JP5993583B2 - Curved wall covering tile panel - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a curved wall covering tile panel, and more particularly, when an anchor is hit and fixed to a tunnel wall, the surface of the substrate on which the porcelain tile is adhered can be deformed along the tunnel wall curved in the vertical direction. It is related to the tile panel for direct tension.

  In tunnels where automobiles run, the walls become dirty with exhaust gas. If the dirt becomes severe, the lighting effect in the tunnel will be reduced, the cleaning frequency of the wall surface must be increased, and a great deal of labor and time will be spent on maintenance and inspection. In recent years, in order to save power for lighting in tunnels and simplify cleaning, it is becoming increasingly common to cover concrete walls with porcelain tiles having a glossy surface with glaze.

  The wall covered by the tile is a rising wall and does not extend to the ceiling wall. However, since the planar dimension of the tile is, for example, about 200 × 100 mm, the amount of work is extremely large if it is individually attached to the wall surface. Become. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 12, a tile panel 22 is used in which a plurality of tiles 23 are arranged vertically and horizontally on a substrate 3 to which an adhesive 21 is applied. For the purpose of weight reduction, the thickness of the tile 23 is less than 1 centimeter, for example, and the board 3 having a size of about 1 square meter, for example, is also a plate material of less than 1 centimeter, which hinders handling during work. There is no bulk and weight.

  Such a tile panel is described, for example, in Patent Document 1 described later and is well known. In that document, one proposal has been made regarding the mounting of tile panels to tunnel walls. If the outline is omitted, the structure is supported in a “floating” manner by the metal fitting represented by reference numeral 24. A receiving support bracket 24A is fixed to a predetermined position on the wall surface via an anchor 6 to support the lower edge of the substrate 3. Mount the support panel 24B on the upper edge of the board 3 and hold it with the head 11 of the bolt inserted into the anchor 6 fixed at a predetermined position on the wall surface so that the panel is lifted from the tunnel wall 7 to some extent. It is done.

  Nowadays, “straightening” is started, in which tiles are placed on the substrate and bonded to the tunnel wall, and the substrate is fixed to the wall. In this case, since the above-described metal fitting is not used, the tile panel is directly fixed to the tunnel wall with a bolt or the like screwed to the anchor. However, since it is impossible to make a hole in a brittle and hard tile, the joint intersection 4 is used. However, the joints are narrow and it is almost difficult to secure a space for making a stop hole at a location such as the upper left portion 4q in FIG. If widening of the joints is not permitted, the problem must be solved by means for missing the corners of the tile proposed in Patent Document 2.

  A chamfer (chamfer) 23a cut into a triangular shape as shown in (b) to (d) is given to the corner of the rectangular tile 23 in FIG. 13 (a), or an arc-shaped recess 23b or a rectangular recess. If 23c is provided, as shown in the upper right, lower right and lower left of (e), spaces such as diamond 4m, circle 4n and square 4p can be generated at the four corners facing the intersection. For example, if the shape of a tile is unified so as to generate a circular space, a quarter arc recess 23b is formed in each of the four corners of each tile. In this case, all the joint intersections on the panel are circular, but only some of them are anchor positions, so that circular spaces are scattered on the tile panel attached to the wall surface. Rather than a pattern, this impresses the discontinuity of the panel surface and impairs the sense of surface expansion.

  In such a tile angle cut, a corner is formed at the boundary between the arc edge and the adjacent edge. The same applies to the case where the chamfer 23a and the rectangular recess 23c are provided even when the angle is different. The fact that the corners remain is a little cumbersome to handle and transport the tiles, and during the wall covering work, it will come into contact with the anchor and the holding washer used for it. For those of you, you are forced to avoid it. In addition, when the joint is not filled, the draining action at the crossing portion is weak, and when the arc recess 23b or the rectangular recess 23c shown in FIG. 14 is adopted, the droplet 1a tends to stay. In this case, the exhaust gas-containing component and the tire jumping powder are mixed, and the contamination at the joint intersection is accelerated.

  By the way, when the substrate is a fiber reinforced cement plate such as glass, when the through-hole is drilled in the wall surface through the substrate in order to hit the anchor, the fiber is entangled with the drill and the cement is peeled off to some extent. If the fibers are partially exposed and loosened around the hole, the proof strength of the insertion hole edge of the bolt that fixes the substrate to the anchor is reduced. It is necessary to increase the number of places where the anchors are used, which increases the labor of construction and impairs work efficiency.

  It is well known that washers are used to reduce or disperse the stress acting around the hole. When the washer 5 is fitted in the above-described recess, when it comes into contact with the corner of the tile, useless force is concentrated at the point indicated by the black arrow in FIG. Since the washer 5 is pressed by the head 11 of the bolt, it is the side of the tile that is greatly affected. If the tile is missing, the shape of the joint crossing portion is broken. As shown in (d), when a large diameter washer 5A covering the crossing portion and straddling the four tiles is adopted, since the washer presses only one corner when focusing on one tile, it is removed thereafter. This load, which is not applied, acts to raise the tile from the substrate using a corner as a fulcrum, and promotes peeling. Further, the washer 5A scattered on the panel surface impairs the gloss of the tile and reduces the appearance and reflection effect.

