JP6513086B2 - 癌治療法の決定のための腫瘍抗原 - Google Patents
癌治療法の決定のための腫瘍抗原 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、癌、特に乳癌、とりわけトリプルネガティブ乳癌の処置に関する。より具体的には、本発明は、特定の腫瘍抗原セットを含む癌処置のための方法および手段に関する。
乳癌は、胸部組織由来の癌の一種、最も一般的には、乳管の内層由来または乳管に乳汁を供給する小葉由来の癌の一種である。時には、乳癌は転移性疾患として現れる。転移の一般的な部位には、骨、肝臓、肺および脳が含まれる。乳癌の処置は、手術、薬物療法(ホルモン療法および化学療法)、放射線治療および/または免疫療法を含み得る。
発明の概要
本発明は、患者の大部分に発現されている腫瘍抗原の特定のセット(腫瘍抗原標的ポートフォリオ)を含む、癌、特に乳癌、とりわけトリプルネガティブ乳癌の処置のための方法に関する。特に、本発明は、腫瘍抗原標的ポートフォリオを標的とする癌ワクチンまたは腫瘍抗原標的ポートフォリオから選択される腫瘍抗原を投与することにより、癌患者に免疫応答を誘導するための方法に関する。好ましくは、本発明により患者に投与される癌ワクチンは、MHCが提示するエピトープが由来する該腫瘍抗原標的ポートフォリオの抗原を発現する細胞に対してT細胞を刺激し、プライミングし、および/または増殖させるのに適当なMHCが提示するエピトープを提供する。従って、本明細書に記載のワクチンは、該抗原の1つまたはそれ以上のクラスI MHCの提示により特徴付けられる癌疾患に対して、好ましくは、細胞応答、好ましくは細胞傷害性T細胞活性を誘導または促進できる。
本発明は以下に詳細に記載されるが、本発明は、本明細書に記載の特定の方法、プロトコールおよび反応材に限定されることなく、これらは変更可能であることが理解されるべきである。また、本明細書で用いられる用語は、特定の態様を説明するためのものに過ぎず、後に続く特許請求の範囲によってのみ限定され得る本発明の範囲を限定するものではないことが理解されるべきである。別段の定義がされない限り、本明細書で用いる全ての技術用語および科学用語は、当業者に一般に理解されているのと同じ意味を有する。
ER陽性/PR陽性乳癌は、受容体を遮断する薬剤を用いて治療され得て、例えば受容体をタモキシフェン(Nolvadex)で遮断するか、あるいは、エストロゲンの産生をアロマターゼ阻害剤、例えばアナストロゾール(Arimidex)もしくはレトロゾール(フェマーラ)で阻害する。しかしながら、アロマターゼ阻害剤は、閉経後の患者にのみ適している。このことは、閉経後の女性における活性なアロマターゼが、閉経前の女性における一般的な形態とは異なっており、そのため、これらの薬剤が、閉経前の女性の優勢なアロマターゼを阻害するのに有効ではないためである。
化学療法は、主に病期(ステージ)2−4の疾患に用いられ、特に、ER陰性乳癌において有益である。それらは、通常3−6ヶ月間組み合わせて用いられる。最も一般的な治療法の1つは、ACとして公知の、シクロホスファミド+ドキソルビシン(アドリアマイシン)である。ほとんどの化学療法薬は、急速に増殖している、および/または急速に複製している癌細胞を、複製もしくは他の機序の際にDNA損傷を引き起こすことにより破壊することによって作用する。これらの薬剤はまた、それらが重大な副作用を引き起こす、急速に増殖している正常な細胞も傷つける。心筋への損傷は、ドキソルビシンの最も危険な合併症である。ドセタキセルのようなタキサン薬剤が追加されることが多く、このレジメンはCATとして公知である。タキサンは、癌細胞内で微小管を攻撃する。同等の結果をもたらす別の一般的な治療は、シクロホスファミド、メトトレキサート、およびフルオロウラシル(CMF)である。
トラスツマブ(ハーセプチン)、HER2に対するモノクローナル抗体は、HER2増幅/過剰発現を有する患者でのみ有効である。しかしながら、トラスツマブは高価であり、患者の約2%は、重大な心臓損傷を受ける。他のモノクローナル抗体も臨床試験の段階にある。乳癌患者の25から30%は、HER2遺伝子の増幅を有するか、またはそのタンパク質産物を過剰発現している。乳癌におけるこの受容体の過剰発現は、増加した疾患の再発および予後不良と関連している。
図1:乳癌における腫瘍抗原発現の分析。
図2:トリプルネガティブ乳癌(TNBC)における腫瘍抗原発現の分析。3つの腫瘍抗原CXorf61、CAGE1およびPRAMEのみの組み合わせは、分析したサンプルの95%を示すのに十分である。
