JP6335876B2 - マラリアに対するマイクロ粒子ワクチン - Google Patents
マラリアに対するマイクロ粒子ワクチン Download PDFInfo
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- JP6335876B2 JP6335876B2 JP2015503371A JP2015503371A JP6335876B2 JP 6335876 B2 JP6335876 B2 JP 6335876B2 JP 2015503371 A JP2015503371 A JP 2015503371A JP 2015503371 A JP2015503371 A JP 2015503371A JP 6335876 B2 JP6335876 B2 JP 6335876B2
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- polyelectrolyte
- polypeptide
- multilayer film
- antigenic
- epitope
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Description
本願は、2012年3月30日に出願された米国仮出願第61/617,998に基づく優先権を主張し、この米国仮出願はその全体が本明細書に組み入れられる。
複数の反対に荷電した高分子電解質の層を含む第1の多層フィルムを含み、前記多層フィルム中の高分子電解質層の1つは、第1の抗原性高分子電解質を含み、
前記第1の抗原性高分子電解質は、第1の高分子電解質に共有結合により連結されたPlasmodium falciparumスポロゾイト周囲(CS)のT1、B、またはT*エピトープを含み、
前記多層フィルム中の高分子電解質は、1,000より大きい分子量、および、分子あたり少なくとも5個の電荷を有する、ポリカチオン性材料またはポリアニオン性材料を含む。
複数の反対に荷電した高分子電解質の層を含む第1の多層フィルムを含み、前記多層フィルム中の高分子電解質層の1つは、第1の抗原性ポリペプチドを含み、
前記第1の抗原性ポリペプチドは、第1のポリペプチドに共有結合により連結されたPlasmodium falciparumスポロゾイト周囲のT1、B、およびT*エピトープを含み、
前記多層フィルム中の高分子電解質は、1,000より大きい分子量、および、分子あたり少なくとも5個の電荷を有する、ポリカチオン性材料またはポリアニオン性材料を含む。
T1: DPNANPNVDPNANPNV (配列番号1)
B: NANP (配列番号2)
T*: EYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVT (配列番号3)
である。
マウスおよび免疫:6〜8週齢のC57BL/6JおよびBALB/cのメスのマウスはジャクソン研究所から入手し、ニューヘイブンのノースイーストライフサイエンス社にて収容した。マウスは、使用の前少なくとも1週間、環境に馴化させた。ナノ粒子、マイクロ粒子、またはマイクロカプセルは、PBS中で所望のDP濃度に再懸濁し(例えば10μg/100μl/注射)、注射器への充填と免疫化の直前に10分間超音波処理した。マウスは、第0日、第21日、および第42日に、後足裏(f.p.)において、上記懸濁物を用いて免疫化した。陽性対照マウスは、CFA中(第0日)またはIFA中(第21日、第42日)のDPを用いて皮下(s.c.)において免疫化した。陰性対照マウスは、PBSで疑似免疫化した。
フォワード 5’-AAGCATTAAATAAAGCGAATACATCCTTAC-3’(配列番号4)
リバース 5’-GGAGATTGGTTTTGACGTTTATGTG-3’(配列番号5)
であった。
設計されたポリペプチドは、熱帯熱マラリア原虫CSのT1BT*多価ペプチドに基づくものであった。1つ、2つ、または3つすべてのエピトープの各組合せを、C末端においてK20Y(配列番号(SEQ ID NO)6)で修飾して、LbL粒子に組み入れるための設計されたペプチド(DP)を得た(図1)。最小エピトープペプチドおよびDPは、標準的な固相ペプチド化学を用いてACTの科学者によって合成された。ペプチドはRP-HPLCで精製し、アミノ酸分析によって定量化した(データは示していない)。
T1BT*K20Y:(DP-2062)(配列番号7)
DPNANPNVDPNANPNVNANPNANPNANPEYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVTSGNGKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
T1K20Y:(配列番号8)
DPNANPNVDPNANPNVDPNAKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
BK20Y:(配列番号9)
NANPNANPNANPNANPKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
T*K20Y:(配列番号10)
EYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVTSGNGKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
T1BK20Y:(配列番号11)
DPNANPNVDPNANPNVNANPNANPNANPNANPKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
T1T*K20Y:(配列番号12)
DPNANPNVDPNANPNVEYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVTSGNGKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
BT*K20Y:(配列番号13)
NANPNANPNANPEYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVTSGNGKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
CaCO3コアは、シンガポールのナノマテリアルズテクノロジー社から入手した(50 nm、中実、立方体)。PLLおよびPGAは、米国シグマ・アルドリッチ社から入手した。PLL、PGA、およびDPは、10 mM HEPES、pH 7.4に溶解した。反対に荷電したポリペプチドを、順次的な吸着ステップにて、CaCO3ナノ粒子コア上の多層フィルムへと自己会合させた。手短に述べると、PLL、PGA、およびDP(示されている場合)を、10 mM HEPES、pH 7.4中で1 mg/mlに溶解し、0.22μmフィルターを通してフィルター処理した。CaCO3ナノ粒子コアは、内毒素非含有水、および微量遠心機における1分間、16,000 x gの遠心分離を用いて、3回洗浄した。ナノ粒子コアを、第1層としてのPGA(1 mg/ml)中に、6%(w/v)にて再懸濁した。中性pHにおいては、PGAは負の実効電荷を示す一方で、CaCO3粒子は正の実効電荷を有し、従って、静電気的相互作用および第1層の首尾よい堆積が可能となる。この混合物を室温において10分間インキュベートし、それから、10 mM HEPESバッファーと、48,700 x gで1分間の遠心分離(TL-100超遠心機、ベックマン社)とを用いて2回洗浄した。第2層の堆積のために、ナノ粒子を、1 mg/mlのPLL(正電荷)中に6%(w/v)で再懸濁し、第1層の場合と同様に処理した。PGAとPLLとを交互の層に使用しながら、続く各層を同じ方法によって堆積した。示されている箇所では、DP(正電荷)をその示されている層について使用した。最終層の堆積後、仕上げられた粒子を洗浄し、使用時まで、湿ったペレットとして4℃または室温にて保存した。粒子の完全性および品質管理は表1に記載する方法を用いて監視し、具体的な構築物は表2において特定されている。
BALB/cマウスは、第0日、第21日、および第42日に、PBS(陰性対照)、CFA中10μgのDP(陽性対照)、または、T*エピトープ(ACT 1051(配列番号7)、ACT-1056(配列番号12)、ACT-1129(配列番号10)およびACT-1132(配列番号13))を含有する10μgのナノ粒子を用いて、f.p.を介して免疫化した。C57BL/6マウスは、第0日、第21日、および第42日に、PBS(陰性対照)、CFA中10μgのDP(陽性対照)、または、Bエピトープ(ACT-1052(配列番号9))もしくはT1エピトープ(ACT-1051(配列番号7)、ACT 1056(配列番号12)、ACT-1130(配列番号8)、およびACT-1131(配列番号11))を含有する10μgのナノ粒子を用いて、f.p.を介して免疫化した。すべてのマウスは第49日(第2ブーストの7日後)に採血し、群あたり3匹のマウスをELISPOT分析のために犠牲にした。ELISAの結果は、ACT 1051(T1BT*K20Y;配列番号7)およびACT-1132(BT*K20Y;配列番号13)が両方のマウスの系統においてT1BT*特異的抗体応答を誘導し、ACT-1131(T1BK20Y;配列番号11)がC57BL/6マウスにおいて控えめなT1BT*特異的抗体応答を誘導した一方で、ACT-1052(BK20Y;配列番号9)は検出可能な抗体応答を誘導することができなかったことを示している(図2および3)。いずれの血清も、ELISAにおいてB反復エピトープを認識しなかった(データは示していない)。
図2および3に示されているマウスのCD4+およびCD8+応答の特異性を決定するために、濃化されたCD4+およびCD8+のT細胞の、T1またはT*に対するELISPOT応答を試験した。第49日に、群あたり3匹のマウスを犠牲にし、脾臓細胞を採取して、磁気ビーズ濃縮およびautoMACS細胞選別機を使用してCD4+群またはCD8+群に分画した。各群の純度は90%超であった(データは示していない)。細胞は、IL 5またはIFNγのELISPOTプレート中で、示されているペプチドを用いて再刺激した。図5および6における結果は、ナノ粒子ACT-1056(T1T*K20Y(配列番号12))またはACT-1129(T*K20Y(配列番号10))による3回の免疫化が、BALB/cマウスにおいて強いT*特異的CD4+ T細胞応答を誘導した一方、ナノ粒子ACT 1056(T1T*K20Y(配列番号12))またはACT-1130(T1K20Y(配列番号8))による3回の免疫化が、C57BL/6マウスにおいて強いT1特異的CD4+ T細胞応答を誘導したことを示している。ほとんどの場合において、T細胞応答は、IFNγ(Th1)よりもIL-5(Th2)の方に偏っていた。すべての構築物は、いずれのマウス系統においても弱いCD8+ T細胞応答を誘導した。
