JP6013203B2 - Discharge device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a discharge device capable of simultaneously and smoothly discharging a mixture of solid matter such as raisins and cookies and ice cream and an additive such as chocolate to an ice bar mold.

  There is an ice bar made of marbled ice cream and chocolate. This ice bar is manufactured by simultaneously reciprocating both nozzles while discharging ice cream and chocolate from the independent nozzles to the mold (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

  In the invention described in Patent Document 1, when filling ice cream and chocolate as an additive into a mold, the filling nozzles are discharged from separate filling nozzles adjacent to each other, and at the same time, these filling nozzles are integrated in the horizontal direction. It is made to reciprocate. For this reason, the ice cream discharged from the filling nozzle and the additive are laminated inside the mold in accordance with the reciprocating movement to form a marble pattern.

  Since ice cream and chocolate are each pumped by independent piston pumps, they are reliably and smoothly discharged from the respective filling nozzles. For this reason, as the filling nozzle reciprocates, it is filled in a zigzag stacked state with respect to the mold, and an ice bar having a beautiful appearance is manufactured.

Japanese Patent No. 2769832 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 02-207752)

  Recently, it has been required to provide a marble ice bar comprising ice cream, solids such as raisins and cookies, and additives including chocolate.

  If it is an ice bar in which ice cream and additives are laminated in a marble shape, the ice bar can be produced by the method described in Patent Document 1 described above. In order to fill the solid with this method, a filling nozzle dedicated to the solid is required. As a result of various experiments conducted by the present inventors, it has been found that it is difficult to produce an ice bar with a beautiful appearance when a solid nozzle is provided and a solid nozzle is discharged. For this reason, when it was made to discharge as a mixture which mixed ice cream with solid beforehand, it was possible to manufacture an ice bar with a beautiful appearance.

  However, when discharging a mixture of ice cream and solid matter from the filling nozzle described in Patent Document 1, it adheres to the inner surface when the pressure at the time of pumping decreases, and the next discharge is not performed smoothly. There was a problem.

  The objective of this invention is providing the discharge apparatus which can discharge the additive containing a mixture of ice cream and a solid substance, and chocolate simultaneously and reliably.

  In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a discharge device according to the present invention is a discharge device that discharges a mixture of ice cream and a solid material including raisins or cookies and an additive containing chocolate to an ice bar mold. And a discharge passage having a mixture passage in which a supply port of a mixture in which ice cream and solids are mixed in advance is oppositely disposed, and a discharge passage connected to intersect the mixture passage and discharging the mixture and the additive An additive passage through which the additive flows is formed, a discharge hole for discharging the additive is formed at the tip, and the inside of the discharge passage is movable across the mixture passage. An extrusion member that shuts off the mixture passage when the tip passes through the mixture passage and pushes the mixture and additive present in the discharge passage to the discharge port side; Are those composed have.

  In the discharge device, the push-out member includes a main body formed of a cylindrical body having an outer diameter slightly smaller than an inner diameter of the discharge passage, and a supply hole that is disposed inside the main body and is supplied with an additive at a rear end. And an additive circulation body formed of a cylindrical body in which a discharge hole for discharging an additive is formed at the tip, and a heated fluid passage formed between the inner surface of the main body and the outer surface of the additive circulation body And a warming fluid supply hole and a warming fluid discharge hole connected to the warming fluid passage.

  In the discharge device according to the present invention, the mixture of the ice cream and the solid material and the additive can be simultaneously and smoothly discharged to the ice bar mold. For this reason, an ice bar with a beautiful appearance can be manufactured.

  That is, the discharge device according to the present invention includes a mixture passage in which the supply port of the mixture is opposed, a discharge passage connected to intersect with the mixture passage, an additive passage formed therein, and a tip. An extrusion member having an additive discharge hole formed therein is configured to be movable in the discharge passage across the mixture passage. For this reason, the mixture and the additive are merged and laminated at the intersection of the mixture passage and the discharge passage by pumping the mixture and the additive while the extrusion member is retracted from the mixture passage. It is discharged from the discharge port.