図3:乳癌サンプルにおける転写産物の分布を示すボックス・ウィスカープロット。CXORF61の転写産物の分布(図3A)、PRAMEの転写産物の分布(図3B)、およびCAGE1の転写産物の分布(図3C)は、サブタイプ(全ての乳癌:腫瘍)、TNBCサブタイプなし(乳癌:腫瘍)およびTNBCサブタイプの乳癌サンプルに区別なく示される。
図4:タンパク質レベルでのCXORF61の発現。
図5:CXORF61、CAGE1およびPRAMEの腫瘍特異性。
図6:CXORF61についてのT細胞エピトープの同定。
図7:CXORF61についてのT細胞エピトープとの特異性についてのT細胞受容体の試験。
図8:NGS分析から予測されるCXorf61転写産物配列。公知のCXorf61配列(NM_001017978.3)が示される。新しく予測された配列は太字で示す。
図9:CXorf61−iso1転写産物の存在は、PCRによって確認できる。RT−PCR分析を、以下のcDNA:1 正常精巣、2 MDA−MB468、3 MDA−MB231を使用して、示したプライマー(プライマー配列については、表1を参照のこと)を用いて行った。
図10:CXorf61−iso1は、正常組織で発現されない。示された正常組織(n=65)を、CXorf61またはCXorf61−iso1に特異的なプライマーを用いてqRT−PCRにより分析した。相対的発現を、ハウスキーピング遺伝子としてHPRTを用いてΔΔCt法を用いて計算した。
図11:CXorf61−iso1は、トリプルネガティブ乳癌組織で発現される。29個のトリプルネガティブ乳癌組織を、CXorf61−iso1に特異的なプライマーを用いてqRT−PCRにより分析した。相対的発現を、ハウスキーピング遺伝子としてHPRTを用いてΔΔCt法を用いて計算した。
図12:新たに同定されたCAGE1エキソンの位置。対照として、UCSCに記載されるCAGE1構造を用いた。発現分析に用いたプライマーの位置が示されている。配列番号45[新規エキソン1]:ライトグレー、配列番号46[新規エキソン2]、ダークグレー。
図13:正常組織における新規CAGE1イソ型の発現。CAGE1−Tron1の発現(黒カラム)およびCAGE1−Tron2の発現(灰色カラム)を、示した正常組織において、それぞれプライマー5527+4783およびプライマー4782+5540を用いてqRT−PCRにより分析した。陽性腫瘍組織を対照として用いた。相対的発現を、ハウスキーピング遺伝子としてHPRTを用いてΔΔCt法を用いて計算した。
図14:癌組織における新規CAGE1イソ型の発現。トリプルネガティブ乳癌患者からの34個の組織を、それぞれCAGE1−Tron1(プライマー5527+4783、黒カラム)およびCAGE1−Tron2(プライマー4782+5540、灰色カラム)に特異的なプライマーを用いてqRT−PCRにより分析した。相対的発現を、ハウスキーピング遺伝子としてHPRTを用いてΔΔCt法を用いて計算した。
ここで使用する技術および方法は、本明細書に記載されるか、またはそれ自体公知の方法で、例えば、Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Yに記載されているように実施される。キットおよび反応材の使用を含む全ての方法は、他に特記する場合を除き、製造者の情報に従って行われる。
腫瘍を有する患者の大部分によって少なくとも一部共有される腫瘍抗原セットを確立することが可能であるかどうかを、癌患者の広いスペクトルに適用可能なワクチン製剤のセットが提供され得ることに基づいて、評価した。
上記3つの転写産物の腫瘍特異性を、正常組織の大規模セット(n=65)におけるqRT−PCRにより分析した。図5に示すとおり、CXORF61の高発現(>30.000)が精巣でのみ検出され、PRAMEの高発現が精巣、子宮内膜および精巣上体で検出された。CAGE1は精巣でのみ弱い発現を示す。対照的に、ワクチン療法および他の免疫療法アプローチの一般的に認められた標的であるErbb2は、いくつかの正常組織において高い発現を示す。