JP 2001-73531 A JP 2006-265847 A JP 2005-83031 A

  Here, in a state where the respective surface-deformable substrates 3 in the tile panels 22A and 22B adjacent in the vertical direction are fixed to the tunnel wall 7 which is curved in the vertical direction shown in FIG. 15, the substrate and the tile 23 attached thereto State the relationship. FIG. 16A is a schematic and exaggerated mounting view in which the substrate 3 indicated by a one-dot chain line that is straight in the free state is fixed to the tunnel wall 7 by the anchor 6. Although the substrate can be deformed, the entire surface of the substrate is not completely in contact with the curved tunnel wall as shown in the figure. That is, the partial substrate 25 located between the anchors 6 and 6 adjacent in the vertical direction in the enclosure ellipse E is further exaggerated, as shown in FIG. The same or larger curvature is exhibited, but other portions have a smaller curvature than the wall surface and float from the wall surface.

  The partial substrate 25 is shown in a horizontal posture in FIG. Further, it is assumed that three tiles 23 are attached as shown in (b). Since the entire back surface of the tile is in close contact with the substrate by the adhesive 21 shown by the broken line, when the tile panel is placed along the tunnel wall surface, the tile that is not porcelain due to porcelain and the like prevents deformation of the substrate. try to. As a result, the substrate 3 is only given the freedom to bend locally at the joint 26. However, since the partial substrate 25 is deformed as shown in (a), as shown in (c), even if the center thereof is kept close to (b), it is closer to the anchor to change the curvature. It is inevitable to try to separate from the tile 23 at the point.

  Needless to say, the peeled portion 27 is generated in this portion, and the adhesive force of the solidified adhesive is greatly reduced. Furthermore, since the edge of the tile that does not bend will form an intersection angle with the substrate, the edge acts on the substrate through the adhesive layer. When the edge of the tile receives a force from the substrate, the separation of the central portion of the tile from the substrate is promoted, and the separation is more likely to proceed.

  In order to avoid the occurrence of the peeling 27 as shown in (c), the rear edge of the tile may be cut off. The tile shown in (d) is subjected to such treatment in Patent Document 3 listed above. 23A has been proposed. The tile is processed into a boat shape, and the gap between the tile 23 </ b> A and the partial substrate 25 is to be made uniform regardless of whether the bonding surface is centered, left or right. That is, try to give a shape similar to the arc after the substrate changes on the back of the tile, or do not form an adhesive layer from the beginning at the interface between the edge of the tile and the substrate, However, it tries to prevent the tiles from peeling off by maintaining the close contact with only the adhesive layer having a weak compressive force.

  However, the cutting process for cutting off the edge of the tile greatly increases the manufacturing burden. When the edge is cut off at the time of forming the tile, the tile surface is likely to warp during firing, and it is never easy to increase the yield. By the way, in the example when there are three tiles on the partial substrate, the part included in the reference numeral 28 circled in (d), that is, the both ends of the tile arranged in the center, the tiles arranged on the left and right sides. The anti-anchor side end is in a state of floating from the adhesive layer due to the presence of the cut portion. In order to avoid this, as described in Patent Document 3, it is necessary to prepare not only both ends but also only one side. The increased shape of tiles used in a single tile panel significantly impairs the productivity of tile panels that must be manufactured in large quantities.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and its purpose is to suppress the peeling of tiles even if the gaps inevitably occur between the substrate along the tunnel wall surface and the back surface of the tile attached thereto. An object of the present invention is to provide a curved wall covering tile panel which realizes mass production of tiles having a simple shape as much as possible by eliminating the cutting process of the rear edge of the tile required for that purpose. Furthermore, even if deterioration or peeling of the adhesive layer due to intrusion of water leaks cannot be avoided, it is easy to stabilize the adhesion state by suppressing the progress of peeling, and when securing the anchor placement space on the tile, Make sure that the corners of the tiles do not stand in the vicinity of the joint, and even if the washer and the tile come into contact when the anchor washer is placed at the joint intersection, the load at the contact portion is concentrated on the local area of the tile. It is also an object of the present invention to be able to avoid and delay the occurrence of cracks and chipping without causing a failure, and to reduce the influence of a decrease in yield strength at the periphery of the hole when the anchor lower hole is formed when the substrate is a fiber reinforced cement board.