  After a predetermined amount of the mixture and the additive are respectively supplied, when the pushing member is moved toward the discharge port, the mixture and the additive in the portion corresponding to the discharge passage in the mixture passage are moved to the discharge port by the pushing member. It is pushed out. And when the front-end | tip of an extrusion member crosses a mixture channel | path and enters a discharge channel, a mixture channel | path is interrupted | blocked by an extrusion member, and a mixture is not supplied. As the push member further moves, the mixture and additive in the discharge passage are pushed out from the discharge port toward the mold.

  Accordingly, by appropriately adjusting the pumping timing of the mixture and the pumping timing of the additive and / or the movement timing of the extrusion member with respect to the mixture passage, the molding die transferred relative to the discharge port can be smoothly and reliably adjusted. Mixtures and additives can be discharged.

  In particular, the pusher member has a body having an outer diameter that is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the discharge passage, so that the mixture passage can be blocked when the body crosses the mixture passage. When moving in the discharge passage across the mixture passage, the mixture and additive in the discharge passage can be simultaneously pushed out from the discharge port.

  Moreover, the extrusion member has a heating fluid in a heating fluid passage formed between the main body and the additive circulating body through which the additive flows. For this reason, by flowing the warming fluid through the warming fluid circulating body, even if a food whose fluidity changes according to a change in temperature, such as chocolate, is used as an additive, the fluidity is ensured and smooth. Can be discharged.

It is a figure explaining the structure of a discharge apparatus, and is a figure which has an extrusion member in a retracted position. It is a figure explaining the structure of a discharge device, and is a figure which has an extrusion member in an extrusion position. It is a figure explaining the structure of the supply system with respect to a discharge device. It is a figure explaining the state which is discharging the mixture and the additive. It is a top view explaining the structure of the principal part of the ice bar manufacturing apparatus using a discharge apparatus. It is a front view explaining the structure of the principal part of the ice bar manufacturing apparatus using a discharge device. It is a figure explaining the example of an ice bar.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the discharge device according to the present invention will be described. The discharge device according to the present invention is configured to be advantageous when manufacturing an ice bar in which ice cream, a solid substance typified by raisins and cookies, and an additive typified by chocolate are mixed in a marble shape. It has been done. In particular, by mixing the ice cream and the solid in advance, by handling it as a mixture in which the fluid ice cream and the solid are mixed in a good state, without causing bubbles or the like between them, Realized the production of an ice bar with a beautiful appearance.

  First, the ice bar B will be described with reference to FIG. The ice bar B is a marbled mixture of a mixture 1 of ice cream 1a mixed with solids 1b typified by raisins and cookies, and is molded into a preset shape. And frozen and solidified in a state of being attached to the bar 3.

  The marble pattern formed by mixing and discharging the mixture 1 and the additive 2 is not limited, and the supply state of the mixture 1 and additive 2 to the discharge device and the discharge state from the discharge device It varies in various ways depending on many conditions such as the ambient temperature during manufacture.

  Next, the configuration of the ejection device A according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. The discharge device A shown in the figure includes a cross member 10 and an extrusion member 20.

  The cross member 10 is mounted on a horizontal slide plate 30 constituting the ice bar manufacturing apparatus C shown in FIGS. 3, 5, and 6 and is driven to reciprocate in the horizontal direction (horizontal direction). It is comprised so that it can move. Further, the extrusion member 20 is mounted on the vertical slide plate 31 constituting the manufacturing apparatus C via the transmission member 25 and reciprocates in the vertical direction (vertical direction), so that the mixture 1 and the additive 2 are discharged from the discharge device A. Is configured to discharge and extrude.

  The cross member 10 is formed with nipple-like protrusions 10b each having a screw 10c on a horizontal axis (horizontal direction in FIGS. 1 and 2) (horizontal axis 10a). Further, it is a direction (vertical direction, vertical direction in FIGS. 1 and 2) that intersects the horizontal axis 10a substantially vertically, and is fitted to a horizontal slide plate 30 constituting the manufacturing apparatus C on the lower side of the horizontal axis 10a. A fitting projection 10d is formed. Further, on the upper side of the horizontal shaft 10a and concentrically with the fitting protrusion 10d, a guide protrusion 10e is formed on which the pushing member 20 is fitted and moved, and a screw is formed at the tip of the guide protrusion 10e. 10f is formed.

