JP6579328B2 - Lighting device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a lighting device, and more particularly to a lighting device using a half mirror.

  Conventionally, by using a half mirror, a lighting device for a vehicle has been proposed in which a lighting device is made to shine in a metallic tone when a light source is not emitting light so as to obtain a high-class feeling and make it stand out (for example, Patent Document 1). reference).

JP 2005-142132 A

In the illumination device, when the half mirror layer is formed on the outer lens, the light transmittance is significantly reduced as compared with the case where the half mirror layer is not formed.
Therefore, in order for the lighting device to obtain a sufficient amount of light, it is necessary to increase the light transmittance of the half mirror layer or increase the light amount of the light source.
However, increasing the light transmittance of the half mirror layer makes it easier to see the interior of the lighting device through the half mirror layer during the daytime when the light source is not emitting light. There is.
In addition, when the amount of light from the light source is increased, an expensive light source with high light emission efficiency is required, and it is necessary to take strict heat dissipation measures for the light source, which increases the cost.

  The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and the object thereof is to make the lighting device shine in a metallic tone when the light source is not emitting light by using a half mirror to obtain a high-class feeling and make it stand out. Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a lighting device capable of improving the appearance of the daytime when the light source is not emitting light and enhancing the beauty at low cost.

  As a result of intensive studies in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have arrived at each aspect of the present invention as follows.

<First phase>
The first aspect is
A light source;
An outer lens that transmits the emitted light of the light source;
A half mirror layer formed on the outer lens,
The outer lens has a first region that intersects the optical axis of the illumination device, and a second region that is a region excluding the first region,
The half mirror layer is an illuminating device formed so that the light transmittance of the first region is higher than the light transmittance of the second region.

In the first aspect, since the half mirror layer formed on the outer lens is provided, it is possible to make the illuminating device shine in a metallic tone when the light source does not emit light, to obtain a high-quality feeling and to stand out.
And in 1st aspect, since the light transmittance of 1st area | region which cross | intersects the optical axis of an illuminating device is high, if the area of 1st area | region is set sufficiently large, even if it does not increase the light quantity of a light source, it is illumination. The amount of irradiation light along the optical axis of the apparatus can be sufficiently increased.
Therefore, an expensive light source with high light emission efficiency is not required, and it is not necessary to strictly take measures for heat dissipation of the light source, so that the cost of the lighting device can be reduced.

Further, in the first aspect, if the area of the first region is set to be sufficiently small, the inside of the lighting device becomes difficult to see through the half mirror layer of the first region even in the daytime when the light source is not emitting light. Appearance can be improved and beauty can be enhanced.
That is, the area of the first region may be set to an optimum area in consideration of the amount of irradiation light and the appearance of the lighting device.

<Second phase>
In a first aspect, the second aspect includes a metallic reflector that is disposed on the back side of the first region and reflects the emitted light of the light source toward the outer lens.
In the second aspect, during the daytime when the light source is not emitting light, the reflector can be seen through the half-mirror layer in the first region. As a result, it is possible to make the inside of the lighting device difficult to see, and the beauty of the lighting device can be further enhanced.

<Third phase>
According to a third aspect, in the second aspect, the light source and the end portion of the reflector are arranged on a back surface side of the second region in the optical axis direction.
In the third aspect, the end of the light source or the reflector is concealed by the second region, and the end of the light source or the reflector cannot be seen through the half mirror layer of the first region even in the daytime when the light source is not emitting light. The aesthetics can be further enhanced.

<4th phase>
In a fourth aspect according to the first to third aspects, the half mirror layer is formed on one side of the outer lens.
In the fourth aspect, since the half mirror layer only needs to be formed on one side of the outer lens, the manufacturing cost of the lighting device can be reduced as compared with the case where the half mirror layer is formed on both the front and back surfaces of the outer lens.

<5th phase>
According to a fifth aspect, in the fourth aspect, the layer thickness of the half mirror layer in the first region is smaller than the layer thickness of the half mirror layer in the second region.
In the fifth aspect, by utilizing the fact that the light transmittance is higher as the layer thickness of the half mirror layer is thinner, it is only necessary to make the layer thickness of the second region different between the first region and the second region. The light transmittance of the first region can be easily made higher than the light transmittance.

