JP6813356B2 - 細胞培養のための3次元繊維状スキャフォールド - Google Patents
細胞培養のための3次元繊維状スキャフォールド Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2012年2月23日に提出された米国仮特許出願第61/602,337号および2012年11月8日に提出された米国仮特許出願第61/723,922号に基づく優先権を主張する2013年2月25日に提出された米国特許出願第13/775,536号の一部係属出願であり、2013年8月2日に提出された米国仮特許出願第61/861,632号に基づく優先権を主張するものである。
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所による契約番号RO1CA152005、および米国海軍研究事務所による契約番号N00014−10−1−0854の国庫助成により行われた。米国政府は本発明に関して一定の権利を有する。
本明細書に記載の発明は、3次元細胞培養スキャフォールドの分野に関する。
3次元(3D)培養は、生来のインビボ環境にある癌細胞を再現するので、腫瘍形成に寄与するプロセスを研究するための革新的アプローチをもたらす。腫瘍形成の重要性を仮定する裏付けデータの大部分は、2次元(2D)細胞培養系を用いて得られてきた。2Dにおける細胞は、腫瘍の3次元(3D)環境には相当しない、非自然的な機械的拘束および幾何的拘束を受ける。生化学的特性および機械的特性の間の複雑な相互作用は、2D培養において弱体化または損なわれることがあり、遺伝子発現およびタンパク質発現などの多くの重要な機能に影響を与えることがある。3D系の機械的特性、生化学的特性、および物理的特性に関する検討事項は、天然ECMを模倣することを目標としている。大きな利点の1つが、洗練された癌モデルの開発を可能にし得る、これらのパラメーターの制御により実現される迅速な実験的操作の可能性である。適切なプラットフォームと複合的な生物学的機能性を兼ね備えたテーラーメイドの3D細胞培養スキャフォールドにより、シグナル伝達経路の特異的誘導、異なる細胞型の選別、または癌細胞分化の制御が可能になるであろう。生体内と類似した構造的複雑性および機能的複雑性を保持する別個のしかし重要な特徴を全体に付与する既存の3D系の組合せにより、これらの3Dモデルはより洗練されるであろう。現在、腫瘍形成を研究するためのより現実的な腫瘍モデルおよび抗癌剤の効果的スクリーニングに対する大きなニーズが存在する。
明細書および特許請求の範囲において、単数形は、本文中で明確に単数でないことが記載されていない限り、複数への言及も含む。例えば、用語「細胞」には、その混合物を含む、複数の細胞が含まれる。
3Pスキャフォールドおよび3PCスキャフォールドの作製および特徴解析
適当な有機溶媒に溶解したブロック共重合体であるmPEG/LAおよびPLGAを電界紡糸することにより3Pスキャフォールドを構築した。さらに、3D環境の影響を比較するためにPLGA非修飾スキャフォールドを構築した。より具体的には、開環重合によりメトキシPEG−PLAを調製した。簡潔に述べると、3,6−ジメチル−1,4−ジオキサン−2,5−ジオン(LA)(Fisher社)を真空オーブン中、40℃で一晩乾燥した。1グラムのモノメトキシポリ(エチレングリコール)(mPEG)(MW 2000、Sigma社)を乾燥させた100mL三つ口丸底フラスコに添加し、真空下、80℃で2時間撹拌した。(それぞれ、3P 1:4スキャフォールドおよび3P 1:10スキャフォールドを作製するため)4グラムまたは10グラムの乾燥LAモノマー、および0.2wt%のオクタン酸第一スズ(Sn(Oct)2)(Sigma社)をアルゴンガスの保護下でフラスコに添加した。混合物を20mlの無水トルエンに溶かし、アルゴンガス下、140℃で5時間加熱した。重合体溶液を氷冷ジエチルエーテルに添加することにより、ジブロック共重合体の固体生成物を得た。生成物を、精製のために、ジクロロメタンに溶解して冷ジエチルエーテルで沈殿させ、これを2回繰り返した。最終共重合体を真空オーブン中、50℃で48時間乾燥した。