  A mixture passage 11 is formed along the horizontal axis 10a of the cross member 10 and penetrating the projection 10b, through which the mixture 1 in which the ice cream 1a and the solid matter 1b have been mixed passes in advance, and both end portions of the mixture passage 11 A supply port 11a is formed at the top. Therefore, the screw 10c is formed corresponding to each supply port 11a. The diameter of the mixture passage 11 is not particularly limited, but it is necessary that the solid matter 1b selected from solid foods including raisins and cookies can pass smoothly, and the size of the selected solid matter 1b. It is preferable that the diameter corresponds to the thickness.

  A discharge passage 12 for discharging the mixture 1 and the additive 2 is formed inside the fitting protrusion 10d of the cross member 10 through the fitting protrusion 10d, and a discharge port 12a is formed at the end on the open side. Is formed. The discharge passage 12 is connected to the mixture passage 11 substantially orthogonally. The diameter of the discharge passage 12 is not particularly limited, but has a size that allows the solid material 1b constituting the mixture 1 to pass smoothly.

  The fitting protrusion 10d is fitted in a fitting hole formed in the horizontal slide plate 30 and is driven according to the horizontal reciprocation of the horizontal slide plate 30 so that the entire discharge device A moves horizontally. For this reason, the outer periphery of the fitting protrusion 10d is finished by machining so as to be slightly smaller than the diameter of the fitting hole formed in the horizontal slide plate 30.

  Inside the guide protrusion 10e of the cross member 10 and concentrically with the discharge passage 12, a guide passage 13 for guiding the moving direction of the fitted push member 20 is provided. The guide passage 13 has a sliding bearing 13b fitted in a hole 13a formed through the guide protrusion 10e and communicating with the discharge passage 12, and a cap nut 13c is attached to a screw 10f formed on the guide protrusion 10e. It is configured by fastening.

  The inner diameter of the sliding bearing 13b is set to be equal to the inner diameter of the discharge passage 12, whereby the guide passage 13 and the discharge passage 12 are formed concentrically through the cross member 10 in the vertical direction. In particular, an O-ring that comes into contact with the outer peripheral surface of the extrusion member 20 is provided on the inner surface of the sliding bearing 13 b, and the mixture 1 or additive 2 supplied to the mixture passage 11 by the O-ring leaks from the guide passage 13. It prevents that.

  The extruding member 20 discharges the additive 2 from the tip portion to the mixture passage 11 and discharges it from the discharge passage 12 together with the mixture 1. In addition, after a predetermined amount of the mixture 1 and the additive 2 are supplied to the discharge device A, the mixture 1 descends to block the mixture passage 11, and the mixture 1 and the additive 2 remaining in the discharge passage 12 by further descending. Is discharged from the discharge port 12a. For this reason, when one cycle of discharge is completed, there is no residue in the discharge passage 12 of the discharge device A.

  The pushing member 20 has a main body 21 having an outer diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameters of the guide passage 13 and the discharge passage 12, and an additive 2 at the rear end (upper end in FIGS. 1 and 2). Is formed with a supply hole 22a and a discharge hole 22b for discharging the additive 2 at the tip (lower end in FIGS. 1 and 2), an inner surface of the main body 21, and the additive flow body. The heating fluid passage 23 is formed between the outer surface of the heating fluid passage 22, the heating fluid supply hole 23 a connected to the heating fluid passage 23, and the heating fluid discharge hole 23 b.

  The pushing member 20 moves up and down between a retracted position (see FIG. 1) where the tip portion faces the mixture passage 11 from the guide passage 13 to a discharge position (see FIG. 2) where the tip portion faces the discharge port 12a of the discharge passage 12. It is configured to be possible. The pushing member 20 is configured to be moved up and down by being driven by a vertical slide plate 31 constituting the manufacturing apparatus C. For this reason, on the outer periphery of the main body 21 of the pushing member 20, a transmission member 25 that is engaged with the vertical slide plate 31 and that transmits a driving force is disposed.