<6th phase>
In a sixth aspect, in the first to third aspects, the half mirror layer in the first region has a striped pattern.
In the sixth aspect, the light transmittance is increased when the half mirror layer is formed in a striped pattern, and the half mirror layer in the first region is simply formed in a striped pattern than the light transmittance in the second region. The light transmittance of the first region can be easily increased.

<Seventh aspect>
The seventh aspect is the first to third aspects,
The half mirror layer is
A first layer formed on the entire first lens side of the outer lens;
A second layer formed in the second region on the second surface side of the outer lens.

  In the seventh aspect, since the light transmittance increases as the total thickness of the half mirror layers formed on both the front and back surfaces of the outer lens becomes thinner, the light transmittance of the outer lens is such that the second layer of the half mirror layer is formed. The first region where the second layer is not formed is higher than the second region.

1 is an end view of a longitudinal section of a light emitting device 10 according to a first embodiment embodying the present invention. The end elevation of the longitudinal section of light-emitting device 20 of a 2nd embodiment which materialized the present invention. The end elevation of the longitudinal section of light-emitting device 30 of a 3rd embodiment which materialized the present invention.

Hereinafter, embodiments embodying the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In each embodiment, the same constituent members and constituent elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description of the same contents is omitted.
Moreover, in each drawing, in order to make the explanation easy to understand, the dimensional shape and arrangement location of the constituent members of each embodiment are schematically illustrated in an exaggerated manner, and the dimensional shape and arrangement location of each constituent member are the real thing. May not always match.

<First Embodiment>
As shown in FIG. 1, the illumination device 10 of the first embodiment includes an outer lens 11 (first region 11a, second region 11b), half mirror layers 12a, 12b, a housing 13 (accommodating recess 13a, opening 13b, plate). 13c), a reflector 14 (end portion 14a), a reflector 15, a light source 16, a mounting substrate 17, an optical axis L, a gap S, and the like, and is used as a vehicle exterior lighting device (for example, a fog lamp).

The outer lens 11 has a plate shape with a substantially uniform thickness, and includes a first region 11a disposed in a substantially central portion and a second region 11b that is a region excluding the first region 11a.
A half mirror layer (magic mirror layer, semi-translucent layer) 12a is formed on the back surface (back surface) of the first region 11a of the outer lens 11, and a half mirror layer 12b is formed on the back surface of the second region 11b of the outer lens 11, The half mirror layers 12a and 12b are integrally formed so as to be continuous.

The layer thickness of each half mirror layer 12a, 12b is substantially uniform, and the layer thickness of the half mirror layer 12a is formed thinner than the layer thickness of the half mirror layer 12b.
Since the light transmittance increases as the layer thickness of the half mirror layer decreases, the light transmittance of the outer lens 11 is set to be higher in the first region 11a than in the second region 11b.
Since the light transmittance and the light reflectance of the half mirror layers 12a and 12b are in a reciprocal relationship, the light reflectance of the half mirror layer 12b is higher than the light reflectance of the half mirror layer 12a.

The optical axis L of the illumination device 10 intersects the first region 11 a of the outer lens 11.
According to the traffic regulations relating to the vehicular lighting device, the first region 11a of the outer lens 11 is a region where the amount of light or the light emitting area related to the irradiation light of the lighting device 10 is defined, and the second region 11b of the outer lens 11 is defined as described above. This is an area where no

The housing 13 includes a box-shaped accommodation recess 13a whose front side is opened, and a plate-like portion 13c continuous with the opening 13b of the accommodation recess 13a.
The outer lens 11 covers the entire front side of the housing 13, the opening 13 b of the housing recess 13 a of the housing 13 is closed by the outer lens 11, and the plate-like portion 13 c of the housing 13 is substantially parallel with a gap S with respect to the outer lens 11. The end portion (not shown) of the outer lens 11 is attached and fixed to the plate-like portion 13 c of the housing 13.
In the housing 13, the inner surface of the housing recess 13 a and the surface of the plate-like portion 13 c are black or a color with low brightness close to black.
Reflectors 14 and 15, a light source 16, and a mounting substrate 17 are accommodated in the accommodating recess 13 a of the housing 13.
If the housing recess 13a of the housing 13 is completely closed by the outer lens 11 to form a liquid-tight structure, the contents in the housing recess 13a can be protected from rainwater and the reliability of the lighting device 10 can be improved.

