JP6862355B2 - 低酸素シグナリング遺伝子を阻害するためにAPE1/Ref−1を標的とする方法 - Google Patents
低酸素シグナリング遺伝子を阻害するためにAPE1/Ref−1を標的とする方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6862355B2 JP6862355B2 JP2017559690A JP2017559690A JP6862355B2 JP 6862355 B2 JP6862355 B2 JP 6862355B2 JP 2017559690 A JP2017559690 A JP 2017559690A JP 2017559690 A JP2017559690 A JP 2017559690A JP 6862355 B2 JP6862355 B2 JP 6862355B2
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Description
本願は、2016年3月11日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/307,000号および2015年5月21日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/164,795号に基づく優先権を主張し、前記特許出願のそれぞれは参照によりそのまま本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書において使用される場合、用語「試料」は、物理的特徴、生化学的特徴、化学的特徴および/または生理学的特徴などに基づいて特徴づけられおよび/または同定されるべき細胞実体および/または他の分子実体を含有する関心対象から得られたまたは誘導された組成物を指す。例えば、語句「疾患試料」およびその変形は、特徴づけられるべき細胞実体および/もしくは分子実体を含有すると予想されるまたは含有することがわかっている関心対象から得られる任意の試料を指す。「組織」または「細胞試料」は、対象または患者の組織から得られた類似する細胞の収集物を指す。組織試料または細胞試料の供給源は、対象からの血液または任意の血液構成成分(例えば全血、血漿、血清)でありうる。組織試料は、初代細胞もしくは培養細胞または細胞株であることもできる。場合により、組織試料または細胞試料は患部組織/器官から得られる。組織試料は、自然において当該組織と本来は混ざっていることのない化合物、例えば保存剤、抗凝固剤、緩衝剤、固定剤、栄養素、抗生物質などを含有することができる。
この実施例では、APE1/Ref−1がHIF1α媒介転写による低酸素シグナリングを制御する機序を分析する。さらに、腫瘍サイズおよび腫瘍増殖に対する、APE1/Ref−1阻害剤およびCA9阻害剤による併用処置の効果も分析する。
細胞培養:細胞は、Jiang,Zhouら(2010)Cancer Investigation 28(9):885−895、Fishel,Jiangら(2011)Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 10(9):1698−1708、Cardoso,Jiangら(2012)PLoS ONE 10:e47462、Fishel,Wuら(2015)J Biol Chem 290(5):3057−3068に記載されているように、培養維持した。患者由来の腫瘍細胞およびCAF19細胞は、Anirban Maitra博士の研究室(ジョンズ・ホプキンス大学(The Johns Hopkins University))から得た(Jones,Zhangら 2008)。がん関連線維芽細胞UH1303−02は、Walter,Omuraら(2008)Cancer Biol Ther 7(6):882−888に記載されているように、患者腫瘍組織からアウトグロース法を使って単離した。すべての細胞株をSTR分析によって鑑定し(IDEXX BioResearch)、マイコプラズマ汚染について日常的にチェックした。低酸素曝露は、Ruskinn Invivo2 200低酸素ワークステーションを使って達成した。APE1/Ref−1を過剰発現させるために、Kim,Guoら(2015)Mutat Res 779:96−104に記載されているように、CMV−EGFP−WT APE1/Ref−1およびCMV−EGFPレンチウイルスコンストラクトを使用した。イメージング用の細胞を検出するために、CMV−EGFPレンチウイルスコンストラクトを使用した。さらに、150pfu/細胞のpCL7TdTOMwoレンチウイルスベクターをPa03C細胞およびPanc10.05細胞と共に48時間インキュベートすることで、TdTomatoを安定に発現する細胞を作成した。
