JP6347850B2 - 薬物を含有したナノ粒子が結合された二重目的pat/超音波造影剤およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
薬物を含有したナノ粒子が結合された二重目的pat/超音波造影剤およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6347850B2 JP6347850B2 JP2016557079A JP2016557079A JP6347850B2 JP 6347850 B2 JP6347850 B2 JP 6347850B2 JP 2016557079 A JP2016557079 A JP 2016557079A JP 2016557079 A JP2016557079 A JP 2016557079A JP 6347850 B2 JP6347850 B2 JP 6347850B2
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Description
製造例1:ポルフィリンを含有する脂質の製造
porphyrin microbubbleのsubunitであるporphyrin−lipidsms lysophosphatidylcholineとpyropheophorbideのacylation反応により製造された。先ず、100nmolの1−palmitoyl−2−hydroxyl−sn−glycero−3−phosphocholine、50nmolのpyropheophorbide、50nmolの1−ethyl−3−(3−dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide、25nmolの4−(dimethylamino)pyridine、50μLのN,N−diisopropylethylamineを10mLのanhydrous dichloromethaneに溶かした後、常温で遮光した状態で、アルゴン環境で48時間反応させた。その後、全てのsolventを蒸発させ、残った残余物をthin layer chromatography(20×20cm pre−coated silica gel plate with fluorescent indicator、1.5mm thickness)で精製し、この時、thin layer chromatographyのretardation factor(Rf)が0.4を主要バンドにして抽出することによって精製した。精製方法は、diol modified silicaを用いてクロマトグラフィをした後、2%と5%のメタノールが含まれたジクロロメタンで不純物を除去し、8%のメタノールが含まれたジクロロメタンで精製した。精製されたpyropheophrobide−lipidは1μmolの濃度で分取し、窒素ガスを流すことによってドライさせ、アルゴン環境で−20℃で保管した。抽出されたporpyrin−lipid純度はhigh performance liquid chromatographyとmass spectrometry(条件:Phenomenex Jupiter C4 column、0.4mL/min flow from 25% to 95% acetonitrile followed by hold 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid、compound eluted at 32min、observed mass:1013.1)で分析した。
脂質としては1,2−disteraoyl−sn−glycero−3−phosphocholine(DSPC)、DSPE−PEG2000−NHS(1,2−dioleoyl−sn−glycero−3−phosphoethanolamine−n−[poly(ethyleneglycol)]2000−N−hydroxysuccinimide)、ポルフィリンを含有する脂質(porphyrin−lipid)、乳化剤としてはPolyoxyethylene 40 stearate(POE40s)を50:15:15:1のmolar ratioで混合してクロロホルムに溶かした後、ロータリーエバポレータを用いてクロロホルムを完全に蒸発させて脂質薄膜を形成した。その次に、蒸留水、プロピレングリコール、グリセリンを8:1:1で混合した後、それを脂質薄膜に添加した。温度を55−60℃に維持しつつ脂質を溶かした。SF6またはC3F8ガスを混合液が入った容器に入れて200kPaで充填した後、sonicationおよびmechanical agitationによってマイクロバブル(porphyrin−MBs)を製作した。
Human Serum Albumin(HSA)−40mgを1mLの蒸留水に溶かした後、パクリタキセル(5mg/mL)−100−200μLをHSAが溶けられたバイアルに混合した。KOHまたはNaOHを用いて混合液のpHを8.0−8.5に滴定した後、エタノール3−6mLを1mL/minの速度で前記混合液に滴定した。HSAが凝集して混合液が混濁する時、架橋剤の8%−グルタルアルデヒドを入れて反応させた。その次に、エタノールを完全に蒸発させた後、残った溶液を12000rpm、4℃、10minの条件で遠心分離させた。沈んだpelletを除いた残りのaliquotを除去し、また、粒子化されていないHSAおよびパクリタキセルを除去した後に蒸留水で洗浄した。3000rpm、4℃、5minの条件で遠心分離してマイクロレベルの大きさの粒子を除去して、100−200nm大きさのパクリタキセルが積載されたHSAナノ粒子(HSA−NPs)を抽出した。