The reflector 14 has a concave shape, and is fixedly mounted so as to cover the bottom surface and one inner surface of the housing recess 13 a of the housing 13.
The reflector 15 has a plate shape bent substantially at a right angle, and is fixedly mounted so as to face the reflector 14 and cover a corner portion of one side of the opening 13 b in the housing recess 13 a of the housing 13.
The light reflecting surfaces of the reflectors 14 and 15 are metallic.

The light source 16 is mounted and mounted on the surface of the mounting substrate 17.
The mounting substrate 17 faces the reflector 14 and is fixedly mounted at a position aligned with the reflector 15 on the inner surface of the housing recess 13 a of the housing 13.
The light source 16 is disposed at a position concealed by the reflector 15 in the optical axis L direction.
The portion of the housing 13 that is not covered by the reflectors 14, 15, the end portion 14 a extending in the vicinity of the opening 13 b of the housing recess 13 a of the housing 13, the reflector 15, and the light source 16 In the direction of the axis L, the outer lens 11 is disposed on the back side of the second region 11b.

As indicated by the arrow α, the light emitted from the light source 16 toward the reflector 14 is reflected by the reflector 14, then passes through the outer lens 11 and is irradiated to the front side of the illumination device 10.
Further, a part of the light emitted from the light source 16 toward the reflector 15 is reflected from the reflector 15 toward the reflector 14, and after being reflected by the reflector 14, passes through the outer lens 11 and passes through the front side of the illumination device 10. Is irradiated.

[Constituent Member of Lighting Device 10]
The outer lens 11 is integrally formed by injection molding of a resin material having sufficient translucency. Examples of the resin material include PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate), PC (Polycarbonate), and PC / ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). There are alloys, PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and the like.
Of the resin materials for the outer lens 11, PC is most suitable because it is inexpensive, has excellent injection moldability and weather resistance, and has high transparency.

The half mirror layers 12a and 12b are formed of a thin film of a metal material having high light reflectivity. Examples of the metal material include chromium, indium, aluminum, silver, gold, and alloys of these metal materials.
Examples of the method for forming the metal thin film to be the half mirror layers 12a and 12b include a plating method, a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) method, and a coating method using a paint containing metal powder.
Examples of the method of forming the half mirror layers 12a and 12b in different layer thicknesses include a method of forming a thick layer once by the above-described forming method (plating method, PVD method, coating method), or a plurality of times. There is a way to stack layers.

The housing 13 is integrally formed by injection molding of a resin material having sufficient strength.
As a method of making the inner surface of the housing recess 13a and the surface of the plate-like portion 13c in the housing 13 black or a color with low lightness close to black, for example, a coating method using an appropriate color paint, a resin material of the housing 13 is appropriately used. There are methods of adding pigments of various colors.

The reflectors 14 and 15 are integrally formed by injection molding of a resin material so as to have an opening from which the light source 16 is exposed, or formed by pressing a metal material plate material having high light reflectivity.
In a case where the reflectors 14 and 15 are formed of a resin material, a method of forming a light-reflecting surface in a metal tone includes, for example, a method of forming a highly light-reflective metal thin film using a plating method or a PVD method, There is a coating method using a paint containing a powder of a highly metallic material.

  The light source 16 may use any light source as long as a sufficient amount of light can be obtained. Examples of the light source include a semiconductor light emitting element (for example, an LED (Light Emitting Diode) chip, an EL (Electro Luminescence) chip, LD (Laser Diode) chip, etc.) and light bulb.

[Operations and effects of the first embodiment]
According to the illumination device 10 of the first embodiment, the following actions and effects can be obtained.

[1] Since the illumination device 10 includes the half mirror layers 12a and 12b formed on the outer lens 11, when the light source 16 is not emitting light, the illumination device 10 can be shined in a metallic tone to obtain a high-class feeling and stand out. .
And since the light transmittance of the 1st area | region 11a of the outer lens 11 which cross | intersects the optical axis L of the illuminating device 10 is high, if the area of the 1st area | region 11a is set sufficiently large, the light quantity of the light source 16 need not be increased. In addition, the amount of irradiation light along the optical axis L of the illumination device 10 can be sufficiently increased.
Therefore, an expensive light source 16 with high light emission efficiency is not required, and it is not necessary to strictly take measures for heat radiation of the light source 16, and thus the cost of the lighting device 10 can be reduced.

