JP6357836B2 - Method for producing solid fuel and solid fuel - Google Patents
Method for producing solid fuel and solid fuel Download PDFInfo
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- JP6357836B2 JP6357836B2 JP2014074289A JP2014074289A JP6357836B2 JP 6357836 B2 JP6357836 B2 JP 6357836B2 JP 2014074289 A JP2014074289 A JP 2014074289A JP 2014074289 A JP2014074289 A JP 2014074289A JP 6357836 B2 JP6357836 B2 JP 6357836B2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
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Description
本発明は、バイオマスを焙焼（torrefaction）することによって得られる固体燃料の製造方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a method for producing a solid fuel obtained by torrefaction of biomass.
近年、化石燃料の枯渇化及びＣＯ２排出による地球温暖化への対策として、バイオマスを原料とする燃料の利用が検討されている。一般にバイオマスとは、エネルギー源又は工業原料として利用することのできる生物体で、代表的なものは木材、建築廃材、農産廃棄物等である。従来よりバイオマスを有効利用する方法が各種提案されている。その中でも、バイオマスを低コストで以って高付加価値物に転換できる有用な方法として、バイオマスを炭化して固体燃料を製造する方法がある。これは、バイオマスを炭化炉に投入して酸素欠乏雰囲気下で所定時間加熱して炭化処理し、固体燃料を製造するものである。 In recent years, as a countermeasure against global warming due to depletion of fossil fuels and CO 2 emissions, the use of fuels made from biomass has been studied. In general, biomass is an organism that can be used as an energy source or an industrial raw material, and representative examples are wood, building waste, agricultural waste, and the like. Various methods for effectively utilizing biomass have been proposed. Among them, as a useful method capable of converting biomass into a high value-added product at a low cost, there is a method for producing a solid fuel by carbonizing biomass. In this method, biomass is put into a carbonization furnace and heated for a predetermined time in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere to be carbonized to produce a solid fuel.
このようにして製造された固体燃料は、発電設備や焼却設備等の燃焼設備の燃料に用いられるが、この場合、燃焼効率を向上させるために固体燃料を細かく粉砕して微粉燃料として用いることがある。固体燃料は単独であるいは石炭と混合して粉砕されるが、バイオマスのうち木質系バイオマスは大部分が繊維質であるため、粉砕性が悪く、燃焼効率の低下、粉砕機の運転性低下等の問題があった。 The solid fuel thus produced is used as a fuel for combustion facilities such as power generation facilities and incineration facilities. In this case, the solid fuel may be finely pulverized and used as a finely divided fuel in order to improve combustion efficiency. is there. Solid fuel is pulverized alone or mixed with coal, but most of wood biomass is fibrous, so the pulverization is poor, the combustion efficiency decreases, the operability of the pulverizer decreases, etc. There was a problem.
特許文献１には、材廃材、間伐材、庭木、建築廃材等の木質系バイオマスを240℃以上300℃以下の温度で、15分以上90分以下の時間で熱分解した後に粉砕する方法が開示されている。加熱温度が240℃より低い温度であると破砕性、粉砕性が向上せず、300℃よりも高い温度であると破砕、粉砕時にサブミクロンオーダーの微粉量が増大して粉体トラブルを生じ易くなるため好ましくないとしている。 Patent Document 1 discloses a method of pulverizing woody biomass such as waste wood, thinned wood, garden wood, construction waste, etc. at a temperature of 240 ° C or higher and 300 ° C or lower for 15 to 90 minutes. Has been. If the heating temperature is lower than 240 ° C, crushability and pulverization will not be improved. If the heating temperature is higher than 300 ° C, the amount of fine powder on the order of submicron will increase during crushing and pulverization, and powder trouble will easily occur. Therefore, it is not preferable.
また、特許文献２には穀類、実、種子を含むバイオマスを酸素濃度1〜5％、処理温度350〜400℃で30〜90分加熱して炭化処理することで、石炭と同等の粉砕性を有する固体燃料を製造する方法が開示されている。 Patent Document 2 discloses that biomass containing cereals, berries and seeds is carbonized by heating for 30 to 90 minutes at an oxygen concentration of 1 to 5% and a treatment temperature of 350 to 400 ° C. A method for producing a solid fuel having the same is disclosed.