CXORF61について、CXORF61に由来するペプチドに対してCXORF6で免疫化したHLA−A*02−トランスジェニックマウス由来の脾臓細胞の、エキソビボ反応性によりTCRエピトープが同定され、IFNγ−ELISPOTアッセイにより分析された。この目的のために、CXORF61由来のHLA−A*02結合ペプチドは、SYFPEITHYアルゴリズムを適用して予測された(図6A)。脾臓細胞を、CXORF61ペプチドプールまたは予測されたHLA−A*02結合CXORF61に由来するペプチドA2−1−6に対する反応性について分析した(図6B)。陽性対照:PMA処理した脾臓細胞;陰性対照:無関係のペプチドプール(HIV−gag)、無関係の九量体ペプチド(PLAC1−31−39)。2つのA2拘束性エピトープが同定された(ペプチドA2−2およびA2−4)。
腫瘍細胞株で発現されるが、正常精巣では発現されない、新規のCXorf61転写産物が、次世代シーケンサーにより同定された。この配列は、より長い3’UTRを有し、CXorf61オープンリーディングフレーム(ORF)を変更しない(図8)。
次世代シーケンサーを用いて、CAGE1配列における代替開始コドンを同定した。新たなエキソンの存在をRT−PCRおよび配列決定により確認した。RT−PCR分析を、トリプルネガティブ乳癌患者のcDNAを用いて、プライマー5274および5527(プライマー配列について、表2参照のこと。プライマー位置について、図12参照のこと)を用いて行った。増副産物をゲルから抽出し、配列決定した。
Claims (4)
- 患者から得られたサンプルにおいて腫瘍抗原セットの発現パターンを決定し、腫瘍抗原セットが発現しているとき、該患者を処置すべき患者として決定することを含む、トリプルネガティブ乳癌に対して処置すべき患者を決定する方法であって、該サンプルが癌細胞を含み、該腫瘍抗原セットがPRAME、CXorf61およびCAGE1を含む、方法。
- 発現パターンの決定が、腫瘍抗原の発現の定性的および/または定量的な測定を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 発現パターンの決定が、腫瘍抗原のRNAおよび/またはタンパク質の発現を測定することを含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- トリプルネガティブ乳癌において腫瘍抗原セットの発現パターンを決定するためのキットであって、該腫瘍抗原セットがPRAME、CXorf61およびCAGE1を含み、該キットが、該腫瘍抗原セットの各腫瘍抗原またはそれをコード化する核酸に特異的に結合する反応材を含む、キット。
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AU2014298504B2 (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2018-08-30 | Biontech Ag | Tumor antigens for determining cancer therapy |
WO2016180467A1 (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2016-11-17 | Biontech Cell & Gene Therapies Gmbh | Enhancing the effect of car-engineered t cells by means of nucleic acid vaccination |
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JP2007126442A (ja) | 2005-10-06 | 2007-05-24 | Kitakyushu Foundation For The Advancement Of Industry Science & Technology | 癌特異的抗原 |
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AU2014298504B2 (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2018-08-30 | Biontech Ag | Tumor antigens for determining cancer therapy |
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CA2919567A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
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