JP6327215B2 - Gravity breakwater - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a gravity type breakwater such as a caisson type mixed levee.

  Conventionally, a gravitational breakwater in which a reinforcing support (sliding resistor) is installed on the back side of a dam body made of caisson has been proposed in which the reinforcing support is made of stone. The effect of increasing the sliding resistance has been shown by analysis and experiment (Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2). In addition, a structure in which solidified soil with cement is installed instead of stone (Non-Patent Document 3), a structure in which a support structure such as a steel pipe is vertically embedded in the ground (Patent Document 1), and the like have been proposed. Reinforcing effect has been verified.

JP 2014-101663 A

Supervised by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Port Authority, Technical Standards and Explanations of Port Facilities, Volume 2, Japan Port Association, 2007, p.838 Yoshiaki Kikuchi and two others, "Effect of backfilling on the stability of caisson", Report of Port Technology Research Institute, Port Technology Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, June 1998, Vol. 37, No. 2, p.29- 58 Shinsha Hiroshi, 2 others, "Centrifuge model experiment on horizontal resistance of caisson type hybrid dike using solidified soil as backfill", Civil Engineering Society Proceedings C (Geosphere Engineering), 2015, Vol.71 , No.2, p.69-80

  However, among the conventional technologies described above, the gravitational breakwater with the support part made of stone made of stone has a fixed mass and internal friction angle, so the resulting sliding resistance is determined by the installation of the support part for reinforcement. The upper limit is determined by the height. Also, if the covering block installed on the surface of the reinforcing support part peels off when a flow over the top of the breakwater acts, such as a tsunami, stone is likely to be washed away (scouring is likely to occur) There is a problem.

In addition, gravity type breakwaters that consist of a solid support soil for the reinforcement support part are difficult to pass through the water, so when waves or tsunamis occur during a typhoon, the gravel breaker mound, which is the foundation of the levee body, is inside. The flowing water flow is blocked by the reinforcing support, and the lifting pressure (force acting upward on the bottom surface of the dam body) acting on the levee body increases and the stability of the levee body decreases.
In addition, in the case of a gravity breakwater with a structure in which a support structure such as a steel pipe is vertically embedded in the ground, the water flow that flows in the rubble mound is blocked by the support structure, which increases the lifting pressure acting on the dam body. In addition, there is a problem that the material cost is higher than the case of installing stone.

  Therefore, the object of the present invention is to solve the problems of the prior art as described above, to have high sliding resistance against waves with large energy such as tsunami, and to suppress the lifting pressure acting on the levee body, thereby stabilizing the dam body. The object of the present invention is to provide a gravity type breakwater that is highly reliable and can be constructed at low cost.

The gist of the present invention for solving the above problems is as follows.
[1] A rubble mound (1) constructed on the bottom of the water, a dam body (2) installed on the rubble mound (1), and a reinforcing support provided on the back side of the dam body (2) ( 3) a gravity-type breakwater provided with a reinforcing support (3), a stone layer (4) provided in contact with the back surface of the dam body (2) and the rubble mound (1); Reinforced soil layer (5) which is composed of reinforced soil having a unit volume mass of 10 kN / m ³ or more and an adhesive strength after curing for 28 days of 10 kN / m ² or more and in contact with the back surface of the stone layer (4) ), And at least a part of the top end portion (40) of the stone layer (4) is exposed in water.

[2] In the gravity breakwater of [1] above, the reinforced soil constituting the reinforced soil layer (5) is a mixture of modifiers that cause a hydration reaction in dredged soil or / and soil. Gravity type breakwater.
[3] In the gravity breakwater of [1] or [2] above, the height of the stone layer (4) on the rubble mound (1) is at least 1/3 of the height of the dam body (2) Gravity breakwater characterized by that.
[4] The gravity type breakwater according to any one of the above [1] to [3], wherein the top end widths of the stone layer (4) and the reinforcing soil layer (5) are each 2 m or more. .
[5] The gravitational breakwater according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the upper surface of the reinforcing support (3) is covered with a covering block (6).