しかしながら、上記方法で製造された炭化物は、物質収率及び熱量収率が低く、石炭に比較すると粉砕性が不十分であり、石炭と混合して粉砕処理して微粉炭ボイラーの燃料として使用することが困難である。また、炭化物は嵩密度が低いので、取扱いや輸送コストの低減のために、ペレット状に成型する等の高密度化処理を行うが、その際の消費電力量の削減も課題である。 However, the carbide produced by the above method has a low material yield and a calorie yield, and is not sufficiently pulverizable as compared with coal. Is difficult. Further, since the carbide has a low bulk density, a densification process such as molding into pellets is performed for the purpose of reducing handling and transportation costs. However, reduction of power consumption at that time is also an issue.
本発明者等は、上記課題を解決するため鋭意検討した結果、木質系バイオマスを原料として、酸素濃度１０％以下で、かつ温度１７０〜３５０℃の条件下で焙焼（torrefaction）し、得られた焙焼物に滑材を添加し、嵩密度０．５ｇ／ｃｍ３以上に高密度化処理することにより、石炭と同等の粉砕性を有する固体燃料が製造できること見出した。また、滑材を添加することによって、高密度化処理する際の消費電力を低減できる。 As a result of intensive studies to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors obtained a torrefaction using woody biomass as a raw material at an oxygen concentration of 10% or less and at a temperature of 170 to 350 ° C. It was found that a solid fuel having pulverizability equivalent to that of coal can be produced by adding a lubricant to the baked product and densifying it to a bulk density of 0.5 g / cm 3 or more. Moreover, the power consumption at the time of a densification process can be reduced by adding a lubricant.
本発明の製造方法にて得られる固体燃料は、物質収率、熱量収率が高く、さらに石炭と同等の粉砕性を有し、高密度であるため、石炭と混合して粉砕処理して微粉炭ボイラーの燃料として高い比率で混炭して使用することできる。高密度化処理する際の消費電力を低減できる。 The solid fuel obtained by the production method of the present invention has a high substance yield and a calorie yield, and has a pulverization property equivalent to that of coal and a high density. It can be used as a fuel for coal boilers at a high ratio. It is possible to reduce power consumption when performing high-density processing.
本発明において、原料として木質系バイオマスを使用する。木質系バイオマスとしては、木材チップ、樹皮（バーク）、おが屑、鋸屑等が挙げられる。これらの木質系バイオマスはあまり利用されることなく、廃棄されることが多いのが現状である。特に、樹皮を原料として焙焼した場合、木部のチップと比較して良好な性質を有する固形燃料が得られることが判明した。樹皮は木部と比較するとヘミセルロースの含有量が少ないので、焙焼した後の物質収率が高くなる。樹種は広葉樹、針葉樹のいずれも使用できる。 In the present invention, woody biomass is used as a raw material. Woody biomass includes wood chips, bark, sawdust, sawdust and the like. At present, these woody biomass is not often used and is often discarded. In particular, when it was roasted using bark as a raw material, it has been found that a solid fuel having good properties can be obtained as compared with chips of xylem. Since the bark has less hemicellulose content than the xylem, the substance yield after roasting is increased. The tree species can be either hardwood or softwood.
本発明において、木質系バイオマスは０．１〜１００ｍｍのサイズに粉砕された粉砕物を使用することが好ましく、０．１〜５０ｍｍのサイズのものを使用することがさらに好ましい。なお、本発明において、木質系バイオマス粉砕物のサイズとは、篩い分け器の円形の穴の大きさによって篩い分けされたものである。木質系バイオマスを粉砕するための装置としては、ナイフ切削型バイオマス燃料用チッパーで粉砕処理することが好ましい。 In the present invention, the woody biomass is preferably a pulverized product pulverized to a size of 0.1 to 100 mm, more preferably 0.1 to 50 mm. In the present invention, the size of the pulverized woody biomass is obtained by sieving according to the size of the circular hole of the sieving device. As an apparatus for pulverizing the woody biomass, it is preferable to pulverize with a knife cutting type biomass fuel chipper.
本発明における焙焼（torrefaction）とは、低酸素雰囲気下で、所謂炭化処理よりも低い温度で加熱する処理のことである。通常の木材の炭化処理の温度は４００〜７００℃であるが、焙焼はより低い温度で行われる。焙焼を行うことによって、その出発原料よりも高いエネルギー密度を有する固体燃料が得られる。 The torrefaction in the present invention is a process of heating in a low oxygen atmosphere at a temperature lower than a so-called carbonization process. The normal carbonization temperature of wood is 400-700 ° C, but roasting is performed at a lower temperature. By performing the roasting, a solid fuel having an energy density higher than that of the starting material can be obtained.
