JP6949321B2 - 経皮吸収促進剤 - Google Patents
経皮吸収促進剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6949321B2 JP6949321B2 JP2017014957A JP2017014957A JP6949321B2 JP 6949321 B2 JP6949321 B2 JP 6949321B2 JP 2017014957 A JP2017014957 A JP 2017014957A JP 2017014957 A JP2017014957 A JP 2017014957A JP 6949321 B2 JP6949321 B2 JP 6949321B2
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- transdermal absorption
- transdermal
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Description
項1. セファロタキシン及び/又はその誘導体を有効成分とする、経皮吸収促進剤。
項2. 前記有効成分が、下記一般式(1)に示す化合物である、項1に記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
項4. 親水性の薬物、及び/又は分子量500Da以上の薬物の経皮吸収の促進のために使用される、項1〜3のいずれかに記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
項5. ペプチド、タンパク質、及び/又は核酸の経皮吸収の促進のために使用される、項1〜4のいずれかに記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
項6. 皮膚表皮の顆粒層における薬物の透過性を向上させるために使用される、項1〜5のいずれかに記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
項7. 項1〜6のいずれかに記載の経皮吸収促進剤、及び薬物を含有する、経皮吸収製剤。
項8. 前記薬物が、親水性の薬物、及び/又は分子量500Da以上の薬物である、項7に記載の経皮吸収製剤。
項9. 前記薬物が、ペプチド、タンパク質、及び/又は核酸である、項7又は8に記載の経皮吸収製剤。
本発明の経皮吸収促進剤は、セファロタキシン及び/又はその誘導体を有効成分とすることを特徴とする。以下、本発明の経皮吸収促進剤について詳述する。
本発明の経皮吸収促進剤において有効成分として使用される化合物は、セファロタキシン及び/又はその誘導体である。セファロタキシン及びその誘導体としては、具体的には、以下の一般式(1)に示す化合物が挙げられる。
本発明の経皮吸収促進剤は、皮膚の表皮における顆粒層のタイトジャンクションによるバリア機能を減弱させ、薬物の顆粒層の透過性を向上させる作用があり、経皮適用される薬物の経皮吸収促進の用途に使用される。具体的には、本発明の経皮吸収促進剤は、経皮吸収させる薬物と共に、経皮吸収製剤に配合して使用される。
本発明の経皮吸収製剤は、前記経皮吸収促進剤を利用した外用医薬製剤であり、前記経皮吸収促進剤、及び薬物を含有する。本発明の経皮吸収製剤は、前記経皮吸収促進剤の作用によって、皮膚の表皮における顆粒層に対する薬物の透過性が向上しており、薬物の経皮吸収を促進することができる。
本発明の経皮吸収製剤において、前記経皮吸収促進剤の配合量、配合する薬物の種類、薬物の配合量等については、前記「1.経皮吸収促進剤」の欄に記載の通りである。
本発明の経皮吸収製剤は、前記経皮吸収促進剤に加えて、薬物の角層の透過性を向上させる角層透過促進剤(薬物の角層の透過性を向上させる経皮吸収促進剤)が含まれていることが好ましい。本発明の経皮吸収製剤に角層透過促進剤が含まれる場合、前記経皮吸収促進剤による顆粒層の透過性の向上と角層透過促進剤による角層の透過性の向上が図られ、より一層効果的に薬物を経皮吸収させることが可能になる。
本発明の経皮吸収製剤には、前述する成分の他に、各種の製剤形態に調製するために必要とされる基剤や添加剤が含まれていてもよい。
本発明の経皮吸収製剤の製剤形態については、特に制限されないが、マイクロエマルジョン製剤(油中水型又は水中油型)、リポソーム製剤、又はナノパーティクル製剤であってもよい。このよう製剤形態の場合には、薬物の角層の透過性を向上させることができ、前記経皮吸収促進剤による顆粒層の透過性の向上と相俟って、より一層効果的に薬物を経皮吸収させることが可能になる。本発明の経皮吸収製剤をこれらの製剤形態にする場合、公知の製剤化技術を利用することにより製剤化すればよい。