3Pスキャフォールド上でのスフェロイドの形成および成長
乳癌細胞MCF−7、乳癌細胞MDA−MB、乳癌細胞MCF−10A、前立腺癌細胞PC3、黒色腫細胞B16、卵巣癌細胞BG−1、およびルイス肺癌細胞LLCは全て、3Pスキャフォールド上でスフェロイドを成長させた。ある実施形態では、LLC細胞(5×103個)を単層、ネイキッドスキャフォールド、および3Pスキャフォールド上で1日目〜5日目まで培養した。単層およびネイキッドスキャフォールド上の細胞はスフェロイドを形成しなかったが、3Pスキャフォールド上の細胞は3日目からスフェロイドを形成し、5日目まで連続的にサイズが大きくなっていた。カルセインAM/EthD−1を用いて、生存細胞(緑)および死滅細胞(赤)について細胞を染色して、3Pスキャフォールド上の複数の生存細胞スフェロイドが示された(未掲載データ)。
形状と化学の特有の組合せによりスフェロイド形成が可能になる
スフェロイド形成に対する形状および化学の影響を調べるために、PLGA、PLAおよびPLGA/PEG、PLA/PEG、ならびにPLGA/PLA/PEGでコーティングしたガラス製カバースリップ上でLLC細胞を培養した。細胞は全ての基材上で増殖するが、PLGA/PLA/PEGカバースリップ上でのみスフェロイドへと自己組織化することが観察された。しかし、これらのスフェロイドは、より数が少なく、3日目にカバースリップから基材を分離した際に容易に解離した。PLA/PEG構造体上の細胞は、3Pスフェロイドで観察された明確な形および構造を欠く、巨大な組織化されていない(disorganized)細胞凝集体を成長させた。
スフェロイド形成はEMTシグナル伝達を誘導する
3Pスキャフォールドが腫瘍細胞を誘導して、無血管腫瘍の微小転移巣に類似した多細胞スフェロイドを形成したという発見に基づき、スキャフォールド上でのスフェロイド形成がLLC肺癌細胞株においてEMTを誘導するかどうかを調べた。続いて、結果を、PLGAスキャフォールド上で成長させた細胞および単層培養中で成長させた細胞と比較した。分子レベルでは、上皮間葉転換(EMT)は、細胞間接着分子であるE−カドヘリンの減少および間葉マーカーであるビメンチンの転写誘導によって定義される。
薬理学的介入はスフェロイド形成を抑制してEMTシグナル伝達を妨害する
EMTの制御修飾物質としての既知の抗腫瘍剤の効果を調べるために、MCF−7細胞およびLLC細胞をホスホチジルイノシトール−3キナーゼ(PI3K)経路阻害剤であるLy294002およびマイトジェン活性化プロテインキナーゼ(MAPK)経路阻害剤であるU0126で処理した。スフェロイド形成をこれらの薬物で阻害できるかどうかを決定するために、MCF−7細胞を、3Pスキャフォールド上で24時間培養した後にLy294002およびU0126で処理し、4日目のスフェロイド形成を観察した。全ての抗腫瘍剤が、3Pスキャフォールド上でのスフェロイドの形成および増殖を防止した(未掲載データ)。さらに、これらの化合物は、PLGAスキャフォールド単独上で培養した細胞および単層上で培養した細胞で観察されたのと同様に、細胞中のE−カドヘリン発現は維持しながら、ビメンチンの下方制御に効果的であった。これらの薬剤による処理が、完全に形成されたスフェロイドにおいてEMTを調節解除するかどうかを決定するために、培養したLLCスフェロイドに4日目に同濃度の薬物を投与した。ビメンチン発現の欠如と同時にE−カドヘリン発現が再度観察され、EMT阻害が示唆された。予想された通り、非処理スフェロイドはEMTマーカー発現に対して陽性であった。これらの発見は、PI3Kシグナル伝達およびMAPKシグナル伝達の両方が、3Pスキャフォールド上でのスフェロイド形成およびEMT発現に必要な性質である細胞骨格の再編成および細胞間接着に寄与する重要な経路であることを意味している。
3Pスキャフォールドを用いた薬物有効性分析
