JP6825049B2 - 航空機 - Google Patents

航空機 Download PDF

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JP6825049B2
JP6825049B2 JP2019123328A JP2019123328A JP6825049B2 JP 6825049 B2 JP6825049 B2 JP 6825049B2 JP 2019123328 A JP2019123328 A JP 2019123328A JP 2019123328 A JP2019123328 A JP 2019123328A JP 6825049 B2 JP6825049 B2 JP 6825049B2
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aircraft
following features
battery
landing
ducted fan
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JP2020006944A (ja
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ベンダー シュテファン
ベンダー シュテファン
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D33/00—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for
    • B64D33/08—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of power plant cooling systems
    • B64D33/10—Radiator arrangement
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
    • B64C27/22—Compound rotorcraft, i.e. aircraft using in flight the features of both aeroplane and rotorcraft
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/02—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of carbon, e.g. graphite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • B60L58/26—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B64C29/0008—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
    • B64C29/0016—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers
    • B64C29/0025—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers the propellers being fixed relative to the fuselage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B64C29/0008—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
    • B64C29/0016—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers
    • B64C29/0033—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers the propellers being tiltable relative to the fuselage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/24—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants using steam or spring force
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U10/00—Type of UAV
    • B64U10/20—Vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U20/00—Constructional aspects of UAVs
    • B64U20/90—Cooling
    • B64U20/92—Cooling of avionics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U50/00—Propulsion; Power supply
    • B64U50/10—Propulsion
    • B64U50/13—Propulsion using external fans or propellers
    • B64U50/14—Propulsion using external fans or propellers ducted or shrouded
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
    • H01M10/625—Vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/10—Air crafts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C3/00—Wings
    • B64C3/36—Structures adapted to reduce effects of aerodynamic or other external heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U2101/00—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications
    • B64U2101/60—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications for transporting passengers; for transporting goods other than weapons
    • B64U2101/61—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications for transporting passengers; for transporting goods other than weapons for transporting passengers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U2201/00—UAVs characterised by their flight controls
    • B64U2201/10—UAVs characterised by their flight controls autonomous, i.e. by navigating independently from ground or air stations, e.g. by using inertial navigation systems [INS]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/10—Wings
    • B64U30/12—Variable or detachable wings, e.g. wings with adjustable sweep
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/20—Rotors; Rotor supports
    • B64U30/29—Constructional aspects of rotors or rotor supports; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/295—Rotors arranged in the wings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0021—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for aircrafts or cosmonautics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/40—Weight reduction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/50—On board measures aiming to increase energy efficiency