  In the present invention, when a plurality of tiles for covering a tunnel wall are stuck vertically and horizontally on a substrate and fixed to the tunnel wall via anchors that are placed, the substrate follows a wall surface that is curved in the vertical direction. It is applied to tile panels for direct tension that can be deformed like this. The feature of the tile 2 is that the corner 2a is cut out with reference to FIG. 2, and an anchor having a size larger than the joint width can be fixed to the joint intersection 4 formed at the corner. Space 4A is secured. When the substrate 3 is fixed to the tunnel wall, the adhesive layer 10 in the facing space between the rigid tile 2 and the surface-deformed substrate 3 has an upper end edge 2m and a lower end edge of the tile 2 shown in FIG. 2n and the thinned portion 8s which is compressed by being compressed in the vicinity thereof and the thinned portion 8t which is stretched by being pulled in the vicinity of the tile central portion 2p and the thickened portion 8t are formed. The tile 2 is adhered to the substrate with an elastic adhesive that exhibits a thickness direction elongation of the adhesive layer up to 110%. As shown in FIG. 9A, the elastic adhesive 8 at the time of attaching the tile 2 to the substrate 3 is parallel to the tunnel road surface when the tile panel is installed on the tunnel wall, and in one tile. A plurality of laterally extending beads 8a, 8b, 8c... Are formed and applied so that the laterally extending beads positioned up and down after the pressure-curing curing are not interconnected over the entire edge. Then, as shown in FIG. 6, the anchor washer 12 for fixing the substrate 3 along the tunnel wall includes a main seat portion 12A having a diameter larger than the joint width, and the main seat portion is formed in the facing space. The sub-seat 12B is disposed in the joint intersection 4 that does not exert a force on the adhesive layer, has a vertical width smaller than the joint width from the main seat 12A, extends in the left-right direction, and is fitted in the horizontal joint 1H. Is protruding.

  In addition to the secondary seat portion 12B extending in the left-right direction from the main seat portion 12A, a second secondary seat portion (not shown) having a lateral width smaller than the joint width and extending in the vertical direction and fitted in the vertical joint 1V. Projecting, and has a length that does not suppress the curved deformation of the substrate.

  The substrate is a steel plate 3S (see FIG. 3). Instead, the substrate 3 may be a fiber reinforced cement board 3C (see FIG. 7). Referring to FIG. 6, anchor-fixable space 4 </ b> A may be a petal shape that is formed by rounding so that corners of individual tiles form an arcuate bulge.

  According to the present invention, the corners of the tiles are cut out, so that the anchor fixing space having a width or diameter larger than the joint width is secured at the joint intersection formed by the corners. The The anchor can be fixed using the space, so that the metal fittings (the support metal 24A and the fall-preventing support metal 24B shown in FIG. 12B) as in the case of floating are not necessary.

  Since the tile is bonded to the substrate by an elastic adhesive having an elongation exceeding 20%, when the substrate is fixed to the tunnel wall, a facing space where the back surface of the rigid tile and the surface of the substrate deformed face each other, It can be filled with an adhesive layer whose thickness is easily changed. The expansion and contraction of the layer thickness is allowed, and the occurrence of intra-layer separation and delamination is minimized.

  At the upper edge or the lower edge of the tile, the densely thinned portion softens the interference with the substrate. The process of thinning the edge of the tile to avoid interference between the tile and the substrate is no longer necessary, and it is possible to fire the tile with less distortion as a molded product of uniform thickness, impairing the reflective function on the glossy surface. There is nothing. Since the thickened portion where the adhesive is extended is formed at the location where the facing space is expanded, the peeling of the tile is suppressed as much as possible.

  The anchor washer that fixes the substrate along the tunnel wall is placed at the joint intersection where it does not affect the adhesive layer formed in the facing space, so the adhesive layer with a changed layer thickness is applied to the washer. It is not affected by being disturbed by pressure.

  The elastic adhesive at the time of attaching the tile to the substrate should be parallel to the tunnel road surface when the tile panel is installed on the tunnel wall, and to form a plurality of laterally extending beads for one tile. Applied. The laterally extending beads are laterally extended after the crimping curing so as not to be interconnected over the entire bead edge, so that the load received individually is not applied to the adjacent beads.

  The underground water leaks along the tunnel wall to the tile panel and reaches the laterally extending bead located at the upper edge of the tile panel. However, even if the bead deteriorates, the effect of the deterioration or separation is substantially cut off. It does not reach the lower bead. The radical collapse of the adhesive function due to the downward extension of the peeling is avoided, and the durability of the tile panel is improved.

  The laterally extending bead at the upper end of the tile receives a compressive force due to the curvature of the substrate, and the laterally extending bead at the central portion receives a tensile force. Since the laterally extending bead is not connected vertically, the compressive force generated in the adhesive layer by shrinkage does not reach the adjacent bead, and the tensile force generated in the adhesive layer by extension does not reach the adjacent bead. Since a load in the same direction only acts on one bead with almost the same magnitude, the distribution stress in the layer is equalized and the stability in the layer is achieved.

  Since the board is held by a washer with a secondary seat protruding from the main seat, even if the pressure resistance is reduced due to fiber exposure due to cement peeling at the peripheral edge of the insertion hole, the secondary seat fits into the side joint. A seat part straddles even to a non-peeling part and can disperse | distribute and transmit an anchor reaction force to a board | substrate, without concentrating on a weak part.

  In addition, if the second sub-seat is also pressed with a protruding washer, even if the pressure resistance decreases due to fiber exposure due to cement peeling at the entire periphery of the insertion hole, it fits into the horizontal joint and the vertical joint. The entire sub-seat portion sits across the non-peeling portion, and the anchor reaction force can be dispersed and transmitted to the substrate. Since the second sub-seat portion that fits into the vertical joint has a length that does not suppress the bending deformation of the substrate, the bending operation itself for directly stretching the tile panel becomes smooth.

