JP6911032B2 - 改良された触媒複合体及びポリマーの分解方法 - Google Patents
改良された触媒複合体及びポリマーの分解方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6911032B2 JP6911032B2 JP2018533113A JP2018533113A JP6911032B2 JP 6911032 B2 JP6911032 B2 JP 6911032B2 JP 2018533113 A JP2018533113 A JP 2018533113A JP 2018533113 A JP2018533113 A JP 2018533113A JP 6911032 B2 JP6911032 B2 JP 6911032B2
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Description
以下の工程:
− 触媒複合体及び分解されるべきポリマーを準備する工程;
− 触媒複合体、分解されるべきポリマー、及びキャリア液体を混合する工程;
− 分解反応を実施して、モノマー、オリゴマー、添加剤、触媒複合体、及びキャリア液体を含む混合物を得る工程;
− 極性媒体、特に水又は水性溶液を前記混合物に添加して、モノマーを含む親水性溶液と、オリゴマー及び触媒複合体を含む第二の相とを得る工程;及び
− 前記第一の水性相を、前記第二の相から分離する工程
を含む。
この目的は、ポリマー材料の分解において本発明の改良された複合体を使用する、以下の工程:
− 触媒複合体及び分解されるべきポリマーを準備する工程;
− 触媒複合体、分解されるべきポリマー、及びキャリア液体を混合する工程;
− 分解反応を実施して、モノマー、オリゴマー、触媒複合体、及びキャリア液体を含む混合物を得る工程;
− 極性媒体、特に水又は水性溶液を前記混合物に添加して、モノマーを含む親水性溶液と、オリゴマー及び触媒複合体を含む第二の相とを得る工程;及び
− 前記第一の水性相を、前記第二の相から、好ましくは遠心分離処理によって分離する工程
を含む方法によってさらに達成される。
本発明のこれらの及び他の側面を、図を参照しながらさらに説明する。
リンカー−触媒(橋かけ−触媒)中間体の調製。アルキルイミダゾールを、ハロゲンシランと、1:1のモル比で混合し、わずかに高めた温度で8時間撹拌した。ナノ粒子を、Massertらにより1981年に最初に記述された方法に基づいて調製した。すなわち、Fe(II)溶液を、Fe(III)溶液と、それぞれが1:2となるモル比で混合した、酸化鉄ナノ粒子が、撹拌下の塩基性媒体中での共沈澱反応によって形成される。その後、得られた酸化鉄粒子を、水で繰り返し洗浄(例えば2〜4回)し、エタノールで繰り返し洗浄する。洗浄剤から酸化鉄粒子を分離するために、磁気分離を使用する。
実施例2で得られた凝集体の外径を、動的光散乱によって、Malvern装置(n5000シリーズ)を用いて測定した。この方法に準拠して、1回の測定は、7つの試料に基づき、それぞれにおいて試料を複数回測定した。全ての試料を予め試験して、PETの分解における触媒としての使用に適していることを確認した。2峰性又は多峰性の分散では、個々のピークを同定することができる。このため、凝集体を、非凝集体と区別することは容易である。平均直径を、装置のソフトウエアに従って、平均数(最高数)及び最高強度に基づいて決定した。結果を表1に示す。平均最高数は186〜332nmの間で変動し、その平均数は250〜260nmであり;平均強度は254〜402nmで変動し、その平均数は320nm付近である。強度に基づく平均数は、少量の大きな粒子の存在に対してより敏感である(質量平均分子量であるため)。したがって、数平均分子量がより適切である。これにより、その上にリンカー−触媒がフラフト化された凝集体が安定であることが確認される。使用により、この凝集体が、不安定化されることなく複数回再使用可能であることが確認された。
実施例2に従って調製した試料及び他の試料の吸着面積を、当分野で知られているBET吸着等温線法によってN2を吸着に用いて特性決定した。1つの実現可能なタイプの装置は、例えばNova Quantachrome 4200eである。比較試料3〜6では、磁性ナノ粒子をリンカー−触媒中間体を用いて官能基化する間、及び場合によっては磁性ナノ粒子の調製の間に、超音波処理を適用した。このような超音波処理は、凝集体の形成を阻害することが知られている。また、保護化合物を試料5および6に加えた。比較例7〜9を計算して、予め測定した直径の非多孔性球体の表面積を特定した。その結果を表2に示す。
実験室の実験の基準スケールは、100mLフラスコ中の50gのエチレングリコール(EG)である。反応の基準質量比は、1gの乾燥触媒複合体:5gのPET:50gのEGである。基準触媒複合体は、5nmの磁性ナノ粒子、及び橋かけ部分としてのトリシラノールプロピル、及びイオン性液体:(bim)FeCl4すなわち(bim)Clを含む。基準反応は、以下の通りに行った:
触媒複合体分散物を、手で5分間振とうすることによって均一化した。この10gの触媒複合体の分散物に、41gのEGを添加し、この液体を手で短時間混合して分散物を均一化した。次いで、5gのPETフレークを添加し、その丸底フラスコを加熱装置に置いた。PETフレークは、着色PETボトル、例えば商業的に入手可能な青色着色ボトル及び赤色着色ボトル等から調製した。加熱を開始し、20分以内に、反応混合物は150〜200℃の反応温度に達した。反応を、その場でプロセス制御試料を採取して生成したBHET濃度を時間の関数として測定することによって、時間に遅れることなく追跡した。BHET濃度は、HPLCで測定した。結果を表3に示した。反応条件(温度、触媒複合体の濃度、ナノ粒子のタイプ及びサイズ)が、十分に広い範囲で変更可能であることが分かった。
解重合反応の後、水を1:1の比率で加え、触媒複合体を、モノマーを含有する液体ストリームから磁気分離によって分離した。この液体相をデカンテーションし、ビーカーの底の上のスラリー様の層としての捕獲複合体を残した。この触媒複合体は、エチレングリコールを用いて容易に再分散させることができる。
実施例5及び6を、白色顔料(明らかにTiO2)を含有する白色PETボトルを用いて繰り返した。しかし、有機溶媒の存在下で磁気沈降を行って顔料を放出させると、沈降した触媒複合体が液相に残った。これを一晩放置し、白色の顔料粒子層を、触媒複合体沈殿物の上に一晩かけて沈降させた。
解重合を、1000リットルの容器内で繰り返した。解重合反応を、180〜210℃の範囲の温度で実施した。触媒複合体の濃度は、約0.5質量%であったが、濃度はあまり重要ではなかった。予め定めた反応継続時間、例えば60〜180分の後、反応混合物を冷却した。水を添加し、混合物を分離のために遠心分離機に移した。この処理により、第一の親水性溶液と、第二の相とが得られた。親水性溶液は、水と溶媒であるエチレングリコールとの混合物を含有していた。第二の相は、スラリーの形態であり、かなりの部分の固体物質を含有していた。遠心分離機に入るフローの少なくとも95%は、親水性溶液となった。典型的には、この比率は98%を超え、あるいは99%を超えさえした。親水性溶液を、膜濾過(メンブランフィルター)を通して導いて固体物質を除去し、吸着剤、すなわち活性炭へと導いた。その後、親水性溶液の温度をさらに室温以下に冷却してモノマーを結晶化させた。第1相と第2相との間の比は、反応の持続時間および解重合の程度によって変化し得ることが観察される。触媒複合体はエチレングリコールで容易に再分散することができた。親水性溶液をメンブレンフィルターに供給して、残りのナノ粒子を除去した。凝集体が非凝集ナノ粒子を除去するために前処理されていた場合、フィルターはほとんど空のままであった。凝集物が前処理されていない場合、膜フィルターはかなりの量のナノ粒子を含有していた。凝集したナノ粒子のリサイクルおよび再使用の後は、遠心分離機のメンブレンフィルターの下流での残渣の増加は観察されなかった。
Claims (18)
- 縮合ポリマー材料の分解を触媒するための触媒複合体であって、
− 酸化鉄をその表面に有する磁性粒状体:及び
− 前記磁性粒状体の前記酸化鉄表面上にグラフト化されている、橋かけ部分と触媒要素とを含む、複数の触媒性基
を含み、
前記橋かけ部分は、前記酸化鉄表面に付着又は結合するための官能基と、触媒要素への連結基とを含み、かつ、前記触媒要素は、正に帯電した芳香族ヘテロ環部分と、前記正に帯電した芳香族ヘテロ環部分とのバランスを取るための負に帯電した部分とを含み、
前記橋かけ部分が、付着のための官能基としてのシラノール基、及び前記シラノール基と前記芳香族ヘテロ環部分との間の連結基としてのアルキル基を含み、
前記磁性粒状体が、磁性ナノ粒子を含む凝集体であり、200〜350ナノメートルの平均直径を有し、15〜30m2/gの比表面積を有する、触媒複合体。 - 前記磁性粒状体が多孔体であり、その表面には外側の表面及び孔の表面が含まれる、請求項1に記載の触媒複合体。
- 前記磁性ナノ粒子が、2〜20nmのサイズを有する、請求項1又は2に記載の触媒複合体。
- 前記正に帯電した芳香族ヘテロ環部分が、イミダゾリウム基である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の触媒複合体。
- 前記橋かけ部分が、モノアルコキシ−トリアルキルシラン、ジアルコキシ−ジアルキルシラン、又は、モノアルコキシ−トリアルキルシラン、ジアルコキシ−ジアルキルシラン及び/又はアルキル−トリアルコキシシランを含む混合物、から誘導された部分であり、そのアルキル基の少なくとも一つが官能基化されて連結基を形成しており、かつ、そのアルキル基がC1〜C4アルキルである、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の触媒複合体。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の触媒複合体を、キャリア液体中に含む、組成物。