  The transmission member 25 is fitted to the main body 21 of the pushing member 20 and is configured to be movable along the outer periphery of the main body 21. Fixed in place. The transmission member 25 is formed in a cylindrical shape, and a groove 25a for mounting on the vertical slide plate 31 is formed at a predetermined position on the outer peripheral surface, and a bolt 26 for fixing to the main body 21 is provided. . Then, the vertical slide plate 31 is locked in the groove 25a of the transmission member 25, and the ascending position of the vertical slide plate 31 and the retracted position of the pushing member 20, or the descending position of the vertical sliding plate 31 and the discharge position of the pushing member 20 are determined. The position is adjusted so as to correspond, and it is fixed to the main body 21 with a bolt 26.

  The warming fluid passage 23 is configured using the inner surface of the main body 21. The warming fluid supply hole 23a and the warming fluid discharge hole 23b constituting the warming fluid passage 23 interfere with the nut 13c fastened to the screw 10f of the guide protrusion 10e when the pushing member 20 is lowered to the discharge position. In order to prevent this from happening, the nut 13c is disposed at a position spaced from the nut 13c. In particular, in the present embodiment, the heating fluid supply hole 23a and the heating fluid discharge hole 23b are disposed above the fixing position of the transmission member 25 with respect to the main body 21, so that the main body 21 of the pushing member 20 is sufficiently provided. It is composed of a long cylinder.

  A chamber 22c having a sufficient volume for distributing the supplied additive to the discharge holes 22b is formed between the tip of the additive distributor 22 and the tip of the main body 21, and the front surface of the chamber 22c. A nozzle plate 22d in which a discharge hole 22b is formed is disposed. The supply hole 22 a formed at the rear end of the additive distributor 22 is disposed at a position protruding upward from the main body 21.

  In the above configuration, the chamber 22 c and the nozzle plate 22 d formed between the body 21 and the body 21 are also included in the range of the additive distributor 22. Further, the diameter and the number of the discharge holes 22b are not limited, and may be appropriately set in accordance with conditions such as the amount of the additive 2 required for the ice bar B and an assumed marble pattern. preferable. In this embodiment, two discharge holes 22b are formed in the nozzle plate 22d.

  The warming fluid passage 23 is provided over substantially the entire length of the main body 21, and is configured to heat the additive circulation body 22 and the chamber 22 c corresponding to the main body 21. For this reason, even if the additive 2 in the chamber 22c facing the discharge hole 22b through the additive circulation body 22 is an article whose fluidity changes corresponding to the temperature, it is always in advance in the heating fluid passage 23 in advance. It is possible to ensure a predetermined fluidity by circulating a heated fluid having a set temperature.

  The discharge device A configured as described above is mounted on an ice bar B manufacturing device C as shown in the schematic diagrams of FIGS. 3, 5, and 6.

  That is, in the manufacturing apparatus C, the horizontal slide plate 30 provided with a plurality of fitting holes (not shown) for fitting the fitting protrusions 10d of the cross member 10 is disposed below. In addition, a vertical slide plate 31 that locks the transmission member 25 disposed on the pushing member 20 is disposed at a position above the horizontal slide plate 30 at a predetermined distance. The vertical slide plate 31 is composed of a pair of plate members, and can be locked by engaging the plate members with the grooves 25a of the transmission member 25.

  The horizontal slide plate 30 and the vertical slide plate 31 are mounted on a moving frame 33 configured to be movable and non-movable along the fixed frame 32 of the manufacturing apparatus C. The position can be adjusted. In the moving frame 33, a horizontal drive cylinder 30a for reciprocating the horizontal slide plate 30 in the horizontal direction and a vertical drive cylinder 31a for reciprocating the vertical slide plate 31 in the vertical direction to drive the pushing member 20 up and down are arranged. Yes.

  Further, the manufacturing apparatus C has a chain conveyor that connects a plurality of plates 36 in which a plurality of molds 35 for manufacturing the ice bar B are arranged. And it is comprised so that the shaping | molding die 35 can be intermittently transferred to the downward direction of the discharge outlet 12a formed in the fitting protrusion 10d of the cross member 10, and can be stopped by driving a chain conveyor intermittently. ing.

  The stroke of the lateral drive cylinder 30 a that drives the lateral slide plate 30 is set corresponding to the dimension of the mold 35. The stroke of the vertical drive cylinder 31a that drives the vertical slide plate 31 is set in accordance with the distance from the retracted position to the discharge position in the cross member 10 of the pushing member 20.