  If the substrate is a steel plate, it will be easier to follow the tunnel wall. On the other hand, the gap between the tile and the substrate becomes large, but the elastic adhesive becomes thick and does not cause any trouble. The use of steel plates makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the substrate and promotes a reduction in bulk when loading. The substrate can also be a fiber reinforced cement board. Since this is harder to bend than the steel plate, the distance from the tunnel wall is generally larger than that of the steel plate. However, the elastic adhesive stretches so as to thicken locally and does not cause peeling of the adhesive, and the edge is thinned to prevent contact between the tile and the substrate, and the adhesion of the tile to the substrate is strong. Maintained for a long time.

  Since the corners of the individual tiles are rounded to form an arcuate bulge, there are no sharp edges at the four corners of the tile. The tile is extremely easy to handle. The formation of the arcuate contour is convenient because no special operation is required to prevent warping or deformation of the tile after firing.

  Since tiles can be configured with only the same shape, tile joints form petal-like spaces with pointed petals in a cross shape. A space for anchor placement is secured at the joint intersection, but the joint intersection where the anchor is not hit does not make the discontinuity of the tile surface conspicuous, and it should be a beautiful panel that softens the hard feeling of the tile it can. The drop of droplets at the joint intersection is also promoted, and the occurrence of dirt is suppressed.

It is description of the layer thickness change of an elastic adhesive, Comprising: (a) is a single figure of the deform | transformed board | substrate, (b) is the layer thickness increase / decrease figure of the adhesive in case three tiles are affixed, (c) ) Is a single view of the adhesive layer before deformation, and (d) is a single view of the adhesive layer in a state having a thinned portion caused by compression and a thickened portion that has been stretched under tension. The arrangement | positioning figure of the anchor screwing bolt to one joint intersection (petal spot) formed in each corner | angular part of a tile. It is one of the tile panels for tunnel wall surface coatings concerning this invention, (a) is a front view at the time of applying to a steel plate board | substrate, (b) is AA arrow sectional drawing. (A) is explanatory drawing of a washer not colliding with the corner | angular part of a tile, (b) is description of the position shift | offset | difference tolerance of a washer, and the flowing-down state figure of the droplet which propagates a joint. (C) is an explanatory view in the case of a washer with a wing, (d) is an explanation of the allowable displacement and a flow-down state diagram of a droplet. (A) is a comparison figure of a deformation | transformation with the board | substrate made from a steel plate, and the board | substrate made from a fiber reinforced cement board, (b) is explanatory drawing of the layer thickness change of the elastic adhesive which used the edge of the tile as the adhesive agent absence area. The anchor arrangement | positioning drawing through the washer with a wing | blade to the joint crossing part formed in each corner | angular part of a tile. The front view and side view of the tunnel wall surface covering tile panel which applied the fiber reinforced cement board to the board | substrate. Anchor structure and fixation explanatory drawing. In the case of applying a laterally extending bead, (a) is an explanatory view of a state where the laterally extending bead at the time of application is changed to a laterally extending bead after pressure bonding, and (b) is a perspective view of an example of the laterally extending bead coating nozzle Figure. A tile panel to which a horizontally extending bead is applied, in which (a) is a side view of the tile panel before tile bonding, (b) is a side view of the tile panel after tile bonding, and (c) is a peeling model in the case of horizontally extending beads. FIG. 4D is a schematic diagram of peeling in the case of an upper and lower continuous adhesive layer. It is an example of action of tensile force and compressive force in an adhesive layer, (a) is a schematic diagram in the case of an upper and lower continuous adhesive layer, (b) is a schematic diagram in the case of a laterally extending bead. It is a prior art example which fixes a tile panel to a wall surface, (a) is a front view of a floating tension panel, (b) is a sectional view taken along line MM. It is an explanation of tiles having corners with different shapes and joint intersections formed thereby, (a) is an example of the outline of a tile having a very general shape, (b) to (d) are corners (E) is an example of a planar shape of a joint intersection formed by four corners. Explanatory drawing of a mode that the washer arrange | positioned at a joint part contacts a tile. Construction completion drawing along the tunnel wall where the tile panel curves vertically. (A) is a tunnel wall surface mounting diagram schematically and exaggeratedly showing a straight substrate in a free state, and (b) is a correlation diagram between the tunnel wall and a deformed partial substrate. The series figure of the adhesion state description of the tile based on a deformation | transformation of a board | substrate, and the peeling prevention measure figure in the tile which cut off the edge.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings showing embodiments thereof. FIG. 3 is a straight-walled curved wall covering tile panel 1 according to the present invention, in which a number of hard tiles 2 that are baked at a temperature of 1,200 or more and do not deform are deformed. Affixed vertically and horizontally. When the presser washer 5 is arranged at the joint portion 4 of the tile and fixed to the anchor 6, the substrate 3 can be attached to the tunnel wall 7 curved in the vertical direction shown in FIG. 15, and the wall surface is beautifully covered by the tile. .

