晶セルロースの質量濃度に応じて、該領域内で、p型電荷キャリア伝導性又はn型電荷キャリア伝導性のいずれかを備えることでユニポーラ性を示す、工程と、
を有する導電性コンポジットの生成プロセスが提供される。
本発明者らは、予備的検討において、ナノ結晶セルロース表面のOH基の数が多いと水素結合が生じやすく、これにより酸化グラフェンとセルロース鎖とが2層集合体を形成し、規則性の高い薄膜が形成することを見出した(図1(a)及び図1(b)参照)。この時、水素結合は1層のナノ結晶セルロースフィルムとこれを挟む2層の酸化グラフェンシートの間の結合力として作用し、これによりコンポジットフィルムが形成される。ナノ結晶セルロースはコロイド状分散液中でウィスカの絡み合いによってネマチック状態であると考えられており、酸化グラフェンの単層間で棒状の薄膜を形成していると考えられている。この結果生ずる形状異方性が、セルロース鎖のキラル性に起因するとみられる規則配列を生み出している。この様にして、キラル表面間の相互作用と、ナノ結晶セルロース及びこれを覆う酸化グラフェン単層の捻れ形状とにより、外部から印加される電場又は磁場に対する応答手段が提供されるものと考えられる。
ナノ結晶セルロース(NCC)の調製:
NCCは、南アフリカ共和国サッピ社のセイコール工場から調達した広葉樹パルプを硫酸(65%m/m)で加水分解して得た溶解パルプから、調製した。この溶解パルプの5gを100mlの硫酸水溶液と混合し、この混合物を64℃にて1時間、高速撹拌(700rpm)した。この混合物を脱イオン水で10倍に希釈して加水分解反応を停止させ、この希釈混合物をヘティッチ社の遠心分離機ユニバーサル320R型を用いて9000rpmで15分間遠心し、セルロースを濃縮すると共に過剰の酸水溶液を除去した。沈殿した固形物を蒸留水で洗浄し、再び遠心分離した。この操作を3回繰り返した。続いて、この沈殿物をシグマ−アルドリッチ社の透析チューブ(平均平面幅25mm、分画分子量12,000Da)に入れ、脱イオン水に対して1週間、pHが7になるまで透析を行った。透析後のナノセルロースに対し、超音波水浴(ドイツ・ヒールシャー社製、UP400S 400W)を用いて、氷浴で冷却しながら5分間、出力75%、サイクル数0.7で超音波処理を施し、NCCのコロイド溶液を得た。
グラファイト粉末(<150μm、99.99%)は、米国シグマ・アルドリッチ社より購入した。KMnO4(99%)及びNaNO3(99%)は、共に南アフリカ共和国アソシエーテッド・ケミカル・エンタープライズ社より購入した。H2SO4(98.37%)は南アフリカ共和国シー・シー・イメルマン株式会社より、また、H2O2(30%)は南アフリカ共和国メルク株式会社より購入した。これらの製品は、2回脱イオン水(DI)で洗浄した。
各フィルムの紫外〜可視〜近赤外スペクトルを、パーキンエルマー社製、積分球Labsphere RSA-PE-20付きダブルビーム型紫外可視分光光度計Lambda 35を用いて記録した。
NT−MDT社(ロシア共和国)製のベースSolver P47HとヘッドSMENAを使用し、原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)で行った。選択したカンチレバーは SuperSharpSiliconTM SPMセンサ(SSS−NCLR、NanosensorsTM)、共鳴周波数 146〜236KHZ;バネ定数21〜98N/M;チップ半径2nm(代表値)、走査速度0.6〜1.6Hzであった。分析に先立ち、NCC/GO値(%)の異なる各薄膜を両面テープを用いてスライドグラス上に固定した。本AFMでは、2Dスケールを用いて膜厚を推定した。
異常ホール効果と導電率は、公知のホールプローブ及び4端子法を用い、室温で磁場を掛けずに測定した。電流とホール電圧は、それぞれ電位計(Keithley 617)及びデジタルマルチメータ(Fluke 87)を用いて測定した。