  In the gravity breakwater of the present invention, the water flow flowing in the rubble mound (1) can flow through the stone layer (4) from the top end (40) to the back side of the breakwater, Even when a tsunami or the like acts, it is possible to suppress a large lifting pressure from acting on the dam body (2), and high stability of the dam body (2) can be obtained. Moreover, the reinforcing support portion (3) includes a stone layer (4) and a reinforcing soil layer (5) made of a reinforcing soil having an underwater unit volume mass equal to or greater than that of the stone material and having an adhesive force (strength) equal to or greater than a predetermined value. Because of this composite structure, a higher sliding resistance can be obtained as compared with the case where the reinforcing support portion is made of only stone. For this reason, even when a large external force such as a tsunami acts, the stability of the breakwater can be ensured. Moreover, since the support part (3) for reinforcement can be constructed only with stones and reinforced soil, it can be constructed at low cost. Furthermore, since the dredged soil generated in a large amount by the port construction can be used for the reinforcing soil constituting the reinforced soil layer (5), the dredged soil can be effectively used.

The longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows typically one Embodiment of the gravity type breakwater of this invention A longitudinal sectional view schematically showing an example of a conventional gravity breakwater The longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows typically the gravity type breakwater of the Example of this invention

FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing an embodiment of a gravity breakwater according to the present invention.
The gravitational breakwater of the present embodiment includes a rubble mound 1 constructed on the bottom of the water (ground 7), a dam body 2 (dam body) installed on the rubble mound 1, and a back side (wave) of the dam body 2 When the receiving side is the front side, a reinforcing support portion 3 provided on the opposite side) is provided.
When the installation place of the gravity breakwater is a harbor, the front side of the bank 2 is the outside of the port and the back side is the inside of the port. The rubble mound 1 is constructed over the entire length of the breakwater installation site, and a plurality of heavy structures such as caissons are arranged on the dam body 2.

The reinforcing support portion 3 supports the dam body 2 on the back surface side and imparts sliding resistance, a stone layer 4 provided so as to contact the back surface of the dam body 2 and the rubble mound 1, and the stone layer. 4 is composed of a reinforced soil layer 5 provided so as to be in contact with the back surface 4 (slope 41). Here, the stone layer 4 is formed by stacking stone materials such as quarrel, and the reinforcing soil layer 5 is formed by stacking (laying) reinforcing soil.
At least a part of the top end portion 40 of the stone layer 4 (in this embodiment, the entire top end portion 40) is exposed in water. As a result, the water flow flowing in the rubble mound 1 can pass through the stone layer 4 from the top end 40 and flow to the back side of the breakwater, so even when a typhoon wave or tsunami acts, the levee body It is possible to suppress a large lifting pressure from acting on 2 and to obtain high stability of the dam body 2.

As the stone material constituting the stone layer 4, natural stone material (sparing stone) is generally used. For example, a concrete block, a carbonate solid body block using steel slag as a main raw material, and a hydrated hardened body using steel production slag as a main raw material. Artificial stone materials such as blocks (for example, steel slag hydrated solid bodies) may be used, and one or more of these materials including natural stone materials can be used.
Although the magnitude | size of the stone material which comprises the stone layer 4 is arbitrary, the thing of about 10-200 kg is used normally.

The reinforcing soil layer 5 is provided at the same height as the stone layer 4 so as to be in contact with the back surface (slope 41) of the stone layer 4. The reinforced soil layer 5 is composed of reinforced soil having a unit volume mass in water of 10 kN / m ³ or more and an adhesive strength after curing for 28 days of 10 kN / m ² or more. The adhesive strength of the reinforced soil is calculated by ½ of the uniaxial compressive strength obtained in the uniaxial compression test of soil (JIS A1216: 2009) for the sample (test specimen) after 28 days of curing.