  Each tile 2 is attached to the substrate 3 with an adhesive 8 as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the corner 2 a is cut off. In this example, it is rounded so as to form an arcuate bulge, the joint intersection 4 which is the intersection of the horizontal joint 1H and the vertical joint 1V is provided with a pointed petal in a cross shape, and a petal-like spot 4f having a size larger than the joint width W is provided. It is formed. As will be described later, an anchor-fixable space 4A for directly stretching a tile panel that can be deformed along the tunnel wall surface is provided. The anchor screw bolt 6b for fixing the substrate 3 does not exert a force on the adhesive layer, so that it does not disturb the layer thickness and does not act to raise and peel the tile.

  An elastic adhesive is used as the adhesive 8. This exhibits an elongation in the thickness direction of the adhesive layer of 20% to 110%. By the way, when the substrate 3 is fixed to the tunnel wall, the deformation as shown in FIG. 1A is the same as the explanation of FIG. In the facing space 9 where the interface between the tile 2 and the substrate 3, that is, the back surface of the rigid tile and the surface of the substrate deformed face each other, the layer thickness is increased or decreased as shown in FIG. Layer 10 is formed and occupied by itself. By the way, as a trend, if the adhesive layer after being cured by being sandwiched between tiles after application is thin, an adhesive exhibiting a large elongation is adopted, and if it is desired to be thick, an adhesive exhibiting a small elongation You can do it.

  As long as the elastic adhesive is used as long as it is elastically deformed, it will be elastically deformed even when compressed. However, depending on the layer thickness, normal size tiles up to 200 mm square are used for the normal size tunnel radius. As far as possible, an elastic adhesive exhibiting an elongation of about 40 to 90% is often sufficient. If an adhesive layer is formed by an adhesive having an elongation of less than 20%, the coating thickness must be increased, which increases the coating amount, which is not preferable. If it exceeds 110%, even if the adhesive layer can be thinned, it will be possible to apply even thinness that is not realistic. Conversely, if it is applied to a large layer thickness, the adhesion performance itself will be reinforced and excessive quality will be required. Will come true. In other words, since the thickness change and the high-strength adhesion which are not suitable for the normal curvature of the tunnel wall are forced, the larger the extension range, the better.

  The adhesive layer 8A having a uniform thickness Ta as shown in FIG. 1 (c) at the time of completion of the cured panel by placing a tile on the adhesive applied to the substrate is exaggerated when the substrate is bent (d). As shown, it changes to a lens-like layer 8B. At the upper and lower edges 2m and 2n of the tile 2 and in the vicinity thereof, a thinned portion 8s contracted by δs is formed by being pressed between the tile and the substrate, and is pulled by the bow deformation of the substrate at the central portion 2p of the tile and the vicinity thereof. This is because a thickened portion 8t that is elongated by δt is generated. In this way, even if the layer thickness changes, the adhesive function does not deteriorate due to the elastic material, and the tile is placed on the entire surface of the substrate. Incidentally, if the entire surface of the substrate 3 is in close contact with the tunnel wall having a radius of 5,000 millimeters, the total deformation δs + δt is about 0.25 to 0.30 millimeters in calculation.

  More specifically, even if the substrate approaches the upper edge 2m or the lower edge 2n of the tile due to the deformation of the substrate 3, the adhesive layer in or near the tile is sandwiched, but the layer thickness remains and the layer is dense. As the size of the tile shrinks, it remains elastic and is not easily torn, and does not cause contact or mutual interference in which the edge of the tile competes with or strikes the substrate. On the other hand, even if the central portion 2p of the tile and the vicinity thereof are pulled in the layer thickness direction of the adhesive layer and the layer density becomes small, it only stretches and thickens, so that a void due to cracks or separation may be generated. Without causing the cause of peeling.

  By the way, adhesives such as epoxy resins usually harden and lose their elasticity when cured, leading to tile peeling. Needless to say, the elastic adhesive always maintains elasticity, and a modified silicone resin system (for example, Cemedine Co., Ltd. PM582) or an equivalent adhesive may be used. By the way, although it has already been described that an adhesive having a small elongation can be used when the adhesive layer is thick, absorption of about 0.25 to 0.30 millimeters can be covered with a small elongation when the adhesive layer is thick. It is not necessary to force the adhesive layer to have a thickness change that does not match the normal curvature of the tunnel wall, and priority can be given to an adhesive layer with a small decrease in tensile strength in the layer thickness direction. On the other hand, when the adhesive layer is thin, an adhesive exhibiting a large elongation rate is used as described above. By doing so, it exhibits an elongation that fills the gaps that have become larger due to the curved deformation of the substrate at the center of the tile. Can be made.

  By the way, the tunnel has a curved wall surface with a radius of 5,000 millimeters, for example, and a substrate that deforms to some extent conforms to the tunnel wall surface is used. It is easier to adjust to the shape of the tunnel wall than the cement plate 3C. Therefore, the elongation in the layer thickness direction of the adhesive layer at the central portion of the tile is required to be larger than that in the case of the fiber reinforced cement board, and the shrinkage at the tile edge is also required to be large.