別の実験において、群あたり7匹のマウスを、ナノ粒子ACT-1051またはその設計されたペプチドACT-2062(T1BT*K20Y(配列番号7))で免疫化し、それからPfPbによる攻撃を与えた。攻撃の2日後にマウスを犠牲にし、qPCRによる寄生体負荷の分析(NYU)のために肝臓RNAを抽出した。それに加えて、脾臓を採取して、IL-5およびIFNγのELISPOTにおいて、T1BT*およびT1のペプチドに対するT細胞応答についてアッセイした。図7は、免疫化されたマウスが、全長T1BT*およびT1エピトープのいずれに対しても弱いINFγ応答を呈したことを示している。驚くべきことに、ナノ粒子で免疫化されたマウスにおいては、強いIL-5応答が検出された。PBS群も2062/CFA群もこの応答を示さないことから、IL-5産生は感染単独によりもたらされた結果ではなく、感染に先立ったナノ粒子免疫化に関連したものだと見られる。
標準的な固相ペプチド化学を使用してペプチドACT-2062(T1BT*K20Y(配列番号7))を合成し、RP-HPLCで精製し、アミノ酸分析により定量化した。
それぞれDP 2062(T1BT*K20Y;配列番号7)が積載されたMP-1140、MP-1141、またはMC-1142を用いて、C57BL/6Jマウスを免疫化した。抗体応答はELISAおよびTSNAによって試験した一方、T細胞応答はELISPOTによって試験した。MP-1141 およびMC-1142は最も強力なLbL構築物であり、陽性対照マウスに匹敵する抗体価(図9)およびIFNγ+応答(図10)を誘導した。図9はまた、T1B ELISAの結果が、TSNAにおいて測定される機能的抗体活性のレベルと相関することも示しており(両方のアッセイにおける個々の血清力価のピアソン相関係数分析によりr2=0.79、P=0.0004)、機能的抗T1B抗体応答を測定するための迅速なスクリーニング方法としてのELISAの有用性を実証している。
マウスをMP-1141またはMC-1142で免疫化し、PfPb感染蚊による吸血に晒すことによって攻撃を与えた。攻撃の40時間後、qPCRを通じてP. berghei 18S rRNAのレベルを定量化することによって、肝臓における寄生体負荷を監視した。未感作で攻撃を受けたマウスとの比較における寄生体負荷の≧90%の低下を保護として定義した。MP-1141による免疫化は、10匹中8匹のマウスを保護して、処置群において平均寄生体負荷の94%の低下をもたらし(P<0.05、ウィルコクソン順位和検定)、これはフロイントアジュバント中のDP 2062で免疫化した対照マウスに匹敵していた(図11)。MC-1142による免疫化は半数のマウスを保護したが、PBS対照と比較して群平均寄生体負荷の有意な低下はもたらさなかった。
ELISAのために血清を採取したのと同日に(図12および13)、脾臓細胞を採取して、IFNγおよびIL-5のELISPOTプレート中においてT1Bペプチドで刺激した。ACT-1141またはACT-1142で免疫化されたマウスは、Th1(IFNγ)応答とTh2(IL-5)応答の両方を生じたのに対し、アジュバント中のDP 2062で免疫化されたマウスは、Th1(IFNγ)の方に偏った応答を生じた(図14)。
ELISPOTにおけるIFNγ分泌細胞の検出(図10)は、以前見出されたように、LbL粒子免疫化後の細胞傷害性エフェクターT細胞の活性化の可能性を示唆している。C57BL/6JマウスはCSタンパク質に対して強いCTL応答を生ずることができず、T*エピトープに含まれている既知のH 2d拘束性CD8+ T細胞エピトープが存在することから、BALB/cマウスを使用して、インビボCTLアッセイにおいてマラリア特異的細胞傷害性エフェクター細胞応答の発生を調べた。PBSまたはMP-1141を用いてマウスを免疫化し、7日後、関係するモノクローナル抗体の投与により、CD4+、CD8+、または両方のT細胞表現型を枯渇させた。翌日、インビボCTL活性を測定した。図15は、完全なT細胞群を有する免疫化マウスにおいては、T*がロードされた標的細胞の中程度レベルの死滅が検出されたことを示している。CD8+細胞の枯渇はインビボCTL活性を減少させなかったが、CD4+細胞の枯渇はエフェクター活性を完全に阻止し、このことは、T1BT*抗原を有するLbL MPを用いた免疫化はCD4+細胞傷害性エフェクター細胞を誘導することを示しており、ヒトのボランティアにおいてCD4+エフェクター活性を示した文献の結果と一致している。
LEFVKQIRDSITEEWSQCNVKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
配列番号15
KNNNNDDSYIPSAEKILEFVKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
配列番号16
KNNNNDDSYIPSAEKILEFVKQIRDSITEEWSQCNVKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
マラリアペプチドワクチンの臨床治験は、アジュバントが抗体応答および細胞性応答を有意に増加させることができるが、しばしば反応源性の増加という代償を伴うことを示してきた。より精確に自然免疫を標的とするTLRアゴニストの使用は、強力なアジュバントに関連する過剰な炎症応答を回避する助けとなり得る。合成リポペプチドTLR2アゴニストであるPam3Cysは、DPに直接組み入れることができることから、LbLアプローチにとって特に魅力的な自然免疫刺激因子である。様々なT1B構成を含む一連のDPを合成した(表4参照)。熱帯熱マラリア原虫スポロゾイト周囲タンパク質抗原T1およびBの配列は以下に示す。
T1:DPNANPNVDPNANPNV (配列番号1)
B:NANP (配列番号2)
SKKKKNANPNVDPNANPNVDPNANPNVDPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKY
Claims (23)
- 複数の反対に荷電した高分子電解質の層を含む第1の多層フィルムを含み、前記多層フィルム中の高分子電解質の層の1つは、第1の抗原性ポリペプチド高分子電解質を含み、