  As shown in FIGS. 3, 5, and 6, the discharge device A attached to the manufacturing apparatus C as described above includes a supply system for the mixture 1, a supply system for the additive 2, and a heating fluid supply, A discharge system is connected.

  That is, to each protrusion 10b formed on the cross member 10, a mixture pipe 40 to which the mixture 1 in which the ice cream 1a and the solid material 1b are mixed in advance by a mixing device (not shown) is pumped is connected. The mixture pipe 40 is connected to a mixing device and a pressure pump (not shown) via a bend-type tee 40a, and is divided into two by the tee 40a and fastened to the screw 10c of each protrusion 10b.

  When discharging the mixture 1 and additive 2 fed to the mold 35, the cross member 10 reciprocates in the lateral direction and changes its position with respect to the tee 40a, so that the mixture pipe 40 absorbs the change in position. It is essential to have the function to do. Therefore, the mixture pipe 40 is configured by combining a hose having flexibility and pressure resistance and a metal pipe that maintains a bent shape.

  Further, an additive pipe 41 through which the additive 2 is pumped from an additive supply device (not shown) is connected to the supply hole 22a of the additive flow body 22 constituting the push member 20. Similarly to the mixture pipe 40, the additive pipe 41 is configured by combining a hose and a metal pipe having flexibility and pressure resistance.

  Further, the warming fluid supply hole 23a of the warming fluid passage 23 constituting the pushing member 20 is connected to the warm water supply pipe 42b via a flexible and heat-resistant hose 42a, and the warming fluid discharge hole 23b is acceptable. The hot water discharge pipe 43b is connected through a hose 43a having flexibility and heat resistance. The hot water supply pipe 42b and the hot water discharge pipe 43b are provided on the frame of the manufacturing apparatus C, and are connected to a hot water supply apparatus and a hot water discharge apparatus (not shown).

  A procedure for manufacturing the ice bar B by the manufacturing apparatus C and the discharge apparatus A configured as described above will be briefly described with reference to FIGS.

  First, the chain conveyor is driven to stop the molding die 35 against the discharge port 12a of the discharge device A. Further, the longitudinal drive cylinder 31 a is driven to raise the pusher member 20 constituting the discharge device A to the retracted position, thereby causing the mixture passage 11 and the discharge passage 12 to communicate with each other.

  Further, warm water serving as a warming fluid is supplied to a warming fluid passage 23 from a warm water supply device (not shown) via a warm water supply pipe 42b and a hose 42a, and hot water discharged from the warming fluid passage 23 is supplied to a hose 43a. And it discharges | emits to the hot water discharge apparatus which is not shown in figure through the hot water discharge pipe 43b. In this way, by flowing warm water through the warming fluid passage 23, the additive circulation body 22 and the main body 21 are heated.

  A mixture 1 of ice cream 1 a and solid matter 1 b is pumped from a mixing device (not shown) through a mixture pipe 40 and supplied to the mixture passage 11 formed in the cross member 10. At the same time, the additive 2 is pumped from the additive supply device (not shown) through the additive pipe 41 and discharged into the mixture passage 11 through the discharge hole 22b.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4, at the intersection of the mixture passage 11 and the discharge passage 12, the mixture 1 supplied in an opposing manner and the additive 2 discharged from a direction orthogonal to the mixture 1 are mixed. It becomes. At this time, since the discharge port 12 a provided at the end of the discharge passage 12 is open to the atmosphere, the mixture 1 and the additive 2 are discharged from the discharge port 12 a through the discharge passage 12.

  The mixture 1 and additive 2 discharged from the discharge port 12a are filled in a molding die 35 facing the discharge port 12a. Prior to the discharge of the mixture 1 and the additive 2 from the discharge port 12a or simultaneously, when the lateral drive cylinder 30a is driven to reciprocate the horizontal slide plate 30 in the horizontal direction, the discharged mixture 1 and the additive 2 are Then, they are laminated in a zigzag shape inside the mold 35.

  When the mixture 1 and the additive 2 are supplied in a predetermined amount according to the volume of the molding die 35, the supply is stopped and the vertical drive cylinder 31a is driven to eject the extrusion member 20 from the retracted position. Start descent toward position. As the push-out member 20 descends, the mixture 1 and additive 2 present at the intersection of the mixture passage 11 and the discharge passage 12 are pushed out to the discharge passage 12 by the nozzle plate 22d, and thereby exist in the vicinity of the discharge port 12a. The mixture 1 and the additive 2 to be extruded are extruded into the mold 35.