  The gap between the deformed steel plate substrate and the back surface of the tile is, for example, a horizontal distance of 200 × 100 mm, and the horizontal distance difference between the edge portion and the central portion is, for example, 0.30 mm. For example, if the adhesive layer extends to 0.55 millimeters, an increase of 38%, with a base thickness Ta of 0.4 millimeters, the separation amount of 0.30 millimeters produced between the tiles due to the bending of the substrate will be reduced. It can be partly filled to avoid interference by leaving a 0.25 millimeter layer at the tile edge. In this case, the thickness increase amount δt and the thickness decrease amount δs are both 0.15 millimeters. In addition, what is necessary is just to let the application quantity be the quantity which the adhesion layer which crimped | cured and hardened | cured the tile becomes 0.4 millimeters.

  By the way, such a steel plate 3S is provided with a hole for inserting an anchor fixing bolt, and the position thereof is a petal formed at the joint intersection 4 (see FIG. 2) of the tile 2 as already mentioned. A spot 4f is formed. As the anchor 6, FIG. 8 described later or an equivalent thereof is used, but it is inserted into a prepared hole formed at a predetermined position on the tunnel wall surface through the insertion hole. Bolts for holding the substrate are screwed to the anchors, and the tile panel is fixed to the wall surface. In FIG. 8, the washer 12 is a winged washer 12 which will be described later. However, the steel plate 3S does not need to have a wing, and the circular shape shown below is sufficient for the washer 5.

A washer is interposed between the head of the bolt inserted into the sleeve and the substrate, and the presser washer 5 is larger than the joint widths W _H and W _{V as} shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. A circle with a diameter D is formed. Since the corner 2a of the tile is rounded to the outside, even if it is misaligned, it cannot be hit by a corner as shown in FIG. 4 (b). Reduce the occurrence of cracks as much as possible. Incidentally, for example, a square wrench hole 11a is formed in the head 11 of the bolt so that it can be easily rotated even if the tile approaches from the periphery.

  If the steel plate 3S has a thickness of several millimeters or less than 1 millimeter, it can be easily along the tunnel wall surface. Since it is easier to bend than a cement board or the like, the gap between the tiles tends to be large as a whole. However, since the elastic adhesive can be stretched and is a material suitable for thickening, FIG. It is not necessary to process the tiles into a boat shape. It can be a simple tile that is very convenient for mass production.

  As described above, if the substrate is made of a steel plate, it becomes easy to follow the tunnel wall surface. On the other hand, although the gap between the tile and the substrate becomes large, the elastic adhesive does not thicken and cause trouble. The use of a steel plate makes it possible to make the substrate thinner, resulting in a reduction in bulk when loading. The toughness is significantly higher than that of cement board, and this contributes to the improvement of the transportation efficiency to the construction site and the reduction of the breakage rate together with the elasticity of the adhesive layer.

  As can be seen from these explanations, the corners of the individual tiles are rounded so as to form an arcuate bulge, so that there are no sharp edges at the four corners of the tile. In a series of operations, there is little need to be aware of the prevention of chipping at the corners, and the tile has good handling properties. This arc-shaped bulge contouring secondarily generates a compaction action at each edge at the time of embossing the frame, and prevents the warp and deformation of the tile after firing (frame around the back surface). There is an advantage that an operation for forming a frame-like dent generated by the compacting operation is not required.

  The tiles are only of the same shape, and are easy to handle from manufacturing to transportation and have a high yield. Since the shape of the tile attached to the substrate is the same, the joint intersections formed on the tile panel are petals with sharp petals in the shape of a cross, but this is the tile surface even where the anchor is not hit The discontinuity of is not conspicuous. In addition, it softens the hard feeling of the tiles and realizes a beautiful flower-pattern panel with a soft and stable feeling. As can be understood from FIG. 4B, the drop of the droplet 1a at the joint intersection 4 is also promoted when the joint is not filled. There is as little phenomenon as possible of washing the tunnel wall and collecting underground leakage through the wall, and the oil contained in the exhaust gas, dust that the tires jump up, etc. are attached and mixed to make the dirt worse or spread. Can be suppressed.

  In the adhesive layer occupied by the elastic adhesive, the separation or delamination does not occur due to the expansion or contraction of the layer thickness. As already mentioned, the interference between the top edge or bottom edge of the tile and the substrate is mitigated and avoided by the presence of a thinned portion that is densified by layer thickness compression. It is no longer necessary to form the bottom of the bottom of the tile at the edge of the tile, and the tile can be manufactured and used as a molded product having a uniform thickness with little distortion. Tile manufacturing work is also reduced, tiles can be fired with less distortion due to a simple and uniform shape, and yield reduction factors in mass production can be eliminated as much as possible. Of course, the flatness on the glossy surface side is also maintained, and a stable reflecting action can be exhibited. On the other hand, in the portion where the facing space is expanded, the adhesive layer that receives a tensile force but does not stiffen forms a thickened layered portion. The adhesive function between the opposing surfaces of the tile and the substrate is maintained, and peeling of the tile is suppressed as much as possible.

  The anchor washer that fixes the substrate along the tunnel wall is placed in a petal-like spot that does not affect the adhesive layer formed in the facing space. You will not be disturbed by the applied pressure or receive unnecessary loads. Since no force is exerted on the tile partly, the adhesive layer with the changed layer thickness is not affected by being disturbed by the pressure applied to the washer. When an elastic adhesive is present at the joint intersection, the washer is received by an elastic material having a vibration reducing action, so that the propagation of vibrations of the traveling vehicle is moderated. The bolt used for the anchor is also less loose.