Further, if the area of the first region 11a of the outer lens 11 is set to be sufficiently small, the inside of the illumination device 10 becomes difficult to see through the half mirror layer 12a of the first region 11a even during daytime when the light source 16 is not emitting light. The appearance of the lighting device 10 can be improved and the beauty can be enhanced.
In other words, the area of the first region 11 a of the outer lens 11 may be set to an optimum area in consideration of the amount of irradiation light and the appearance of the lighting device 10.

[2] The illumination device 10 includes a metallic reflector 14 that is disposed on the back side of the first region 11 a of the outer lens 11 and reflects the emitted light of the light source 16 toward the outer lens 11.
During the daytime when the light source 16 is not emitting light, the reflector 14 can be seen through the half mirror layer 12a of the first region 11a of the outer lens 11, but since the reflector 14 shines in a metallic tone, the half mirror of the second region 11b of the outer lens 11 is illuminated. In combination with the glitter of the layer 12b, the inside of the lighting device 10 can be made difficult to see, and the aesthetics of the lighting device 10 can be further enhanced.

[3] In the illumination device 10, the light source 16 and the end portion 14 a of the reflector 14 are disposed on the back surface side of the second region 11 b of the outer lens 11 in the optical axis L direction.
Therefore, the light source 16 and the end 14a of the reflector 14 are concealed by the second region 11b of the outer lens 11, and the light source 16 and the light source 16 through the half mirror layer 12a of the first region 11a of the outer lens 11 even in the daytime when the light source 16 is not emitting light. Since the end part 14a of the reflector 14 cannot be seen, the beauty of the lighting device 10 can be further enhanced.

  [4] In the illumination device 10, the half mirror layers 12 a and 12 b need only be formed on the back surface of the outer lens 11, so that the illumination device 10 is compared with the case where the half mirror layers 12 a and 12 b are formed on both the front and back surfaces of the outer lens 11. The manufacturing cost can be reduced.

[5] In the illumination device 10, the layer thickness of the half mirror layer 12 a in the first region 11 a of the outer lens 11 is formed thinner than the layer thickness of the half mirror layer 12 b in the second region 11 b of the outer lens 11.
That is, by utilizing the fact that the light transmittance increases as the layer thickness of the half mirror layer is thinner, the thickness of the half mirror layers 12a and 12b in the first region 11a and the second region 11b in the outer lens 11 is merely different. The light transmittance of the first region 11a can be easily made higher than the light transmittance of the second region 11b.

[6] When the half mirror layers 12a and 12b are formed on the surface of the outer lens 11, when the external force is applied to the outer lens 11 from the outside of the illumination device 10, the half mirror layers 12a and 12b are damaged or peeled off. There is.
However, in the illuminating device 10, since the half mirror layers 12a and 12b are formed on the back surface of the outer lens 11, the above disadvantages can be avoided.

  [7] In the illumination device 10, the portion of the housing 13 that is not covered by the reflectors 14 and 15 is concealed by the second region 11 b of the outer lens 11, and even in the daytime when the light source 16 is not emitting light, it is half of the first region 11 a. Since the portion of the housing 13 cannot be seen through the mirror layer 12, even if the housing 13 is provided, it is possible to avoid the appearance of the lighting device 10 from being impaired.

[8] The housing 13 includes a plate-like portion 13c that is continuous with the opening 13b of the housing recess 13a. The plate-like portion 13c is disposed substantially parallel to the outer lens 11 with a gap therebetween. The surface is black or a color with low brightness close to black.
Therefore, it becomes difficult to understand the depth of the plate-like portion 13c of the housing 13 that can be seen through the half mirror layer 12, so that the plate-like portion 13c becomes difficult to see, and even if the plate-like portion 13c is provided, the aesthetic appearance of the lighting device 10 is impaired. Can be avoided.