本発明の経皮吸収製剤の薬物の経皮吸収性をより一層向上させるという観点から、本発明の経皮吸収製剤において、(i)前記角層透過促進剤を含有させる、(ii)マイクロエマルジョン製剤、リポソーム製剤、又はナノパーティクル製剤の製剤形態にする、(iii)物理的に薬物の角層の透過性を高める手法を用いて経皮投与する、のいずれか少なくとも1つを採用していることが好ましい。このように、本発明の経皮吸収製剤において、(i)〜(iii)の少なくとも1つの態様を採用することによって、顆粒層及び角層の双方に対して薬物の透過性を向上させることができ、より一層効果的に薬物を経皮吸収させることが可能になる。
本発明によって、表皮の顆粒層のタイトジャンクションのバリア機能を減弱させることにより、薬物の経皮吸収性を向上できることが見出されている。即ち、本発明は、表皮の顆粒層のタイトジャンクションのバリア機能を減弱できる物質を有効成分とする、経皮吸収促進剤をも提供する。更に、本発明は、表皮の顆粒層のタイトジャンクションのバリア機能を減弱させることにより、薬物の経皮吸収を促進させる経皮吸収促進方法をも提供する。
ホモハリントニンのヒト表皮細胞(NHEK細胞)におけるタイトジャンクションバリア制御活性を評価するため、以下の実験を行った。
TJバリア機能評価法として汎用されている膜電気抵抗値(Transepithelial Electric Resistance:TER)測定、及びTracer Flux assayを行った。具体的試験方法は、以下の通りである。
NHEK細胞を15×104 cells/mlとなるように培地(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2)に懸濁した細胞液を、200μl/well となるように6.5 mm Transwell(0.3 cm2,Corning)に播種し、37℃で培養した。培養2日後にCaCl2をCa2+濃度が最終1.8 mM(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2には既に0.15 mMのCa2+が含まれている)になるように加えた培地(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2)に交換し、更に2日間37℃で培養を行い、タイトジャンクションを形成させた。その後、ホモハリントニン(和光純薬工業)を0.05μM、及び0.1μMとなるように添加して、24時間37℃で培養した。その後、TER値をMillicell -ERS(Millipore)により測定した。また、比較のために、ホモハリントニンを添加しなかったこと以外は前記と同条件で試験を行い、TER値を測定した(Mock)。
NHEK細胞を15×104 cells/mlとなるように培地(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2)に懸濁した細胞液を、200μl/well となるように6.5 mm Transwell(0.3 cm2,Corning)に播種し、37℃で培養した。培養2日後にCaCl2をCa2+濃度が最終1.8 mM(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2には既に0.15 mMのCa2+が含まれている)になるように加えた培地(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2)に交換し、更に2日間37℃で培養を行い、タイトジャンクションを形成させた。その後、ホモハリントニン(和光純薬工業)を0.05μM、及び0.1μMとなるように添加して、24時間37℃で培養した。培養後、P buffer (10 mM HEPES(pH 7.4)、1 mMピルビン酸ナトリウム、10 mMグルコース、3 mM CaCl2、134 mM NaCl)をtop wellに200 μL、bottom wellに700 μL添加し、37℃で40分間平衡化を行った。P bufferで100 μmol/Lに調整した4 kDa FITC標識デキストランをtop wellに100 μL添加し、37℃で1時間培養した。Bottom wellから培養液200 μL回収し、蛍光値(励起485 nm/蛍光535 nm)を測定し、Bottom wellに透過したFITC標識デキストラン濃度を求めた。また、比較のために、ホモハリントニンを添加しなかったこと以外は前記と同条件で試験を行い、Bottom wellに透過したFITC標識デキストラン濃度を求めた(Mock)。
得られた結果を図1及び2に示す。タイトジャンクションバリアを形成したNHEK細胞にホモハリントニンを作用させた結果、作用濃度依存的なTER値の低下が確認された(図1)。次に、細胞間隙透過性への影響を評価するためtracer flux assayを行った結果、ホモハリントニン濃度依存的な透過性亢進作用が確認された(図2)。以上の結果から、ホモハリントニンは、表皮タイトジャンクションバリアに対する減弱作用を示すことが明らかとなった。
ヒト表皮細胞(NHEK細胞)のタイトジャンクションバリア構成分子発現に対するホモハリントニンの影響を評価するため、以下の実験を行った。