HSAナノ粒子とポルフィリンを含むマイクロバブルを1:0.5−2の結合官能基のモル比で常温で2時間混合してアミド結合でナノ粒子をマイクロバブルに結合した。結合されていないHSAナノ粒子は遠心分離で除去し、実施例1の造影剤(porphyrin−MBs−NPs)を完成した。参考に、マイクロバブルの製作過程中に失われたNHSを補充させるために、事前にEDCとNHSを十分に追加して反応させ、遠心分離機で残余EDC、NHSを洗浄すれば、さらに結合効率を高めることができる。
前記製造例の方法により製造したポルフィリンを含むマイクロバブル(porphyrin−MBs)を比較例1として用いた(ナノ粒子がマイクロバブルに結合されていない)。
<実験方法>
実験方法1:超音波の撮影
超音波映像は、製作された0.5mg/mLのporphyrin MBs、porphyrin MBs−NPsを1/50倍希釈させ、アガロースゲルで製作したphantomに入れた後、2−5MHzのトランスデューサを用いて商用化された超音波診断機器で映像を得た。この時に用いられた診断モードはharmonic modeであって、超音波造影剤からの成分を検出し、放出された超音波の強さは0.1メカニカルインデックスのモードである。
Photoacoustic映像は、超音波映像実験と同一の濃度のporphyrin MBs、porphyrin MBs−NPsをチューブに入れ、700nmの波長のレーザを照射することによってデータを取得した後、matlabプログラムを用いて映像を復元した。
96well plateに細胞を約20000個seedingした後、パクリタキセルを基準に同一量の400nMを添加した後、超音波を造影したグループとそうでないグループに分け、各々、何の処理もしていないcontrol、PTX−NPsが結合していないfree−MBs、400nMのPTXが含まれたナノ粒子(PTX−NPs)、400nMのPTXが含まれたPTX−NPsが結合されているナノ粒子を用いて、各々に対して時間に応じた細胞死滅効果を検証した。細胞死滅程度はMTT assayを用いて定量的に分析した。
MDA−MB−231細胞をxenograftしたBalb/C nude mouseを用いて前記photoacoustic映像実験と同一の条件で行った。先ず、injectionする前のtumorを映像にし、それにporphyrin MBsをtail vein injectionによって0.5mg/mLのporphyrin MBsを200μL注入した後に映像を取得した。
図1は、抗癌剤(パクリタキセル:PTX)を含有しているhuman serum albuminナノ粒子(PTX−NPs)がporphyrin microbubbles(porphyrin−MBs)に結合されたことを意味するデータである。図1を参照すれば、porphyrin−MBs−NPsにPTX−NPsが結合される以前と以後の大きさ変化を示すデータであり、1.1±1.2μmの大きさ分布を示すporphyrin−MBsに190.1±52.6nmの大きさを示すPTX−NPsが結合された結果、1.6±2.5μmの大きさ分布を示し、ピークが移動することを見ることができる。図2は、porphyrin−MBs−NPsの結合有無をUV−vis spectroscopyで分析した結果であり、左側のデータは、porphyrin−MBsとporphyrin−MBs−NPsを測定したものである。Porphyrin−MBsの場合は、700nmの波長を示すporphyrinのピークだけが検出されたが、PTX−NPsが結合された場合は、227nmの波長のPTX−NPsが共に検出され、治療のための抗癌剤が含まれたナノ粒子(PTX−NPs)が結合されていることが分かる。図2の右側のデータは、抗癌剤(パクリタキセル)のナノ粒子の内部に積載有無を検証したデータであり、pureなパクリタキセルのuv absorption peak(227nm)がPTX−NPsから検出され、ナノ粒子への積載が効果的に行われたことが分かる。
図3は、本発明で開発されたporphyrin−MBs−NPsとporphyrin MBsのultrasoundおよびphotoacoustic映像を検証した結果であり、PTX−NPsが結合によって映像の効果が減少しないことを発見した。図3の左側のultrasound映像は、アガロースで製作されたphantomに1/50倍(concentration of porphysrin MBs−NPs and porphysome:10μg/mL)に希釈されたそれぞれのagentを2−5MHzのトランスデューサを用いて、映像を商用化された超音波診断機器を用いてultrasound映像を検出し、この時に用いられた診断モードはharmonic modeであり、porphyrin MBs−NPsから出るharmonic成分を検出した結果である。図3の右側のphotoacoustic映像は、tubeに1/50倍(concentration of porphysrin MBs−NPs and porphysome:10μg/mL)に希釈されたそれぞれのagentを注入した後、700nmのレーザを用いて映像を検出した。ultrasoundとphotoacoustic映像に、対照群としてphosphate buffer saline(PBS)を用いて、agentなしでは映像が検出されないことを確認した。