  Next, the case where the substrate is a fiber reinforced cement board 3C will be described. A typical fiber used is glass. As shown in FIG. 5 (a), the fiber reinforced cement plate 3C is less likely to bend than the steel plate 3S described above, and therefore the curvature is generally smaller than that of the steel plate when it is along the tunnel wall. The fact that the distance from the tunnel wall surface is larger than that of the steel plate means that the change in curvature becomes more severe in the region N near the anchor than in the case of the steel plate. If there are three tiles between the anchors, the center tile and the substrate have less change in the adhesive layer thickness than the steel plate, but the upper and lower tiles have thicker and thinner layers. The difference in layer thickness becomes severe. Since the elastic adhesive can cope with the base thickness Ta corresponding to the increase / decrease amount of the layer thickness, the adhesion of the tile to the substrate can be kept long and strong like the steel plate.

  Regardless of whether the reinforcing fiber is glass or not, when an insertion hole for anchoring is made in the substrate, the fiber may get tangled in the drill and the cement around the hole is loosened. Therefore, the washer used for the anchor is the winged washer 12. As shown in FIG. 6, the wing-shaped sub-seat portion 12B fitted to the horizontal joint 1H extending in the left-right direction from the anchor screwing bolt 6b of the joint crossing portion 4 is replaced with a main seat having a diameter D larger than the joint width W. It is made to project from the portion 12A and can keep the pressing load from concentrating around the weakened hole. Since the sub-seat portion 12B does not come into contact with the tile at the corner, it is as shown in FIGS. 4 (c) and 4 (d), and the same effects as in FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b). Is demonstrated.

  The anchor 6 provided with the winged washer 12 described above is shown in FIG. The washer 12 has a constant thickness as shown in (a), and as can be seen from (c), a seat hole 12a that is smaller than the outer diameter of the sleeve 6a but larger than the diameter of the bolt 6b is formed. As shown in (e), the left and right sides of the main seat portion 12A having the seat holes 12a through which the bolts pass are integrally provided with sub-seat portions 12B extending left and right from the joint intersections. It goes without saying that the main seat portion 12A has a diameter that only fits into the joint intersection 4 as shown in FIG. The anchor includes a sleeve 6a, a bolt 6b, and a cone 6c, and a slit 6d is provided at the end of the sleeve. The bolt 6b pulls the cone into the anchor sleeve at the back of the hole by the screwing of the bolt head 11 that holds the substrate, and the cone expands the diameter of the sleeve end with the slit. As a result, the anchor is prevented from coming off from the tunnel wall, and at the same time, the washer presses the substrate and the tile panel is fixed to the tunnel wall surface as shown in FIG. Note that the base end of the slit 6d is connected to the extraction window 6e so that the diameter of the sleeve end can be easily increased.

  In the case of FIG. 7 as well, as in FIG. 3, for example, three locations of the crossing portions 4a, 4b, and 4c on the left and right vertical grids are selected as the anchor driving positions. A drill is set up to make an insertion hole in the substrate, followed by an anchor hole in the tunnel wall. It is inevitable that a part of the cement at the peripheral portion of the insertion hole formed in the fiber reinforced cement board is peeled off. When disturbed to the extent that the fiber is exposed at the edge of the insertion hole, the bearing surface pressure resistance for the main seat portion 12A decreases. Since the fiber exposure generally remains in the crossing portion, the sub-seat portion 12B that extends and sits on the portion where the cement is not peeled off distributes the anchor reaction force to the substrate.

  If the winged washer is pressed in this way, even if the edge cement of the insertion hole drilled in the substrate is partially peeled off and the fiber is exposed and the pressure resistance is lowered, the secondary joint fits into the side joint. The seat can sit over the non-peeled portion and can be dispersed and transmitted to the substrate without concentrating the anchor reaction force on the fragile portion. Even in this winged washer, the adhesive layer having a changed layer thickness is not disturbed by the pressure applied to the washer and is not subjected to an unnecessary load. When an appropriate amount of elastic adhesive is present at the joint intersection, vibration propagation is reduced in the same manner as described above, and loosening of the bolt used for the anchor is also reduced. The diameter of the insertion hole that supports the substrate that vibrates slightly with the wind pressure received each time the vehicle passes is also suppressed, and the durability of the tile panel is improved. Of course, depending on the substrate, there may be no or very little cement peeling at the edge of the insertion hole, and in that case, there is no particular problem in adopting the wingless washer as shown in FIG.

  As can be seen from the above description, in the case of a fiber reinforced cement plate made of glass or the like, it is less likely to bend than a steel plate substrate as a whole. As a result, the distance from the tunnel wall surface is generally larger than that of the steel plate. That means that the gap between the substrate and the back surface of the tile is narrower than that of the steel plate. However, in the tile adjacent to the anchor, the gap between the substrate and the tile tends to be locally increased due to a sudden change in the curvature near the anchor. Even in such a case, the elastic adhesive stretches so as to locally thicken, while the edge edge allows shrinkage and thinning so that cushioning is enhanced and the tile edge does not hit the substrate, The durability of sticking the tile to the substrate is high without peeling of the adhesive.