The condition of the reinforced soil is obtained as follows.
The resistance force of the sliding resistor (reinforcing support portion 3 in the present invention) is determined by its mass and the strength of the resistor (here, adhesive force). Therefore, the mass of the reinforcing soil is preferably equal to or higher than that of stone. For this reason, the unit volume mass of the reinforced soil in water shall be 10 kN / m < ³ > or more. Further, since the sliding resistance of the reinforcing support 3 increases as the unit volume mass of the reinforcing soil in water increases, it is preferable from this viewpoint that the unit volume mass of the reinforcing soil in water is larger (for example, 13 kN / m ³ or more). However, about 17 kN / m ³ is a practical upper limit due to restrictions such as the mixing ratio of modifiers in the production of reinforced soil (about 70% is the upper limit for granular materials).

The strength condition of the reinforced soil was determined based on the following sliding resistance calculation formula.

A case is assumed where a tsunami wave force having a wave height of 10 m is applied to the dam body 2 having a standard size of 19 m on the front side and 17 m on the back side. When the reinforcing support 3 is not provided on the back side of the levee body 2, the sliding resistance is insufficient by 988.85 kN / m in order to satisfy the sliding safety factor of 1.2 or more which is a design standard. In the gravity type breakwater of the present invention, when the installation height of the reinforcing support 3 is 10.5 m, the top end width of the reinforcing soil layer 5 is 2 m, and the top end width of the stone layer 4 is 2 m, When the unit volume mass is 10 kN / m ³ , the adhesive strength is 10 kN / m ² (uniaxial compressive strength 20 kN / m ² ), the stone unit volume mass in water is 10 kN / m ³ , and the internal friction angle is 40 degrees, sliding The resistance force is as follows and satisfies the above-mentioned requirements.

Further, if the uniaxial compressive strength of the reinforced soil is less than 20 kN / m ² , the reinforced soil layer 5 may not be able to support the covering block placed thereon, and therefore the strength is 20 kN / m ² or more. There is a need to.
For the above reasons, the adhesive strength of the reinforced soil after curing for 28 days is set to 10 kN / m ² or more. In addition, since the sliding resistance of the reinforcing support 3 increases as the adhesive strength of the reinforcing soil increases, the adhesive strength of the reinforcing soil is higher from this viewpoint (for example, preferably 30 kN / m ² or more, more preferably 50 kN / m ² or more) is preferable, but usually the height of the reinforced soil layer 5 is set to 1/3 or more of the height of the dam body ^2, so about 100 kN / m ² may be set as a substantial upper limit. .

Any material can be used as the reinforcing soil constituting the reinforcing soil layer 5 as long as it satisfies the above-mentioned unit volume mass in water and adhesive strength, but it develops strength by a hydration reaction. Examples of the reinforced soil include mixed soil obtained by mixing dredged soil and / or a modifying material (hydraulic solidifying material) that causes a hydration reaction. In the present invention, this mixed soil is preferably used as the reinforced soil. it can.
The clay may be subjected to a drying process (for example, sun drying) or a dehydration process (a method of dehydrating and reducing the volume after adding a chemical to agglomerate). The earth and sand may be construction residual soil. The modifying material is not particularly limited as long as it causes a hydration reaction, and examples thereof include steel slag such as cement, lime, and steelmaking slag, and concrete waste, and one or more of these are used. be able to.
The uniaxial compressive strength of the reinforced soil can be adjusted by selecting the type and amount of the modifier.

  Steel slag used as a modifier is blast furnace slow-cooled slag generated in a blast furnace (however, this blast furnace slow-cooled slag is preferably sufficiently aged to prevent elution of sulfide in water), hot metal Steelmaking slag generated in processes such as pretreatment, converter decarburization refining, casting, electric furnace refining, etc. Etc.), ore reduction slag, etc., and two or more of these may be used. Among these slags, steel slag is particularly preferable, and among these, decarburization slag (converter slag) and dephosphorization slag are particularly suitable. In order to obtain a sufficient effect, it is preferable to use a slag having a granular shape.