本発明における焙焼の処理条件は、酸素濃度１０％以下で、温度１７０〜３５０℃である。酸素濃度が１０％を超えると物質収率、熱量収率が低下する。また、温度が１７０℃未満では後述する粉砕性が不十分であり、３５０℃を超えると物質収率、熱量収率が低下する。温度は２００〜３２０℃が好ましく、さらに２４０〜３００℃がさらに好ましい。ヘミセルロースは２７０℃付近で熱分解が顕著になるのに対して、セルロースは３５５℃付近、リグニンは３６５℃付近で熱分解が顕著になるので、焙焼の処理温度を１７０〜３５０℃とすることで、ヘミセルロースを優先的に熱分解して、物質収率と粉砕性を両立できる固体燃料を製造することが可能になると推察される。 The treatment conditions for roasting in the present invention are an oxygen concentration of 10% or less and a temperature of 170 to 350 ° C. When the oxygen concentration exceeds 10%, the substance yield and the calorie yield are lowered. Moreover, if the temperature is less than 170 ° C., the grindability described later is insufficient, and if it exceeds 350 ° C., the substance yield and the calorie yield are reduced. The temperature is preferably 200 to 320 ° C, more preferably 240 to 300 ° C. Hemicellulose is prone to thermal decomposition at around 270 ° C, whereas cellulose is prone to thermal decomposition at around 355 ° C, and lignin is prominent at around 365 ° C. Thus, it is speculated that hemicellulose can be preferentially pyrolyzed to produce a solid fuel that can achieve both material yield and pulverization.
本発明において、焙焼処理を行うための装置は特に限定されないが、ロータリーキルン、竪型炉が好ましい。なお、酸素濃度を１０％以下に調整するため装置内を窒素等の不活性ガスで置換することが好ましい。処理時間は１５〜１８０分が好ましい。 In the present invention, the apparatus for performing the roasting treatment is not particularly limited, but a rotary kiln and a vertical furnace are preferable. In order to adjust the oxygen concentration to 10% or less, the inside of the apparatus is preferably replaced with an inert gas such as nitrogen. The treatment time is preferably 15 to 180 minutes.
本発明で得られる固体燃料は原料に対して物質収率で６０〜９０％、熱量収率で７０〜９５％である。また、粉砕性の指標であるＪＩＳ Ｍ ８８０１：２００４に規定のハードグローブ粉砕性指数（ＨＧＩ）は３０以上が好ましく、４０以上がさらに好ましい。ＨＧＩが高くなるほど、粉砕され易いことを示している。ＨＧＩが３０〜７０の範囲であれば、石炭と混合して粉砕処理することが可能となる。石炭のＨＧＩは通常４０〜７０であるので、本発明で得られた固体燃料は石炭と同等の粉砕性を有している。 The solid fuel obtained by the present invention has a substance yield of 60 to 90% and a calorific yield of 70 to 95% with respect to the raw material. The hard glove grindability index (HGI) defined in JIS M 8801: 2004, which is an index of grindability, is preferably 30 or more, and more preferably 40 or more. It shows that it becomes easy to grind, so that HGI becomes high. If HGI is in the range of 30 to 70, it can be mixed with coal and pulverized. Since the HGI of coal is usually 40 to 70, the solid fuel obtained in the present invention has the same pulverizability as coal.