前記第1の抗原性ポリペプチドは、前記ポリペプチドのC末端および/またはN末端における1つまたは2つの表面吸着領域に共有結合により連結された熱帯熱マラリア原虫スポロゾイト周囲T1BT*エピトープを含み、前記表面吸着領域の少なくとも1つは、8つの負または正に荷電したアミノ酸残基を含み、
前記多層フィルム中の高分子電解質は、1,000より大きい分子量、および、分子あたり少なくとも5個の電荷を有する、ポリカチオン性材料またはポリアニオン性材料を含む、
組成物。 - 前記第1の多層フィルムは、第2の高分子電解質に共有結合により連結された熱帯熱マラリア原虫スポロゾイト周囲T1、B、またはT*エピトープを含む第2の抗原性高分子電解質をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記第2の高分子電解質は、ポリペプチドである、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記多層フィルムは、共有結合により架橋されている、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記共有結合による架橋は、アミノ酸側鎖官能基が関わるアミド結合である、請求項4に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の多層フィルムは、第3の高分子電解質に共有結合により連結された熱帯熱マラリア原虫スポロゾイト周囲T1、B、またはT*エピトープを含む第3の抗原性高分子電解質をさらに含む、請求項2または3に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の多層フィルムは、TLRリガンドをさらに含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記TLRリガンドは、前記第1の抗原性高分子電解質に共有結合により連結されている、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記第2および第3の高分子電解質は、ポリペプチドである、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- TLRリガンドが、前記第1、第2、または第3の抗原性高分子電解質に共有結合により連結されている、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の多層フィルムは、コア粒子上に堆積される、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 複数の反対に荷電した高分子電解質の層を含む第2の多層フィルムをさらに含み、前記第2の多層フィルム中の層の1つは、第2の抗原性高分子電解質を含み、
前記第2の抗原性高分子電解質は、第2の高分子電解質に共有結合により連結された熱帯熱マラリア原虫スポロゾイト周囲T1、B、またはT*エピトープを含む、
請求項1に記載の組成物。 - 前記第2の高分子電解質は、ポリペプチドである、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1および第2の多層フィルムは、コア粒子上に堆積される、請求項12または13に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1および/または第2の多層フィルムは、TLRリガンドをさらに含む、請求項12〜14のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記TLRリガンドは、前記第1および/または第2の抗原性高分子電解質に共有結合により連結されている、請求項15に記載の組成物。
- 複数の反対に荷電した高分子電解質の層を含む第3の多層フィルムをさらに含み、前記第3の多層フィルム中の層の1つは、第3の抗原性高分子電解質を含み、
前記第3の抗原性高分子電解質は、第3の高分子電解質に共有結合により連結された熱帯熱マラリア原虫スポロゾイト周囲T1、B、またはT*エピトープを含む、
請求項12〜16のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。 - 前記第2および第3の高分子電解質は、ポリペプチドである、請求項17に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1、第2、および第3の多層フィルムはコア粒子上に堆積される、請求項17または18に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1、第2、および/または第3の多層フィルムは、TLRリガンドをさらに含む、請求項17〜19のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記TLRリガンドは、前記第1、第2、および/または第3の抗原性高分子電解質に共有結合により連結されている、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の多層フィルムは、PBS中で37℃で24時間インキュベートされた場合にその高分子電解質の半分より多くを保持する、請求項1〜21のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 脊椎動物において免疫応答を誘導するための、請求項1〜22のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
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