Second Embodiment
As shown in FIG. 2, the illumination device 20 of the second embodiment includes an outer lens 11 (first region 11 a and second region 11 b), a housing 13 (accommodating recess 13 a, opening 13 b, plate-like portion 13 c), reflector 14. (End portion 14a), reflector 15, light source 16, mounting substrate 17, optical axis L, gap S, half mirror layers 21a and 21b, and the like, and used as a vehicle exterior lighting device (for example, a fog lamp).

The illumination device 20 of the second embodiment is different from the illumination device 10 of the first embodiment in that the half mirror layers 12a and 12b are omitted and the half mirror layers 21a and 21b are provided.
The materials and forming methods of the half mirror layers 21a and 21b are the same as those of the half mirror layers 12a and 12b.

The half mirror layer 21 a is formed in an appropriate striped pattern (for example, vertical stripe, horizontal stripe, oblique stripe, lattice stripe, etc.), and is formed on the back surface of the first region 11 a of the outer lens 11.
The layer thickness of the half mirror layer 21 b is substantially uniform, and the half mirror layer 21 b is formed on the back surface of the second region 11 b of the outer lens 11.
The half mirror layer 21a is an individual line forming a striped pattern, and the light transmittance increases as the exposed portion between the individual half mirror layers 21a increases.
Therefore, the light transmittance of the outer lens 11 is set so that the first region 11a is higher than the second region 11b.
That is, in the third embodiment, by utilizing the fact that the light transmittance is increased when the half mirror layer is formed in a striped pattern, the outer lens can be obtained by simply forming the half mirror layer 12a in the first region 11a of the outer lens 11 in a striped pattern. Therefore, the light transmittance of the first region 11a can be easily made higher than the light transmittance of the eleventh second region 11b.

Therefore, according to 2nd Embodiment, the effect | action and effect except said [5] can be acquired among the said effect | action and effect of 1st Embodiment.
In order to form the half mirror layer 21a in a striped pattern, a mask that covers an exposed portion between the individual half mirror layers 21a may be used by the above-described forming method (plating method, PVD method, coating method).

<Third Embodiment>
As shown in FIG. 3, the illumination device 30 according to the third embodiment includes an outer lens 11 (first region 11 a and second region 11 b), a housing 13 (accommodating recess 13 a, opening 13 b, plate-like portion 13 c), reflector 14. (End portion 14a), reflector 15, light source 16, mounting substrate 17, optical axis L, gap S, half mirror layers 31a and 31b, and the like, and used as a vehicle exterior lighting device (for example, a fog lamp).

The illumination device 30 of the third embodiment is different from the illumination device 10 of the first embodiment in that the half mirror layers 12a and 12b are omitted and the half mirror layers 31a and 31b are provided.
The materials and forming methods of the half mirror layers 31a and 31b are the same as those of the half mirror layers 12a and 12b.

The thicknesses of the half mirror layers 31a and 31b are substantially uniform, the half mirror layer 31a is formed on the entire surface side of the outer lens 11, and the half mirror layer 31b is formed on the back surface of the second region 11b of the outer lens 11. Yes.
That is, in the outer lens 11, half mirror layers 31a and 31b are formed on the front and back surfaces of the second region 11b, respectively, and the half mirror layer 31a is formed only on the surface of the first region 11a.
Since the light transmittance increases as the total thickness of the half mirror layers 31a and 31b formed on the front and back surfaces of the outer lens 11 decreases, the light transmittance of the outer lens 11 is higher in the first region 11a than in the second region 11b. Is set to be higher.
Therefore, according to 3rd Embodiment, the effect | action and effect except said [4]-[6] can be acquired among the said effect | action and effect of 1st Embodiment.

<Additional Notes Based on Description of Embodiment>
The technical ideas that can be grasped from each of the above-described embodiments and other embodiments will be described below.

[Supplementary Note 1] The illumination device according to the fourth aspect, in which the half mirror layer is formed on a back surface of the outer lens.
When the half mirror layer is formed on the surface of the outer lens, there is a disadvantage that the external mirror is damaged or peeled off when an external force is applied to the outer lens from the outside of the illuminating device. Can be avoided.