図4は、photoacousticの信号がporphysomeと比較してporphyrin MBs−NPsにおいて信号が増幅されたというデータである。各々、1/10、1/20、1/50、1/100倍(concentration of original solutions:0.5mg/mL)に希釈して映像を検出した時にporphyrin MBsの信号がマイクロバブルの形態になることによって増加したことを示し、1/50倍に希釈した時の映像において明確なintensityの差が現れる。前記実験方法2のPhotoacoustic映像を撮影する時と同様な方法により映像を取得した後、matlabプログラムを用いて映像のintensityを検出した。
図5は、acoustic信号を検出する時に用いられるトランスデューサの周波数帯域に応じて信号が検出される強さを分析した実験であり、左側のグラフは、porphyrin MBsとporphysomeを比較したデータである。低い周波数においてporphyrin MBsの信号のintensityは、porphysomeの信号と比較した時に5−12Mhzのトランスデューサでは約100倍増加し、2−5MHzのトランスデューサでは約60倍増加した。本実験は、前記実験方法2のphotoacoustic映像実験と同様に1/50倍に希釈されたporphysome、porphyrin MBsおよびfreeMBs(porphyrinが含まれていないmicrobubble)を用いてそれぞれの周波数帯域を有するトランスデューサを用いて信号を検出した。得られた信号をmatlab programを用いてそれぞれの得られたintensityを検証した。
図6は、製作されたagentをMDA−MB−231細胞における浸透効果を分析したデータであり、PTX−NPsにはFITCが結合されたbovine serum albuminを用いて粒子を製造してgreen colorの蛍光を検出し、microbubbleには親油性蛍光物質であるDiI−c18(red)を積載して蛍光を検出した。ここで、ultrasoundを造影したグループと比較してultrasoundを加えることによって、ultrasoundとmicrobubbleの共鳴に応じたcavitation効果により細胞内への浸透効果が増加した。細胞イメージ撮影はconfocal microscopyを用いてイメージ化した。
図7は、細胞における坑癌効果を時間に応じて分析したデータであり、何の処理もしていないcontrolを対照群に、free porphyrin MBs、PTX−NPs、porphyrin MBs−NPs(PTX−NPs−MBs)をultrasound(US)を造影したグループと造影していないグループにして進行をした。72時間後、PTXが含まれたグループであるPTX−NPsとPTX−NPs−MBsは60%以上の坑癌効果を示し、特にUSを造影したグループ(US+)はmicrobubbleが含まれたPTX−NPs−MBsグループにおいてmicrobubbleとultrasoundとのcavitation効果によって坑癌効果が増加したことを示した(前記実験方法3参照)。
(6h:control;100.00±11.11%、97.15±12.43%(US+)、free−microbubble;109.40±12.28%、94.64±15.11%(US+)、PTX−NPs;98.51±9.69%、93.31±7.16%(US+)、PTX−NPs−MBs;96.90±8.93%、92.32±7.16%(US+)
図8は、疾病動物モデルにおいて癌組織をphotoacoustic映像をしたデータを示す。注入する以前と以後のporphyrin MBs−NPsが血管に沿って循環することにより、血管においてphotoacoustic intensityが増加することを確認した。
Claims (14)
- 次のものを含む癌の診断及び治療を同時に目的とする二重目的(dual−purpose)PAT(Photoacoustic tomography)/超音波(ultrasound)造影剤:
(a)内部にガスおよびポルフィリン(porphyrin)を含むマイクロバブル、および
(b)前記マイクロバブルの表面に結合された抗癌剤を含有する直径10〜500nmのナノ粒子であって、アルブミンを含み、自己会合体(self−aggregates)を形成するナノ粒子。 - 前記ナノ粒子は直径が100−300nmであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の造影剤。
- 前記アルブミンはヒト血清アルブミンまたはその断片であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の造影剤。