本発明において、焙焼物１００質量部に対して滑剤を０．５〜１０質量部を添加することが必要である。この範囲で滑剤を添加することにより、後述する高密度化処理において消費電力使用量を低減できる。滑剤としては、流動パラフィン、パラフィンワックス等の炭化水素系滑剤、ステアリン酸、オレイン酸アンモニウム等の脂肪酸系滑剤、ステアリルアルコール、多価アルコール等の高級アルコール系滑剤、ステアリン酸アミド、オレイン酸アミド、エチレンビスステアリン酸アミド等の脂肪酸アマイド系滑剤、ステアリン酸カルシウム、ステアリン酸亜鉛等の金属石鹸系滑剤、ステアリン酸モノグリセリド、ステアリン酸ブチル、ソルビタンエステル、グリセリンエステル等のエステル系滑剤、カルボキシメチルセルロース及びその誘導体、等を挙げる事ができる。これらの中では、ステアリン酸カルシウム、ステアリン酸亜鉛等のステアリン酸塩が好ましく、ステアリン酸カルシウムが特に好ましい。 In the present invention, it is necessary to add 0.5 to 10 parts by mass of a lubricant to 100 parts by mass of the baked product. By adding the lubricant in this range, the power consumption can be reduced in the densification process described later. Lubricants include hydrocarbon lubricants such as liquid paraffin and paraffin wax, fatty acid lubricants such as stearic acid and ammonium oleate, higher alcohol lubricants such as stearyl alcohol and polyhydric alcohol, stearamide, oleamide, ethylene Fatty acid amide type lubricants such as bis-stearic acid amide, metal soap type lubricants such as calcium stearate and zinc stearate, stearic acid monoglyceride, butyl stearate, sorbitan ester, ester lubricants such as glycerin ester, carboxymethyl cellulose and its derivatives, etc. Can be mentioned. Among these, stearates such as calcium stearate and zinc stearate are preferable, and calcium stearate is particularly preferable.
本発明における高密度化処理とは、焙焼された木質系バイオマスの粉砕物状の出発原料（焙焼物）をブリケットやペレット状に成型する処理のことを意味する。成型処理を行うことによって、嵩密度を大幅に高めることができる。高密度化処理する前の焙焼物の嵩密度は０．０１ｇ／ｃｍ３〜０．３ｇ／ｃｍ３程度であり、高密度化処理後の固体燃料の嵩密度は０．５ｇ／ｃｍ３〜１．０ｇ／ｃｍ３である。高密度化処理することにより、固体燃料として微粉炭ボイラーで燃焼させる際、石炭との混合比率を上昇させることができ、また、燃料の輸送コストを削減することができる。 The densification process in the present invention means a process of forming a pulverized starting material (roasted product) of roasted woody biomass into briquettes or pellets. By performing the molding process, the bulk density can be significantly increased. The bulk density before roasting object to be processed densification is 0.01g / cm 3 ~0.3g / cm 3 or so, the bulk density of the solid fuel after densification is 0.5 g / cm 3 to 1 0.0 g / cm 3 . By performing the densification treatment, when the solid fuel is burned in the pulverized coal boiler, the mixing ratio with the coal can be increased, and the transportation cost of the fuel can be reduced.
本発明において高密度化処理を行うための装置は特に限定されていないが、ブリケッター（北川鉄工所（株）製）、リングダイ式ペレタイザー（ＣＰＭ（株）製）、フラットダイ式ペレタイザー（ダルトン（株）製）等が望ましい。 In the present invention, an apparatus for performing the densification treatment is not particularly limited, but a briquetter (made by Kitagawa Iron Works Co., Ltd.), a ring die type pelletizer (made by CPM Co., Ltd.), a flat die type pelletizer (Dalton ( Etc.) are desirable.
高密度化処理後の固体燃料の嵩密度は、０．５ｇ／ｃｍ３以上とすることが必要で、好ましくは０．６ｇ／ｃｍ３以上にすることが好ましい。嵩密度が０．５ｇ／ｃｍ３未満であると固体燃料を燃料として微粉炭ボイラーで燃焼させる際、石炭との混合比率をあまり大きくすることが不可能なため、本発明の効果を最大限に得ることができない。 The bulk density of the solid fuel after the densification treatment needs to be 0.5 g / cm 3 or more, preferably 0.6 g / cm 3 or more. When the bulk density is less than 0.5 g / cm 3 , when the solid fuel is burned in the pulverized coal boiler, it is impossible to increase the mixing ratio with the coal so that the effect of the present invention is maximized. Can't get.
本発明における高密度化の処理条件は、水分を１０〜５０％とすることが好ましい。水分が１０％より少ないとブリケッターやペレタイザーの内部で閉塞が発生し、安定した成型物の製造ができない。水分が５０％を超えると成型することが困難で、粉体状またはペースト状で排出される。 The processing conditions for densification in the present invention are preferably 10 to 50% of moisture. If the water content is less than 10%, clogging occurs inside the briquetter or pelletizer, and a stable molded product cannot be produced. If the water content exceeds 50%, it is difficult to mold and it is discharged in the form of powder or paste.