グラフェンとGOとの比較から、GOは電荷ホッピングパラメータの変化が大きいエネルギーバンドギャップを示すことがわかる。ホッピングは電子の状態密度(DOS)と局在化状態の電子波動関数に関連している。GO表面にNCC絶縁層を導入してもキャリアの非局在化は期待できなかったが、フェルミ準位(EF)から離れた局在化状態の準位の上昇は期待できた。したがって、NCC/GOコンポジット中の局在化した乱れはミッドギャップ準位のエネルギー状態を増強するものと期待された。実際この様子は、NCC組成を変化させた場合の各コンポジットの紫外〜可視〜近赤外スペクトルの明瞭な変化として観察された(図2)。これらのスペクトルから、NCC組成10質量%において可視〜近赤外領域に比較的大きな吸収が現れており、バンドギャップ特性が顕著に誘導されていることが解る。これより、NCCの導入量(質量%)が増えると内面及び界面の変位が増大することが解る。
Claims (10)
- ナノ結晶セルロース(NCC)のマトリクスと酸化グラフェン(GO)とから成る導電性コンポジットであって、
前記マトリクスは少なくともその一領域において、該マトリクスの該領域に於けるコンポジット中のナノ結晶セルロースの質量濃度が7%より大きく且つ35%未満であって、該領域内で、n型、又は少なくともn型が優位な電荷キャリア伝導性を備えることでユニポーラ性を示す、導電性コンポジット。 - n型ドーピング用元素ドーパントを含まない、及び/又はp型ドーピング用元素ドーパントを含まない、請求項1に記載の導電性コンポジット。
- 前記導電性コンポジットが、少なくとも1つの他の領域を有し、前記マトリクスの前記少なくとも1つの他の領域に於けるコンポジット中のNCCの質量濃度が7%以下又は35%以上であって、前記導電性コンポジットが前記少なくとも1つの他の領域内で、p型、又は少なくともp型が優位の電荷キャリア伝導性を示す、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の導電性コンポジット。
- 酸化グラフェン(GO)とナノ結晶セルロース(NCC)とを担体液に分散させて懸濁液を得、該懸濁液からフィルム状の原料マトリクス体を生成させ、該原料マトリクス体を乾燥させて得られる導電性フィルムコンポジットの形態をとる、請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の導電性コンポジット。
- 酸化グラフェン(GO)を担体液に分散させて分散液又は溶液を調製する工程と、
前記分散液又は溶液にナノ結晶セルロース(NCC)を添加して懸濁液を調製する工程であって、該懸濁液中のナノ結晶セルロースの質量濃度を、ナノ結晶セルロースのマトリクスと酸化グラフェンとから成る導電性コンポジットが得られる様に選択し、該マトリクスは少なくともその一領域において、n型、又は少なくともn型が優位な電荷キャリア伝導性を備えることでユニポーラ性を示す、工程と、
前記懸濁液から原料マトリクス体を生成させる工程と、
前記原料マトリクス体を乾燥させて、ナノ結晶セルロースのマトリクスと酸化グラフェンとから成る導電性コンポジットを得る工程であって、該マトリクスは少なくともその一領域において、n型、又は少なくともn型が優位な電荷キャリア伝導性を備えることでユニポーラ性を示す、工程と、
を有する導電性コンポジットの生成プロセス。 - 前記担体液が水である、及び/又は前記導電性コンポジットが導電性薄膜コンポジットである、請求項5に記載のプロセス。
- 酸化グラフェンを前記担体液中に超音波混合することにより前記懸濁液を得る、請求項5又は請求項6に記載のプロセス。
- NCCの質量濃度が7%より大きく且つ35%未満である様に、前記懸濁液中のNCCの質量濃度を選択する、請求項5乃至請求項7のいずれか1項に記載のプロセス。
- 加工物の製造に於ける、請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の導電性コンポジットの使用。
- 請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の導電性コンポジットを含む加工物。
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