- 前記薬物は、ドセタキセル(Docetaxel)、シスプラチン(cis−platin)、カンプトセシン(camptothecin)、パクリタキセル(paclitaxel)、タモキシフェン(Tamoxifen)、アナステロゾール(Anasterozole)、グリーベック(Gleevec)、5−フルオロウラシル(5−FU)、フロクスウリジン(Floxuridine)、ロイプロリド(Leuprolide)、フルタミド(Flutamide)、ドキソルビシン(Doxorubicin)、ビンクリスチン(Vincristine)、ゲムシタビン(Gemcitabine)、ストレプトゾシン(Streptozocin)、カルボプラチン(Carboplatin)、トポテカン(Topotecan)、ベロテカン(Belotecan)、イリノテカン(Irinotecan)、ビノレルビン(Vinorelbine)、ヒドロキシウレア(hydroxyurea)、バルルビシン(Valrubicin)、レチノイン酸(retinoic acid)系、メトトレキサート(Methotrexate)、メクロレタミン(Mechlorethamine)、クロラムブシル(Chlorambucil)、ブスルファン(Busulfan)、ドキシフルリジン(Doxifluridine)、ビンブラスチン(Vinblastin)、マイトマイシン(Mitomycin)、プレドニゾン(Prednisone)、ミトキサントロン(Mitoxantron)、シクロホスファミド(cyclophosphamide)、メクロレタミン(mechlorethamine)、デキサメタゾン(dexamethasone)、プレドニゾロン(prednisolone)、およびコルチコステロイド(corticosteroid)を含む群から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の造影剤。
- 前記マイクロバブルはポルフィリンを含み、ガス充填されたマイクロスフェア(microspheres)、ガス充填されたリポソームまたはガスフォーミングエマルション(gas−forming emulsions)であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の造影剤。
- 前記ナノ粒子は、チオール基(thiol)、アミン基(amine)ビオチン(biotin)−アビジン(avidin)によってマイクロバブルに結合されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の造影剤。
- 前記マイクロバブルと前記ナノ粒子の結合はナノ粒子と前記マイクロバブル表面におけるアミド結合(amide bond)であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の造影剤。
- 前記マイクロバブルの直径は0.1−10μmであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の造影剤。
- 次のステップを含む癌の診断及び治療を同時に目的とする二重目的(dual−purpose)PAT(Photoacoustic tomography)/超音波(ultrasound)造影剤の製造方法:
(a)ポルフィリンを含むマイクロバブルと、抗癌剤を含有する直径10〜500nmのナノ粒子であって、アルブミンを含み、自己会合体(self−aggregates)を形成するナノ粒子とを各々製造するステップ、および
(b)前記ナノ粒子と前記マイクロバブルを所定の比率で水に混合して反応させるステップ。 - 前記マイクロバブルを製造するステップは、乳化剤、ポルフィリン−脂質、脂質、NHSを備える脂質を有機溶媒と混合して脂質薄膜を形成するステップ、および
前記脂質薄膜を水に入れて水和させ、それにガスを注入および高圧に維持しつつ超音波処理するステップ
を含むことを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の造影剤の製造方法。 - 前記脂質薄膜を形成するステップは、乳化剤:ポルフィリン−脂質:脂質:NHSを備える脂質のモル比を5−10:15−30:60−75:15−30の範囲で添加することを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の造影剤の製造方法。
- 前記薬物を含有するナノ粒子を製造するステップは、
アルブミンを水に溶かした後、それに薬物を注入して混合物を製造するステップ、および
前記混合物のpHを7−9に調節した後にアルコール類を滴下するステップ
を含み、
前記ステップによって前記アルブミンが自己会合体(self−aggregates)を形成することを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の造影剤の製造方法。 - 前記反応ステップは、前記マイクロバブル表面に存在するNHSが水に加水分解され、マイクロバブル表面に残存するカルボキシル基と前記ナノ粒子に存在するアミン基がアミド結合するステップであることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の造影剤の製造方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子と前記マイクロバブルの混合比率は1:0.5−2の結合官能基のモル比であることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の造影剤の製造方法。
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