NHEK細胞を15×104 cells/mlとなるように培地(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2)に懸濁した細胞液を、500μl/wellとなるように12 mm Transwell(1.12 cm2,Corning)に播種し、37℃で培養した。培養2日後にCaCl2をCa2+濃度が最終1.8 mM(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2には既に0.15 mMのCa2+が含まれている)になるように加えた培地(Keratinocyte Basal Medium 2)に交換し、更に2日間37℃で培養を行い、タイトジャンクションを形成させた。その後、ホモハリントニン(和光純薬工業)を50nMとなるように添加して、24時間37℃で培養した。次いで、細胞をPBSで洗浄した後、RIPAバッファーにて細胞を溶解させた。得られた細胞溶解液にSDSサンプルバッファーを加え、100℃で5分間加熱した。次いで、10% ポリアクリルアミドゲルに、調整した細胞溶解液をアプライし、20 mAで電気泳動(SDS-PAGE)を行った。TRANS-BLOT SD SEMI-DRY TRANSFER CELL (Bio-Rad Laboratories)を用いてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)膜上に120 mA/メンブレンで30分間、タンパク質を転写した。転写後、PVDF膜を2% BSA-T-TBS溶液にてブロッキング操作を行った。続いて、2% BSA-T-TBS溶液により1000倍に希釈した一次抗体(抗クローディン-1、抗クローディン-4、抗オクルジン、抗ZO-1、抗E-カドヘリン、抗β-アクチン)を添加して終夜反応させた。T-TBSで3回洗浄し、2% BSA-T-TBS溶液により5000倍に希釈した二次抗体(ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼをコンジュゲートしたヤギ抗マウスIgG又はヤギ抗ウサギIgG)と1時間反応させた。次にT-TBSで3回洗浄した後、ECL Western Blotting Detection Reagents (ナカライテスク)を用いて発光させ、ImageQuant LAS 4000(GEヘルスケア・パパン)により各種タンパク質発現を検出した。また、比較のために、ホモハリントニンを添加しなかったこと以外は前記と同条件で試験を行い、各種タンパク質発現を検出した(Vehicle)。
得られた結果を図3に示す。タイトジャンクションを形成したNHEK細胞にホモハリントニンを24時間作用させた結果、表皮タイトジャンクションバリア機能を担う、クローディン-1(CLDN-1)、クローディン-4(CLDN-4)、及びオクルジン(OCLN)のタンパク質発現の低下が確認された。一方、タイトジャンクションにおいて裏打ちタンパク質として機能するZO-1やアドヘレンスジャンクションの主要分子であるE-カドヘリンのタンパク質発現の低下は確認されなかった。以上の結果から、ホモハリントニンは表皮タイトジャンクションバリアの主要構成因子である、クローディン-1、クローディン-4、及びオクルジンの発現低下により表皮タイトジャンクションバリア機能を低下させることが示唆された。
マウス皮膚に貼付したモデル薬物(FITC標識デキストラン)のホモハリントニンによる経皮吸収促進効果を評価するために、以下の実験を行った。
(投与薬液の調製)
分子量4,000、10,000、及び20,000のFITC標識デキストラン10mg/mL)とホモハリントニン(0.1、0.5、及び1 mM)をリン酸緩衝液(PBS;20 mM Na2HPO4、47 mM KH2PO4、100mM NaCl)に溶解させ、総容量45 μLに調整した。なお、対照実験には分子量4,000, 10,000, 20,000のFITC-dextranのみをPBSに溶解したものを用いた。
除毛クリームにて除毛したマウス(C57BL/6 J Jms Slc、オス、6-7週齢)に5 mg/mlペントバルビタールナトリウム溶液(ナカライテスク)を250 μL/30g-マウス体重となるように腹腔内に投与し、5〜10分後に麻酔下においてテープストリッピングを10回行い、角層を取り除いて顆粒層が露出した状態にした。次いで、薬液をそれぞれ45 μLずつ貼付デバイスの濾紙に染み込ませ、マウス背中の除毛部分に貼り付けた。貼付時間1、3、6、12、及び24時間後に、マウスより血液を回収し、12,000 rpm、4℃、15分間の条件で遠心分離を行い、血漿を回収した。20 μLの血漿を96 wellプレートに移し、励起波長485 nm、蛍光波長538 nmで蛍光強度を測定した。