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Description

本発明は、航空機、特に完全に電気式の垂直に離陸および着陸できる（垂直離陸および着陸（ＶＴＯＬ））航空機に関する。
航空宇宙工学において、ＶＴＯＬは、全ての言語にわたり、実質的に垂直にかつ滑走路なしに離陸および再び着陸する能力を有するあらゆる種類の飛行機、ドローンまたはロケットを意味する。以下の本文では、この包括的な用語は、翼を有する固定翼航空機だけでなく、ヘリコプター、ジャイロコプター、およびジャイロダインなどの回転翼航空機、および複合ヘリコプターまたは複合ジャイロプレーンなどのハイブリッド型、ならびに転換式航空機も含む広い意味で使用される。さらに、特に短い距離で離陸および着陸できる（短距離離陸および着陸（ＳＴＯＬ））航空機、短い距離で離陸できるが、垂直に着陸できる（短距離離陸および垂直着陸（ＳＴＯＶＬ））航空機、または垂直に離陸できるが、水平に着陸できる（垂直離陸および水平着陸（ＶＴＨＬ））航空機が含まれる。
航空機を冷却するために、（特許文献１）は、電子部品からの熱を散逸させるための翼の下の冷却板と、冷却板によって出力された熱を冷却空気流に散逸させるための冷却フィンとを提案している。さらに、電子部品に直接隣接する冷却板内に構成されたキャビティ内に液体冷却剤が提供される。前記液体冷却剤は、冷却空気流が利用できない場合、高温で蒸発し、その冷たい板を冷却するようにする。液体冷却剤の蒸発によって放出される蒸気は、キャビティの一部を覆う疎水性フィルタ膜を介して熱交換装置から排出される。疎水性膜は、液体に対して不透過性であるが、気体に対して透過性である。
（特許文献２）は、翼のためのパッシブ冷却システムも開示している。パッシブ冷却システムは、翼に隣接する流体伝達チャンバを含む。流体伝達要素および冷却剤が流体伝達チャンバ内に配置される。流体伝達要素は、冷却剤の一部を、熱エネルギーを散逸させる翼に導く。
最後に、（特許文献３）は、酸素分離膜を含む空気分離モジュールに圧縮空気を送ることによる航空機燃料タンク燃焼性低減方法を記載している。方法は、分離膜を空気フィードと接触させ、空気フィードからの酸素を分離膜に貫流させ、かつ空気フィードからの酸素の除去の結果として空気分離モジュールからの窒素リッチ空気を生成することを含む。空気分離モジュールからのこのリッチ空気は、翼内の流れ熱交換器内で冷却され、燃料タンクに送られる。
米国特許第４６３５７０９Ａ号明細書 欧州特許出願公開第１７６４３０２Ａ２号明細書 米国特許出願公開第２０１５００００５２３Ａ１号明細書
本発明は、航空機、特に独立特許請求項１に従う、上記の意味における垂直に離陸および着陸できる完全に電気式の航空機を提供する。
この解決策の利点は、アクティブ冷却システムと比較して低減された複雑さと、結果として得られる、対応して低減される航空機の重さとにある。
本発明のさらに有利な改良形態は、従属特許請求項で特定される。したがって、例えば、航空機は、折り畳まれたまたはさらに選択的に折り畳み可能な翼を含むことができる。１つの対応する変形形態は、水平飛行中に有効である翼の面積を拡大するが、この際、航空機の底面積は増大されない。
さらに、航空機は、垂直離陸および着陸ならびに水平飛行のための駆動エネルギーを提供し、起こり得る停止時に航空機の短時間の充電を行う急速充電可能なバッテリシステムを有し得る。
ここで、航空機を駆動するために、露出される回転体の代わりに、航空宇宙工学以外で例えばホバークラフトまたはエアボートから知られているような複数のダクテッドファンを、異なるサイズのものでも使用することが可能である。この種の実施形態では、プロペラを取り囲む円筒形ハウジングは、ブレード先端の乱流の結果としての推力の損失を大幅に低減することができる。適切なダクテッドファンは、水平または垂直に向けられ得るか、２つの位置間で回動できるように構成され得るか、または空気力学的な理由のために水平飛行中にルーバーによって覆われ得る。さらに、固定されたダクテッドファンによる水平推力のみの生成が考えられる。
さらに、航空機の好ましくは完全に自律的な運転に加えて、十分に資格を有する人間のパイロットに対して手動制御を許可することも考慮され、これにより、本発明による装置に操縦に関して最大限可能な柔軟性が与えられる。
本発明の１つの例示的な実施形態を図面に示し、以下の本文においてさらに詳細に記載する。
航空機の斜視図を示す。
図１は、本発明によるバッテリ−電気式航空機（１０）の１つの好ましい改良形態の構造的特徴を示し、その熱管理は、実質的に両側に配置された翼（１２）を介して調整することができる。
このため、駆動のために使用される高圧バッテリ（１１）に加えて、航空機（１０）は、飛行動作中にバッテリ（１１）内で不可避的に生成される熱ができるだけ均一に翼（１２）に分散されるようにバッテリ（１１）を翼（１２）に熱的に接続する熱伝導要素（図示せず）を有する。飛行中に周囲に対して強く流れる翼（１２）は、このように熱交換器として機能する。
伝導性金属板、シリコーン、マイカ、酸化アルミニウムまたは他のセラミック、ポリイミド（カプトン（登録商標））、金属フォイルまたはグラファイトフォイルが例えば熱伝導要素として使用され得る。
１０ 航空機
１１ バッテリ
１２ 翼

Claims (8)

  1. 垂直に離陸及び着陸することができる航空機（１０）であって、以下の特徴：
    前記航空機（１０）の胴体内に配置されるバッテリ（１１）、翼（１２）および熱伝導要素を有することと、
    前記熱伝導要素は、前記バッテリ（１１）内で生成される熱が前記翼（１２）に分散されるように前記バッテリ（１１）を前記翼（１２）に熱的に接続することと、
    前記熱伝導要素は、伝導性金属板又はグラファイトフォイルを含むことと
    によって特徴付けられる航空機（１０）。
  2. 以下の特徴：
    完全に電気式の駆動装置を有すること
    によって特徴付けられる、請求項１に記載の航空機（１０）。
  3. 以下の特徴：
    折り畳まれたまたは折り畳み可能な翼を含むこと
    によって特徴付けられる、請求項１又は２に記載の航空機（１０）。
  4. 以下の特徴：
    急速充電可能なバッテリシステムを含むこと
    によって特徴付けられる、請求項１〜３のいずれか一項に記載の航空機（１０）。
  5. 以下の特徴：
    離陸および着陸のための水平方向に固定されたダクテッドファンを含むこと
    によって特徴付けられる、請求項１〜４のいずれか一項に記載の航空機（１０）。
  6. 以下の特徴：
    ルーバーを有することと、
    前記水平ダクテッドファンは、前記ルーバーによって選択的に覆われ得ることと
    によって特徴付けられる、請求項５に記載の航空機（１０）。
  7. 以下の特徴：
    推進力を生成するための垂直方向に固定されたダクテッドファンを含むこと
    によって特徴付けられる、請求項１〜６のいずれか一項に記載の航空機（１０）。
  8. 以下の特徴：
    選択的に完全自律式に制御され得ること
    によって特徴付けられる、請求項１〜７のいずれか一項に記載の航空機（１０）。
JP2019123328A 2018-07-04 2019-07-02 航空機 Active JP6825049B2 (ja)

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