  By further lowering of the pushing member 20, the main body 21 crosses the mixture passage 11 to block the mixture passage 11, and the mixture 1 and the additive 2 existing in the discharge passage 12 are pushed out toward the mold 35. When the pushing member 20 reaches the discharge position (when the nozzle plate 22d reaches the discharge port 12a), the mixture 1 and the additive 2 do not exist in the discharge passage 12.

  When the extrusion member 20 is lowered and the mixture passage 11 is blocked by the main body 21, the additive circulation body 22 faces the mixture passage 11 and is exposed to the low temperature of the ice cream 1 existing in the mixture passage 11. It will be. For this reason, when the fluidity of the additive 2 is changed according to the temperature as in chocolate, the fluidity is deteriorated and smooth discharge may be impaired. However, since the warm water always flows through the warming fluid passage 23 existing between the main body 21 and the additive distributor 22, the fluidity of the additive 2 can be maintained.

  Thereafter, the longitudinal drive cylinder 31a is driven to raise the pushing member 20 from the discharge position to the retracted position, and the chain conveyor is driven to stop the new molding die 35 against the discharge port 12a. Then, the molding die 35 already filled with the mixture 1 and the additive 2 is transferred to the next station, the bar 3 is inserted, and stored in the freezer by further transfer, and after the mixture 1 and the additive 2 are cured, the molding is performed. The ice bar B shown in FIG. 7 is manufactured by removing from the mold.

  The lateral reciprocation of the discharge device A by the lateral drive cylinder 30a is continued while the mixture 1 and the additive 2 are being discharged from the discharge device A, and may be stopped when the discharge is stopped. The reciprocating movement may be performed regardless of the presence or absence of discharge.

  The discharge device A according to the present invention is an ice bar having a marble pattern by laminating a mixture of ice cream and a mixture of relatively large solids such as raisins and cookies and an additive such as chocolate. This is advantageous when used in manufacturing.

A discharge device B ice bar C production device 1 mixture 1a ice cream 1b solid matter 2 additive 3 bar 10 cross member 10a horizontal shaft 10b protrusion 10c screw 10d fitting protrusion 10e guide protrusion 10f screw 11 mixture passage 11a supply port 12 discharge passage 12a Discharge port 13 Guide passage 13a Hole 13b Sliding bearing 13c Cap nut 20 Extrusion member 21 Main body 22 Additive flow body 22a Supply hole 22b Discharge hole 22c Chamber 22d Nozzle plate 23 Heating fluid passage 23a Heating fluid supply hole 23b Heating fluid Discharge hole 25 Transmission member 25a Groove 26 Bolt 30 Horizontal slide plate 30a Horizontal drive cylinder 31 Vertical slide plate 31a Vertical drive cylinder 32 Fixed frame 33 Moving frame 35 Mold 36 Plate 40 Mixture piping 40a Tee 41 Additive distribution 42a, 43a hose 42b hot water supply pipe 43b warm water discharge pipe

Claims (2)

A discharge device for discharging an additive containing chocolate and a mixture of ice cream and raisins or solids containing cookies in advance to an ice bar mold,
A mixture passage in which the supply port of the mixture in which the ice cream and the solid material are mixed in advance is arranged to face each other;
A discharge passage having a discharge port connected to intersect the mixture passage and discharges the mixture and the additive;
An additive passage through which the additive flows is formed, a discharge hole for discharging the additive is formed at the tip, and is configured to be movable in the discharge passage across the mixture passage. An extrusion member that shuts off the mixture passage when it passes through the mixture passage and pushes the mixture and additives present in the discharge passage to the discharge port side;
A discharge device comprising: The extruded member is
A main body made of a cylindrical body having an outer diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the discharge passage;
An additive circulation body comprising a cylinder in which a supply hole for supplying an additive is formed at the rear end and the discharge hole for discharging the additive is formed at the tip;
A heated fluid passage formed inside the body and between the outer surface of the additive distributor;
A heating fluid supply hole and a heating fluid discharge hole connected to the heating fluid passage;
The discharge apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:

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