本発明において、焙焼物１００質量部に対してバインダーを０〜５０質量部添加してもよい。バインダーは特に限定されていないが、有機高分子（リグニンなど）、無機高分子（アクリル酸アミドなど）、農業残渣（ふすま（小麦粉製造時に発生する残渣）など）等が望ましい。木質系バイオマスを効率よく有効利用することを目的としている観点から、バインダー添加部数は少ない方が望ましく、０〜５０質量部、より好ましくは０〜２０質量部が望ましい。ただし、５０質量部以上添加しても高密度化が不可能であるというわけではない。 In the present invention, 0 to 50 parts by mass of a binder may be added to 100 parts by mass of the roasted product. The binder is not particularly limited, but an organic polymer (such as lignin), an inorganic polymer (such as acrylic amide), an agricultural residue (such as bran (residue generated during the production of wheat flour)) and the like are desirable. From the viewpoint of efficiently and efficiently using woody biomass, it is desirable that the number of added parts of the binder is small, preferably 0 to 50 parts by mass, more preferably 0 to 20 parts by mass. However, even if 50 parts by mass or more is added, it is not impossible to increase the density.
以下に実施例及び比較例を挙げて本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらによって何ら限定されるものではない。なお、実施例、比較例中の％は特に断らない限り質量％を示す。 EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited by these. In addition,% in an Example and a comparative example shows the mass% unless there is particular notice.
［実施例１］
杉のチップをナイフ切削型バイオマス燃料用チッパー（緑産（株）製、Wood Hacker MEGA360DL）にて粉砕処理した。粉砕後、７０ｍｍのスクリーンを通過した樹皮を原料として、乾燥機で１２０℃、１０分間乾燥処理を行った。続いて大型キルン型炭化炉を用い、窒素パージして、焙焼温度３１０℃、滞留時間３０分で焙焼を行って生成物を得た。得られた生成物の水分を３０％に調整し、生成物の固形分に対してステアリン酸カルシウムを１％となるように添加した。続いて、フラットダイ式ペレタイザー（ダルトン（株）社製、ディスクペレッターＦ−５／１１−１７５型）にてダイ穴直径５ｍｍ、ダイ厚さ２０ｍｍのフラットダイを用いて高密度化処理を行い、嵩密度０．６５ｇ／ｃｍ３の固体燃料を得た。なお、嵩密度の測定方法は、ＪＩＳ Ｋ ２１５１の６「かさ密度試験方法」に従った。
[Example 1]
Cedar chips were pulverized with a knife cutting type biomass fuel chipper (Wood Hacker MEGA360DL, manufactured by Green Products Co., Ltd.). After pulverization, the bark that passed through a 70 mm screen was used as a raw material, and a drying treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes with a dryer. Subsequently, using a large kiln type carbonization furnace, a nitrogen purge was performed, and the product was obtained by roasting at a roasting temperature of 310 ° C. and a residence time of 30 minutes. The water content of the obtained product was adjusted to 30%, and calcium stearate was added to 1% with respect to the solid content of the product. Subsequently, a flat die pelletizer (Dalton Co., Ltd., disk pelleter F-5 / 11-175 type) is used to perform a densification treatment using a flat die having a die hole diameter of 5 mm and a die thickness of 20 mm. A solid fuel having a bulk density of 0.65 g / cm 3 was obtained. The bulk density was measured in accordance with 6 “Bulk density test method” of JIS K 2151.
［実施例２］
実施例１と同様にして得た生成物の固形分に対してステアリン酸カルシウムを５％となるように添加した以外は、実施例１と同様にして高密度化処理を行い、嵩密度０．６５ｇ／ｃｍ３の固体燃料を得た。
［比較例１］
ステアリン酸カルシウムを添加しない以外は、実施例１と同様にして生成物を得て、水分調整後、高密度化処理を行ったところ、嵩密度０．６５ｇ／ｃｍ３の固体燃料を得た。
[Example 2]
Except that calcium stearate was added to 5% of the solid content of the product obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, densification treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a bulk density of 0.65 g. A solid fuel of / cm 3 was obtained.
[Comparative Example 1]
A product was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that calcium stearate was not added. After the moisture was adjusted, a densification treatment was performed to obtain a solid fuel having a bulk density of 0.65 g / cm 3 .
表１に示されるようにステアリン酸カルシウムを添加した実施例１〜２の固体燃料は高密度化処理の際の消費電力を削減することが可能である。 As shown in Table 1, the solid fuels of Examples 1 and 2 to which calcium stearate was added can reduce the power consumption during the densification treatment.
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