1 mMのホモハリントニンと分子量4,000のFITC標識デキストランを使用した場合について、血漿中のFITC標識デキストラン濃度を経時的に測定した結果を図4に示す。図4に示されているように、ホモハリントニンにより分子量4,000のFITC標識デキストランが貼付6時間後から経皮吸収され血中に移行することが明らかとなった。また、各濃度のホモハリントニンと分子量4,000のFITC標識デキストランを使用した場合について、FITC標識デキストランのAUC(Area Under the blood concentration-time Curve)を求めた結果を図5に示す。図5から分かるように、ホモハリントニンの濃度依存的にFITC標識デキストランの血中移行量が増大することが確認された。また、各濃度のホモハリントニンと分子量4,000のFITC標識デキストランを染み込ませた濾紙を24時間貼付した後に、当該貼付部位の皮膚状態を観察した結果を図6に示す。図6に示すように、いずれの条件でも、明らかな皮膚障害は観察されなかった。また、1 mMのホモハリントニンと各分子量のFITC標識デキストランを使用した場合について、FITC標識デキストランのAUCを求めた結果を図7に示す。図7から、ホモハリントニンによっていずれの分子量のFITC標識デキストランの経皮吸収が促進されており、とりわけ分子量4,000及び10,000のFITC標識デキストランの経皮吸収が格段顕著に促進されることが確認された。以上の結果から、ホモハリントニンは、特に、分子量10,000以下の親水性薬物の顆粒層における透過性の向上に有効であり、当該薬物の経皮吸収を促進させ得ることが明らかとなった。
マウスにおいてホモハリントニンがα−トコフェロール結合DNA/RNA2本鎖ヘテロ核酸の経皮吸収に及ぼす効果を評価するために、以下の実験を行った。
HDO
以下のDNA/LNA gapmer及びcRNAからなるマウスアポリポプロテインB(ApoB)mRNAに対するDNA/RNA2本鎖ヘテロ核酸。
DNA/LNA gapmer:5'-G*C*a*t*t*g*g*t*a*t*T*C*A-3'
前記DNA/LNA gapmerにおいて、小文字はDNA、大文字はLNA(CはLNAメチルシトシンを示す)を示す。*は、チオリン酸結合を示す。
cRNA:5'-u*g*a*AUACCAAU*g*c-3'
前記cRNAにおいて、大文字はRNA、小文字は2'-O-methyl化されたRNAを示す。*は、チオリン酸結合を示す。
前記DNA/RNA2本鎖ヘテロ核酸のcRNAの5’末端のリン酸残基が、α−トコフェロールの水酸基とリン酸エステル結合で共有結合している、α−トコフェロール結合ヘテロ核酸。
Toc-HDOにおけるα−トコフェロールとcRNAとの結合構造は、前記一般式(A)に示す構造である。
マウス皮膚に蛍光標識したToc-HDOとホモハリントニンの混合液を染みこませた濾紙を貼付し、24時間後のマウス肝臓を回収した。次いで、回収した肝臓の組織切片を作製し、肝移行したToc-HDOを蛍光観察した。具体的な実験手法については、以下の通りである。
Toc-HDO(10 mg/kg-マウス体重)とホモハリントニン(1 mM)をリン酸緩衝液(PBS;20 mM Na2HPO4、47 mM KH2PO4、100mM NaCl)に溶解させ、総容量45 μLに調整した。なお、対照実験にはToc-HDOのみをPBSに溶解したものを用いた。
除毛クリームにて除毛したマウス(C57BL/6 J Jms Slc、雄、6-7週齢)に5 mg/mlペントバルビタールナトリウム溶液(ナカライテスク)を250 μL/30g-マウス体重となるように腹腔内に投与し、5〜10分後に麻酔下においてテープストリッピングを10回行い、角層を取り除いて顆粒層が露出した状態にした。次いで、薬液をそれぞれ45μLずつ貼付デバイスの濾紙に染み込ませ、マウス背中の除毛部分に貼り付けた。
Claims (8)
- 前記有効成分が、ホモハリントニン、イソハリントニン、ハリントニン、アセチルファロタキシン、セファロタキシン、及び4−ヒドロキシセファロタキシンよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
- 親水性の薬物、及び/又は分子量500Da以上の薬物の経皮吸収の促進のために使用される、請求項1又は2に記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
- ペプチド、タンパク質、及び/又は核酸の経皮吸収の促進のために使用される、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
- 皮膚表皮の顆粒層における薬物の透過性を向上させるために使用される、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の経皮吸収促進剤、及び薬物を含有する、経皮吸収製剤。
- 前記薬物が、親水性の薬物、及び/又は分子量500Da以上の薬物である、請求項6に記載の経皮吸収製剤。
- 前記薬物が、ペプチド、タンパク質、及び/又は核酸である、請求項6又は7に記載の経皮吸収製剤。
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