4−[3−(2−クロロ−5−ニトロ−フェニル)−ウレイド]−ベンゼンスルホンアミド FC13−555A:収率89%;シリカゲルTLC Rf 0.28(酢酸エチル/n−ヘキサン 30%v/v);δH(400MHz,DMSO−d6)7.28(2H,brs,D2Oとの交換,SO2NH2),7.78(2H,d,J 8.8,ArH),7.83(3H,m,ArH),7.94(2H,d,J 8.8,ArH),8.82(1H,,brs,D2Oとの交換,NH),9.21(1H,s,ArH),10.00(1H,s;ArH);δC(100MHz,DMSO−d6)115.6,118.5,118.8,127.8,128.9,131.3,137.7,138.6,142.9,147.5,152.7;m/z(ESI−MS−正イオン)371.01(M+H);元素分析理論値:C,42.11;H,2.99;S,8.65;元素分析実測値:C,42.15;H,3.04;S,8.62。
HIF1αおよびSTAT3とのAPE1/Ref−1の相互作用は低酸素によって刺激される
以前に公表されたデータは、APE1/Ref−1のノックダウンおよび/または選択的阻害剤APX3330(APX3330ともいう)によるAPE1/Ref−1酸化還元シグナリングの阻害に続いて、STAT3、HIF1α、およびNFκB活性の減少が起こることを証明した(Fishel,Jiangら(2011)Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 10(9):1698−1708、Cardoso,Jiangら(2012)PLoS ONE 10:e47462)。同様に、APE1/Ref−1の阻害は、細胞内の主要HIF−1標的である炭酸脱水酵素IX(CA9)の減少につながることが見いだされた。低酸素シグナリングにおけるAPE1/Ref−1の役割をさらに精査し、低酸素がAPE1/Ref−1とその酸化還元標的との間の相互作用を刺激するかどうかをより明確に決定するために、正常酸素条件下および低酸素(0.2%O2)条件下の2つの低継代数PDAC細胞株(Panc10.05およびPa03C)の溶解物から、内在性APE1/Ref−1を免疫沈降させた。IPをHIF1α、STAT3、およびNFκBについてプローブした。低酸素条件下ではプルダウン画分中にHIF1αおよびSTAT3が検出され、NFκBは検出されなかったが、正常酸素条件下では、これらの相互作用は検出されなかった(図2Aおよび図2B)。APE1/Ref−1とそれが制御する転写因子との間の相互作用が、適当な刺激により、正常酸素条件下で実際に起こることを示すために、TNFα(NFκB)およびIL−6(STAT3)の対照を行った(図3Aおよび図3B)。HIF1αおよびSTAT3とのAPE1/Ref−1の相互作用は低酸素条件下では明白である。
APE1/Ref−1とHIF1αとの間の相互作用が機能的に重要であることを示すために、MIA PaCa−2細胞を、APE1/Ref−1 siRNAまたはスクランブル対照と並行して、HIF1α駆動ホタル・ルシフェラーゼまたはpLuc−MCS(ベクター対照)で同時トランスフェクトし、細胞を24時間にわたって低酸素に曝露することによって、HIF−1転写活性へのAPE1/Ref−1の寄与を評価した。APE1/Ref−1ノックダウンは、低酸素によって誘導されるHIF1α活性の有意な低減(約47%)をもたらした(図5Aおよび図5B)。
CA9転写に対するAPE1/Ref−1および低酸素の効果がHIF−1活性によって媒介されることを確認するために、低酸素によって誘導されるCA9 mRNAレベルを、HIF−1欠損(−/−)MEFにおいて、APE1/Ref−1ノックダウン後に評価した。予想どおり、HIF−1非欠損MEFでは、CA9が、正常酸素対照と比較して30倍誘導された。HIF−1 −/− MEFでは、CA9 mRNAレベルは、低酸素への曝露によって誘導されず(図7A)、APE1/Ref−1ノックダウンによる影響も受けなかった(図7B)。これは、APE1/Ref−1発現レベルまたは酸素レベルとは関わりなく、CA9転写がHIF−1依存的であることを示している。これらの細胞におけるHIF−1枯渇はPCRによって確認した(図1)。