- 前記キャリア液体がアルコールである、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- アルコールである前記キャリア液体が、アルカンジオール又はアルカントリオール、例えばグリコール、グリセロール、プロピレングリコール等である、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- ポリエステル、ポリアミド、ポリアミン、及びポリエーテルからなる群から選択される縮合ポリマー材料の、固体形態の触媒複合体によって触媒される分解反応における分解方法であって、
前記分解反応において、キャリア液体が反応原料として働き、
前記触媒複合体が、磁性ナノ粒子と、前記磁性ナノ粒子に結合した、橋かけ部分と触媒要素とを含む複数の触媒性基との複合体であり、前記橋かけ部分は、前記ナノ粒子に付着又は結合するための官能基と、前記触媒要素への連結基とを含み、かつ、前記触媒要素は、正に帯電した芳香族ヘテロ環部分と、前記正に帯電した芳香族ヘテロ環部分とのバランスを取るための負に帯電した部分とを含み、
以下の工程:
− 請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の触媒複合体を準備する工程;
− 分解されるべきポリマーを準備する工程;
− 触媒複合体、分解されるべきポリマー、及びキャリア液体を混合する工程;
− 分解反応を実施して、モノマー、オリゴマー、キャリア液体、及び触媒複合体を含む混合物を得る工程;
− 極性媒体を前記混合物に添加して、モノマーを含む親水性溶液を含む第一の水性相と、オリゴマー及び触媒複合体を含む第二の相とを得る工程;及び
− 前記第一の水性相を、前記第二の相から遠心分離によって分離する工程
を含む、分解方法。 - 極性媒体の添加により前記オリゴマーが沈殿し、前記縮合ポリマー材料中に当初から存在する第一の添加剤が前記第二の相に入る、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記縮合ポリマー材料中に当初から存在する第二の添加剤が前記親水性溶液に残り、その後吸着によって除去される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- モノマーを、前記第二の添加剤の吸着工程の下流での結晶化によって、前記親水性溶液から分離する、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記親水性溶液を、前記第二の添加剤の吸着工程の上流での膜濾過によって、残留する全ての固体粒子を除去することにより精製する、請求項11又は12に記載の方法。
- 前記第二の相を、複数のサイクルの後で、洗浄剤で洗浄して、第一の添加剤を除去する、請求項10〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一の添加剤、及び存在する場合には前記第二の添加剤は、着色剤、例えば顔料又は染料等である、請求項11〜14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第二の相を再分散させ、前記磁性ナノ粒子を、外部磁場の適用による方法で他の粒子から分離する、請求項10〜15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記縮合ポリマー材料が、ポリエチレンテレフタレートである、請求項9〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記縮合ポリマー材料が、1種以上の添加剤をさらに含む廃棄材である、請求項9〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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PCT/NL2015/050905 WO2016105198A1 (en) | 2014-12-23 | 2015-12-23 | Improved reusable capture complex |
NL2017033 | 2016-06-23 | ||
NL2017033A NL2017033B1 (en) | 2015-12-23 | 2016-06-23 | Improved catalyst complex and method of degradation of a polymer material |
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