[Supplementary Note 2] A housing having the light source mounted thereon is fixed, wherein the reflector is accommodated in the housing, and a portion of the housing that is not covered by the reflector is a back side of the second region in the optical axis direction. The lighting device according to the second to seventh aspects or supplementary note 1, disposed in
In Supplementary Note 2, a portion of the housing that is not covered by the reflector is concealed by the second region, and the portion of the housing cannot be seen through the half mirror layer of the first region even during daytime when the light source is not emitting light. However, it is possible to avoid the appearance of the lighting device from being damaged.

[Supplementary Note 3] The housing includes an accommodation recess in which the light source and the reflector are accommodated, and a plate-like portion continuous to the opening of the accommodation recess, and the plate-like portion is provided with a gap with respect to the outer lens. The illuminating device according to attachment 2, wherein the lighting device is arranged substantially in parallel, and the surface of the plate-like portion has a low lightness color.
In Supplementary Note 3, the depth of the plate-like portion of the housing that can be seen through the half mirror layer is difficult to understand, so the plate-like portion of the housing is difficult to see, and even if the plate-like portion of the housing is provided, the aesthetic appearance of the lighting device is impaired. Can be avoided.

The present invention may be implemented by appropriately combining the above-described embodiments. In that case, the functions and effects of the combined embodiments can be combined or a synergistic effect can be obtained.
Further, the present invention is not limited to the description of each aspect, each embodiment, and the supplementary notes. Various modifications are also included in the present invention as long as those skilled in the art can easily conceive without departing from the description of each aspect, each embodiment, the appended claims, and the claims. The contents of publications and the like specified in the present specification are all incorporated by reference.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10, 20, 30 ... Illuminating device 11 ... Outer lens 11a ... 1st area | region 11b ... 2nd area | region 12a, 12b, 21a, 21b, 31a, 31b ... Half mirror layer 13 ... Housing 13a ... Housing recessed part 13b ... Opening part 13c ... Plate Shaped part 14, 15 ... Reflector 14a ... End 16 ... Light source L ... Optical axis S ... Gap

Claims (10)

A light source;
An outer lens that transmits the emitted light of the light source;
A half mirror layer formed on the outer lens,
The outer lens has a first region that intersects the optical axis of the illumination device, and a second region that is a region excluding the first region,
The half mirror layer is a lighting device formed such that the light transmittance of the first region is higher than the light transmittance of the second region ,
The half mirror layer is
A first layer formed on the entire first lens side of the outer lens;
A second layer formed in the second region on the second surface side of the outer lens;
A lighting device comprising: A metallic reflector that is disposed on the back side of the first region and reflects the emitted light of the light source toward the outer lens;
The lighting device according to claim 1. The light source and the end of the reflector are disposed on the back side of the second region in the optical axis direction.
The lighting device according to claim 2.   A light source;
  An outer lens that transmits the emitted light of the light source;
  A half mirror layer formed on the outer lens;
With
  The outer lens has a first region that intersects the optical axis of the illumination device, and a second region that is a region excluding the first region,
  The half mirror layer is a lighting device formed such that the light transmittance of the first region is higher than the light transmittance of the second region,
  The half mirror layer is a lighting device formed on one side of the outer lens,
  The lighting device in which the layer thickness of the half mirror layer in the first region is formed thinner than the layer thickness of the half mirror layer in the second region.   A metallic reflector that is disposed on the back side of the first region and reflects the emitted light of the light source toward the outer lens;
The lighting device according to claim 4.   The light source and the end of the reflector are disposed on the back side of the second region in the optical axis direction.
The lighting device according to claim 5. The half mirror layer in the first region is striped.
The illumination device according to any one of claims 4 to 6.   A light source;
  An outer lens that transmits the emitted light of the light source;
  A half mirror layer formed on the outer lens;
With
  The outer lens has a first region that intersects the optical axis of the illumination device, and a second region that is a region excluding the first region,
  The half mirror layer is a lighting device formed such that the light transmittance of the first region is higher than the light transmittance of the second region,
  An illumination device including a metallic reflector disposed on a back surface side of the first region and reflecting the emitted light of the light source toward the outer lens;
  The illuminating device in which the light source and the end of the reflector are disposed on the back surface side of the second region in the optical axis direction.   The half mirror layer is formed on one side of the outer lens,
The lighting device according to claim 8.   The half mirror layer in the first region is striped.
The lighting device according to any one of claims 8 and 9.

Images