The installation mode of the stone layer 4 and the reinforced soil layer 5 is not particularly limited except the above points, but the following installation mode is particularly preferable.
As shown in FIG. 1, the stone layer 4 is preferably provided so that the lower surface of the stone layer is in contact with the entire rubble mound portion 10 on the back side of the dam body 2 and the bottom portion 8 in the vicinity of the rubble mound 1. .
The height h of the stone layer 4 on the rubble mound 1 (the height of the top end 40) is the height H of the dam body 2 (the highest dam body portion from the rubble mound 1) from the functional aspect as a sliding resistor. It is preferable that it is 1/3 or more of the height.

The width w ₁ (top edge width) of the top end portion 40 of the stone layer 4 is 2 m so that the water flow flowing in the rubble mound 1 can smoothly escape from the top end portion 40 through the stone layer 4. The above is preferable. However, it is preferable to set the upper limit to about 5 m in order to prevent the stone layer 4 from having a large cross section and increasing the production cost.
The slope of the slope 41 (back surface) of the stone layer 4 is preferably about 1: 1.2 to 1: 1.5. If the slope of the slope 41 is greater than 1: 1.2, the stone material may collapse depending on the internal friction angle of the stone material. On the other hand, if the slope of the slope 41 is smaller than 1: 1.5, the cross section of the stone layer 4 becomes large, so that the creation cost increases.

The width w ₂ (top edge width) of the top end portion 50 of the reinforced soil layer 5 is preferably 2 m or more from the standpoint of stability of the reinforced soil layer 5. However, it is preferable to set the upper limit to about 5 m in order to prevent the reinforced soil layer 5 from having a large cross section and increasing the creation cost.
The slope of the slope 51 (back surface) of the reinforced soil layer 5 has an upper limit of about 1: 3 due to construction restrictions, but in order to suppress an increase in the creation cost due to a large cross section of the reinforced soil layer 5, The lower limit is preferably about 1: 5.
Although not shown, the upper surface of the reinforcing support 3 is usually covered with a covering block 6 (see FIG. 5) in order to prevent the stones and the reinforcing soil constituting the reinforcing support 3 (the stone layer 4 and the reinforcing soil layer 5) from flowing out. 3) and the upper surface of the rubble mound portion on the front side of the dam body 2 is also covered with a covering block or a root block (see FIG. 3).

  It should be noted that the size of the levee body 2 and the rubble mound 1 that supports it differs depending on the water depth of the sea area where it is installed and the assumed wave height, etc. -The width between the back surfaces is about 10-20 m, the height is about 15-25 m, and the rubble mound 1 has a width (width between the front surface and the back surface) of about 40-60 m and a thickness of about 3-10 m. Many.

For comparison, FIG. 2 (longitudinal sectional view) shows a conventional gravity breakwater in which the reinforcing support portion is made of only stone (sparing stone).
In the gravity breakwater of the present invention, the water flow flowing in the rubble mound 1 can flow through the stone layer 4 from the top end 40 to the back side of the breakwater, so that when a typhoon wave or tsunami acts However, it is possible to suppress a large lifting pressure from acting on the levee body 2 and to obtain high stability of the dam body 2. In addition, the reinforcing support 3 is a composite of the stone layer 4 and the reinforcing soil layer 5 made of the reinforcing soil having the above-described unit volume mass in water equal to or greater than that of the stone and having an adhesive force (strength) equal to or greater than a predetermined value. Due to the structure, it is possible to obtain a higher sliding resistance as compared with a reinforcing support portion made of only stone as shown in FIG. That is, the reinforced soil layer 5 made of the reinforced soil having a unit volume mass in water equal to or greater than that of the stone and having an adhesive strength of 10 kN / m ² or more has a higher sliding resistance than the reinforced layer made of only the stone. Since the support part 3 is a composite structure of the stone layer 4 and the reinforced soil layer 5, a high sliding resistance can be obtained.