APE1/Ref−1は、多機能性タンパク質として、DNA損傷の塩基除去修復(BER(Base excision repair))、RNA品質管理、および還元−酸化(酸化還元)制御にも関与する。APE1/Ref−1のノックダウンはこれらの機能のすべてに影響を及ぼす。酸化還元機能が低酸素シグナリング経路のAPE1/Ref−1媒介制御を担っていることを決定するために、他のAPE1/Ref−1機能には影響を及ぼさないAPE1/Ref−1特異的酸化還元阻害剤であって、2016年の夏に臨床治験が予定されているものを使って、酸化還元機能を調べた。APX3330が、低酸素に曝露されたPanc−1細胞およびMIA−PaCa2細胞におけるCA9 mRNAレベルを減少させることは、以前に示されている。ここでは、これらの結果が、初代細胞およびCAF細胞、ならびに3D共培養物に拡張される。APX3330による処理および低酸素への曝露後に、Pa03C細胞および膵CAF細胞におけるCA9 mRNAレベルは、用量依存的に減弱された(図7Cおよび7D)。加えて、3D共培養モデルにおいて、APX3330によるAPE1/Ref−1の阻害後に、CA9タンパク質発現を測定した。単層における患者由来Pa03C細胞の場合、正常酸素条件下ではCA9は検出されなかったが、スフェロイドとして成長させると、これらの細胞はCA9を発現した。CAFの存在下で成長させた腫瘍スフェロイドは、より強くCA9発現をアップレギュレートした(約3倍)。これはおそらく、大きなスフェロイドほど大きな低酸素領域を含むと共に、間質要素にはより複雑なシグナリングが存在するからであろう。APX3330によるAPE1/Ref−1酸化還元シグナリングの阻害は、CAF細胞の存在下でも非存在下でも、3D腫瘍培養物における用量依存的なCA9発現の減少につながった(図7E)。これらのデータは、PDACにおけるCA9およびAPE1/Ref−1のような、新規な標的を検証する前臨床試験のための3D共培養系の使用を支持している。
CA9は低酸素条件下で細胞内pHを制御し、APE1/Ref−1酸化還元活性は、低酸素によって誘導されるCA9発現に寄与する。低酸素条件下での炭酸脱水素活性に関する機能的エンドポイントとして、pHrodo Red AM蛍光pH指示薬を使って、CA9阻害剤SLC−0111およびAPE1/Ref−1酸化還元阻害剤APX3330による処理後に、低酸素に曝露されたPDAC細胞における細胞内(Intracelllular)pHを分析した。SLC−0111およびAPX3330による二重処理は、どちらかの阻害剤単独による処理と比較して、より大きな細胞内pHの減少をもたらした(図9A)。
腫瘍微小環境をより正確に模倣するために、低継代数患者由来腫瘍細胞とがん関連線維芽細胞とを含むPDACの三次元共培養モデルを利用した。上で証明されたとおり、これらの腫瘍スフェロイドにおいて、CA9のレベルは、CAF細胞と共に成長させた場合の方が高く、CA9発現はAPX3330での処理によって減弱される(図7E)。3Dモデルでは、SLC−0111によるCA9の阻害が、より強力であり、患者由来細胞の面積の低減によって測定した場合、腫瘍細胞殺滅に対する劇的な効果は、単層の場合より低い用量で観察された(図10Aおよび図10B)。細胞殺滅はCAFより腫瘍細胞の方が劇的であり、CAF19細胞がPa03C細胞と共培養された場合は、とりわけそうであった。蛍光強度を測定した場合にも同様の傾向が見られた(データ省略)。重要なことに、CA9の阻害は、CAFの防御的環境にある場合でさえ、腫瘍細胞を効果的に殺すことができた。
APE1/Ref−1発現の上昇は、膵がん、卵巣がん、胃がん、乳がん、肺がん、膠芽腫、肝臓がん、大腸がんを含む多くのがんに関連し、がんゲノムアトラス(TCGA、cancergenome.nih.gov)から公的に入手できるデータの分析により、APE1/Ref−1発現の上昇に伴うPDAC患者の生存率の有意な減少が明らかになる(図11A)。腫瘍細胞において、APE1/Ref−1による、STAT3、NFκB、およびHIF−1などのさまざまな腫瘍促進転写因子(TF)におけるシステインのチオールの還元−酸化(酸化還元)は、これらの因子の活性化における決定的ステップである。これらのTFはいずれも、がん治療における、特にPDACにおける重要な標的であるが、特に創薬困難であることが示されている。
この実施例では、細胞の生存および増殖に対するRef−1/STAT3の二重標的化効果を分析した。