腫瘍を治療するための治療有効性をモニタリングする3Pスキャフォールドの能力を評価するために、LLCスフェロイドを種々の濃度のPI3K経路阻害剤Ly294002(1.0μΜ、0.1μΜ、および0.01μΜ)で処理し、24時間から96時間にわたるスフェロイドの生存率を評価した。スフェロイドのサイズおよび数の測定により、非処理スフェロイドと比較して、処理されたスフェロイドにおける用量依存的な細胞毒性反応が明らかになった。処理の24時間後、濃度1.0μM、0.1μM、または0.01μMのLy294002で処理されたスフェロイドは、非処理スフェロイドと比較して、平均してそれぞれ37.3±8.4%、22.0±10.9%、および17±12.5%のサイズ減少を示した。
遺伝子発現分析
EMTは、腫瘍転移に関連する主要なプロセスであり、遺伝子発現の全体的変化が関与し得る。スフェロイド形成により、3Pスキャフォールド上ではEMTが誘導されたが、PLGAまたは単層培養上ではEMTが誘導されなかったので、関与する基本的分子的機構を決定するために遺伝子発現分析を行った。この分析ではfocused EMT microarrayを用いて、細胞の遊走、運動性、および形態形成を仲介する細胞表面受容体、細胞外マトリックスタンパク質、細胞骨格タンパク質;細胞の分化、発生、成長、および増殖を制御するタンパク質;ならびにEMTおよびそれに関連する全プロセスに寄与するシグナル伝達タンパク質および転写因子タンパク質、をコードする84個の遺伝子の発現を調べた。
3PCスキャフォールドの特徴解析
電界紡糸された3PCスキャフォールド上で成長させた場合、腫瘍細胞が基本的形態を維持していることがSEMにより示された。さらに、Ki−67アッセイおよび生存率アッセイにより、3PCスキャフォールド上で成長させた場合(最大3日間)、腫瘍細胞が増殖し、生存可能であることが示された。3PCスキャフォールド上で成長させた腫瘍細胞は、単層上で成長させた細胞と比較して、ドキソルビシンに対する感受性が低かった。このことは、2D研究の結果が信頼できないことを示唆している。さらに、PLGAネイキッドスキャフォールドは生体適合性があり、高い腫瘍形成能を示すことが判明した。これらの観察結果から、これらの3Dマトリックスを癌研究のモデルとして用いることができると結論付けることができる。
移植マウス腫瘍の穿刺吸引物(FNA)の培養
LLC1細胞(5×105個)を野生型C57BL/6マウス(米国国立癌研究所)の側腹に皮下注射した。腫瘍形成を2週間モニタリングした後、穿刺吸引により腫瘍生検を採取した。簡潔に述べると、回転運動を利用して23ゲージの針を腫瘍に挿入し、組織培養培地を満たしたシリンジを取り付けて内容物を滅菌管中に排出することにより、組織サンプルを針から洗い流した。この処理を2回繰り返した。3つの採取した腫瘍試料をプールし、単一細胞懸濁液をスキャフォールド上で培養した。
3Pスキャフォールドを腫瘍生検の培養に利用できるかどうかを決定するために、移植マウス腫瘍のFNAの単一細胞懸濁液を3Pスキャフォールド上で培養した。図13および図14に示されるように、生検誘導類腫瘍(BIT)の平均直径は、1日目から5日目で、腫瘍細胞株を用いた実験で観察された割合とほぼ同じ割合で大きくなった。BITの免疫染色により、EMTの誘導を示唆する、E−カドヘリンの発現減少およびビメンチンの発現増大が示された(図15)。腫瘍細胞に加え、インビボの腫瘍微小環境(TME)に典型的な(Mallela et al., (2013) Stem Cells 31: 1321-1329)間質細胞の存在について、各細胞表面マーカーに対する抗体を用いた免疫染色によりBITを調べた。
Claims (5)
- (i)ランダムに配向した繊維の3次元スキャフォールドであって、前記繊維は、ポリエチレングリコール−ポリ乳酸ブロック共重合体(PEG−PLA)およびポリ(乳酸−コ−グリコール酸)(PLGA)を含む混合物から電界紡糸される、スキャフォールド;および
(ii)動物またはヒトの腫瘍から採取され、単一細胞化された、癌細胞および間質細胞の集団を含む細胞の集団であって、前記細胞の集団は、細胞培養培地中で事前にインキュベーションされることなく、前記スキャフォールド上に播種されている、細胞の集団
を含み、