The gravity type breakwater of the present invention as shown in FIG. 3 was installed in the sea area of envy average high tide surface +0.5 m and water depth 16.5 m. In this gravity type breakwater, the thickness of the rubble mound 1 was 3 m, and the dike body 2 was 19 m in width and 19 m in height to the top of the parapet. The installation height of the stone layer 4 and the reinforcing soil layer 5 was 6.5 m from the top of the rubble mound 1, the top end width of the stone layer 4 was 4 m, and the top end width of the reinforcing soil layer 5 was 3 m. The slope of the stone layer 4 was 1: 1.5, and the slope of the reinforced soil layer 5 was 1: 3. In order to ensure that sliding resistance can be exerted even with a small amount of reinforced soil, the unit volume mass in water is preferably greater than that of stone. In this embodiment, steelmaking slag (modifier) is mixed with the clay and 70 volumes of clay is obtained. %, Mixed soil made of steelmaking slag 30% by volume was used. Results of the indoor formulations tested, the mixed soil, the water unit volume mass 10.0kN ^/ m 3, 28 days uniaxial compressive strength after curing was 160 kN / ^{m 2} (adhesive strength 80kN / ^{m 2).}

Assuming a tsunami with a wave height of 10 m, the sliding resistance is 3292.70 kN / m against the resultant wave force of 2724.12 kN / m (of which the sliding resistance of the reinforced soil layer 5 is 1012.50 kN / m) The sliding safety factor of 1.2, which is a design standard, was satisfied.
Calculation for the case where a reinforcing support (stone layer) consisting only of stone (underwater unit volume mass 10.0 kN / m ³ , internal friction angle φ = 40 °) is provided as in the conventional gravity breakwater shown in FIG. As a result, when the installation height of the reinforcing support portion is 6.5 m, the upper limit of the sliding resistance is 971.52 kN / m, and the safety factor of 1.2 is satisfied even if the width of the reinforcing support portion is widened. As a result, it was impossible to obtain the necessary sliding resistance. On the other hand, in the case of the gravity breakwater of the present invention, it is considered that the required sliding resistance can be ensured by the composite structure of the stone layer 4 and the reinforcing soil layer 5 even if the cross section of the reinforcing support 3 is made smaller. It is done.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Rubble mound 2 Dike body 3 Reinforcement support part 4 Stone layer 5 Reinforcement soil layer 6 Cover block 7 Ground 8 Water bottom part 10 Rubble mound part 40, 50 Top edge part 41,51

Claims (5)

A rubble mound (1) constructed on the bottom of the water, a dam body (2) installed on the rubble mound (1), and a reinforcing support (3) provided on the back side of the dam body (2) A gravitational breakwater equipped,
The reinforcing support (3) includes a stone layer (4) provided so as to be in contact with the back surface of the dam body (2) and the rubble mound (1), a unit volume mass in water of 10 kN / m ³ or more, and 28 It is composed of reinforced soil with an adhesive strength of 10 kN / m ² or more after daily curing, and includes a reinforced soil layer (5) provided so as to be in contact with the back surface of the stone layer (4), and the top end of the stone layer (4) A gravity breakwater, wherein at least a part of the portion (40) is exposed in water.   The gravitational breakwater according to claim 1, wherein the reinforced soil constituting the reinforced soil layer (5) is a mixture of a modifying material that causes a hydration reaction in dredged soil and / or earth and sand.   The gravity type breakwater according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the height of the stone layer (4) on the rubble mound (1) is not less than 1/3 of the height of the dam body (2).   The gravity type breakwater according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the top end widths of the stone layer (4) and the reinforced soil layer (5) are each 2 m or more.   The gravity type breakwater according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the upper surface of the reinforcing support (3) is covered with a covering block (6).

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