三次元成長アッセイ.96ウェルプレートを1%ノーブル寒天(ディフコ(Difco))(50μL/ウェル)でコーティングした。mCherry標識PDAC細胞およびEGFP標識CAFを、3%マトリゲル(BDバイオサイエンス)を含有する通常成長培地に、1:4(腫瘍:CAF)の細胞比で再懸濁し、固化した1%ノーブル寒天の上にプレーティングした。プレーティング後の4日目および8日目に、5%血清+3%マトリゲル+試験対象薬を含有する培地を細胞に供給した。
単剤APX3330、RUX、PG−S3−001、およびDR−4−89は、3Dアッセイにおいて既に試験されている。これらの薬剤は、単独の腫瘍スフェロイドも、CAFと共に培養された腫瘍スフェロイドも、効果的に殺した。特に、リード化合物PG−S3−001およびDR−4−89によるSTAT3の阻害は、CAFの存在下でさえ、PDAC細胞における細胞死をもたらし、単剤として、いくらかの活性がインビボで観察された(図14)。
この実施例では、PDACの生存に対するAPX3330とルキソリチニブ(RUX)との組み合わせのインビボ効果を分析した。
この実施例では、悪性末梢神経鞘腫瘍(MPNST)細胞株における細胞の生存および増殖に対するRef−1阻害の効果を分析した。
NF1患者に由来するST8814 MPNST細胞はATCC(LGC Standards、英国ミドルセックス)から購入した。MPNST 24472から樹立された細胞株であるS462 MPNST細胞株は、19歳の女性NF1患者から採取された。言及した細胞株はすべて、75cm2フラスコにおいて、10%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)および1%(v/v)ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(Pen Strep)を補足したダルベッコ変法イーグル培地(DMEM)を使って培養した。細胞株は5%CO2下、37℃でインキュベートした。
6ウェルプレートにおいて二層軟寒天アッセイを企てた。簡単に述べると、0.6%寒天層上の、0.35%寒天を含有する完全培地に、103個のMPNST細胞をプレーティングした。寒天に完全培地を重層し、細胞コロニーを5%CO2中、37℃で7日間成長させた。培地を週に3回変え、培地を変える度にプレートを50μMのE3330で処理した。オリンパス(Olympus)カメラを装着したAMG EVOS倒立顕微鏡を使って、代表的な位相差像を撮影した(図17)。
細胞を35mmプレートに播種し、80〜90%コンフルエントに到達させた。次に、1%(v/v)FBS DMEM中で24時間にわたって細胞を同期させ、ピペットチップで擦過することによって「傷つけた」。死細胞をPBS洗浄で除去した後、DMEM(10%(v/v)FBS)で置き換えた。細胞を50μM E3330で処理し、18時間、インキュベーター(5%CO2/37℃)に入れておいた。ImageJを使って擦過面積を測定した。オリンパスカメラを装着したAMG EVOS倒立顕微鏡を使って、処理の前および処理の18時間後に、写真を撮影した(図18Aおよび図19A)。次に、移動した細胞のパーセンテージを算出した(図18Bおよび図19B)。有意性を決定するためにPrismを使ってT検定を行った。3回の独立した実験を行った。
Claims (4)
- 悪性末梢神経鞘腫瘍(MPNST)を阻害する必要がある対象において、MPNSTを阻害するための医薬組成物であって、
Ape1/Ref−1の酸化還元機能を選択的に阻害する有効量の3−[(5−(2,3−ジメトキシ−6−メチル−1,4−ベンゾキノイル)]−2−ノニル−2−プロペン酸、薬学的に許容されるその塩または薬学的に許容されるその溶媒和物を含む医薬組成物。 - 少なくとも1つの追加治療剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記少なくとも1つの追加治療剤が、シグナル伝達兼転写活性化因子3(STAT3)の阻害剤、炭酸脱水酵素IX(CA9)の阻害剤、血管内皮成長因子受容体(VEGF−R)の阻害剤、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記少なくとも1つの追加治療剤が、SLC−0111、FC13−555A、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される炭酸脱水酵素IX(CA9)阻害剤である、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
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