前記PEG−PLAは、PEGとPLAを1:4〜1:10の重量比で含み、
前記混合物は、PEG−PLAとPLGAを1:2〜1:10の重量比で含み、
前記繊維の繊維直径は、0.69μm〜4.18μmであり、
前記スキャフォールドは、直径10μm未満の細孔を含む
組成物。 - 前記組成物が細胞培養培地中でインキュベートされ、前記細胞の集団が類腫瘍である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記類腫瘍が、前記動物またはヒト対象の腫瘍から単離されたが前記スキャフォールドの非存在下で培養された前記細胞の集団と比較して治療剤に対する耐性が増大している細胞の集団を含む、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- (i)ランダムに配向した繊維の3次元スキャフォールドに、動物またはヒトの腫瘍から取り出され、単一細胞化された、癌細胞および間質細胞の集団を含む細胞の集団を播種すること、ここで前記ランダムに配向した繊維のスキャフォールドは、ポリエチレングリコール−ポリ乳酸ブロック共重合体(PEG−PLA)およびポリ(乳酸−コ−グリコール酸)(PLGA)を含む混合物から電界紡糸されたものであり、前記細胞の集団は、細胞培養培地中で事前にインキュベーションされることなく、前記スキャフォールド上に播種され;および
(ii)前記播種された細胞の増殖が可能な条件下で、細胞培養培地中にて、前記播種されたスキャフォールドをインキュベートすることにより、類腫瘍を作製すること
を含み、
前記PEG−PLAは、PEGとPLAを1:4〜1:10の重量比で含み、
前記混合物は、PEG−PLAとPLGAを1:2〜1:10の重量比で含み、
前記繊維の繊維直径は、0.69μm〜4.18μmであり、
前記スキャフォールドは、直径10μm未満の細孔を含む
類腫瘍の作製方法。 - 動物またはヒトの腫瘍の細胞の増殖を調節する化合物を同定する方法であって、
(i)(a)ランダムに配向した繊維の3次元スキャフォールドに、動物またはヒトの腫瘍から取り出され、単一細胞化された、癌細胞および間質細胞の集団を含む細胞の集団を播種すること、ここで前記ランダムに配向した繊維のスキャフォールドは、ポリエチレングリコール−ポリ乳酸ブロック共重合体(PEG−PLA)およびポリ(乳酸−コ−グリコール酸)(PLGA)を含む混合物から電界紡糸されたものであり、前記細胞の集団は、細胞培養培地中で事前にインキュベーションされることなく、前記スキャフォールド上に播種され;および
(b)前記播種された細胞の増殖が可能な条件下で、細胞培養培地中にて、前記播種されたスキャフォールドをインキュベートすることにより、類腫瘍を作製すること
により類腫瘍を作製すること;
(ii)前記類腫瘍を、前記類腫瘍の細胞の増殖を調節する可能性が疑われる化合物と接触させること;
(iii)前記化合物と接触した前記類腫瘍の細胞の増殖を、前記化合物と接触していない類腫瘍の細胞の増殖と比較することにより、前記化合物が前記類腫瘍の細胞の増殖を調節するかどうかを決定すること
を含み、
前記PEG−PLAは、PEGとPLAを1:4〜1:10の重量比で含み、
前記混合物は、PEG−PLAとPLGAを1:2〜1:10の重量比で含み、
前記繊維の繊維直径は、0.69μm〜4.18μmであり、
前記スキャフォールドは、直径10μm未満の細孔を含む
方法。
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CA2919486C (en) | 2021-11-02 |
JP2016526912A (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
EP3027735A4 (en) | 2016-12-14 |
CA2919486A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
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