  Regardless of whether the substrate is a steel plate or a fiber reinforced cement plate, the anchor of the tile panel can be fixed using the space of the joint intersection, so that the support bracket as in the case of floating (see reference numeral 24 in FIG. 12) ) Is no longer needed. Incidentally, the anchor-fixable space may be in the form of a diamond 4m, a circle 4n, a square 4p, or the like shown in FIG. The elastic adhesive present at the joint crossover or the elastic adhesive that protrudes from the joint crossover improves the seating of the washer, reducing the competition between the washer and the pointed part caused by tile angle cutting regardless of the presence or absence of wings. This is because such effects are exhibited.

  The above has been described with reference to the figure in which the elastic adhesive is applied to at least the entire back surface in the vertical direction of the tile. However, as shown in FIG. 5B, the tile edge may have an adhesive-free area 8n where the elastic adhesive 8 is not applied. In this case, since the adhesive does not appear on the joint, flameproofing measures such as filling the joint can be eliminated if necessary. Further, since the increase / decrease rate of the adhesive layer thickness is smaller than in the case of the above description, it is possible to reduce the amount of adhesive consumed in the thinned portion.

  By the way, referring to FIG. 9A, the elastic adhesive 8 at the time when the tile 2 is adhered to the substrate (not shown) becomes parallel to the tunnel road surface when the tile panel is installed on the tunnel wall. In addition, a plurality of laterally extending beads 8a, 8b, 8c,... Can be applied to one tile. The laterally extending bead 8 looks like a dot pattern from the solid line display, that is, the coating layer having a height as shown in FIG. 10A becomes slightly thinner as shown in FIG. , The width expands. As shown by a collection of points in FIG. 9 (a), the upper and lower edges of the beads are expanded to a state where they are connected or not connected to other beads.

  This is because the coating width and coating amount are determined so as to cause spreading that is as close to each other as possible after tile bonding. However, since the shape of the bead extends laterally after crimping curing, that is, it suppresses the spread without being interconnected over the entire bead edge, the adhesive layer substantially reduces the propagation of force. Keep it turned off in the direction. Incidentally, since the non-bonded portion remains in a very small area, a bonding area greatly exceeding 75%, which is the minimum standard for the entire surface bonding, is secured, and there is no particular problem. Incidentally, the laterally extending bead can form the adhesive 8 from the nozzle 14 in a bead shape by moving the adhesive trough 13 or the substrate (not shown) shown in FIG. 9B. The tiles are then placed all at once and crimped.

  Tile panels are often covered by leaking water droplets from the tunnel wall. Leakage also absorbs vehicle exhaust gas components and takes up dust. When this reaches the adhesive layer, the deterioration of the layer is accelerated and the adhesive force is lowered, and the progress of peeling is promoted. As shown in FIG. 10 (c), even if the peeling bead 15A occurs due to the droplet 1a in the laterally extending bead 8a located at the upper edge of the tile, the lower beads 8b and 8c which are substantially cut off at the edge.・ ・ ・ Do not propagate deterioration and peeling. This is because the lower bead 8b is subjected to a water leak attack only when the upper bead 8a is completely destroyed. As shown in FIG. 10 (d), the downward progress of the peeling 15B and the radical progress of the adhesive layer that occur when a continuous adhesive surface is formed are eliminated, and the durability of the tile panel is improved.

  Next, focus on the individual bead layers. As shown in FIG. 11, the adhesive layer at the tile end receives a compressive force due to the curvature of the substrate 3, and the central portion receives a tensile force. The adhesive layer is shrunk by the former force, and is stretched by the latter. As shown in (a), when a vertically continuous adhesive surface is formed, forces of different sizes and different directions act on the adhesive layer forming one surface. Since the adhesive layers to which different forces act mutually suppress or enhance the deformation, the stress generated in the adhesive layer is not constant, and this accelerates the deterioration of the adhesive layer when placed in a wet situation.

  On the other hand, in FIG. 11 (b), the horizontally extending beads 8a, 8b, 8c,... Are not connected vertically so that the load received by each bead is not applied to the adjacent bead in principle. That is, the shrinkage generated in the adhesive layer by compression does not affect the adjacent bead, and the influence of the elongation generated in the adhesive layer by tension does not affect the adjacent bead. Since each single bead is subjected to almost the same load in the same direction, the distribution stress in the layer is equalized, and the behavior of each layer is kept stable without being affected by the other layers. It is.

  Incidentally, although the fiber reinforced cement board is used as the substrate, other board materials such as an extrusion-molded cement board may be used as long as they are easy to follow the tunnel wall. Further, the main seat portion may not only be provided with a sub seat portion, but also may have a second sub seat portion that is fitted in a vertical joint extending in the vertical direction from the joint intersection portion, although not shown. It is preferable that the second sub seat is shorter than the first sub seat fitted to the horizontal joint because the second sub seat acts to suppress bending deformation of the substrate.

  Such a tile wall covering tile panel can be applied not only to constructing a new tunnel but also to renewal work of a wall surface in an existing tunnel. In any example, since the adhesive layer is formed of an elastic adhesive, elasticity is exhibited while withstanding a corresponding load. Usually, the thermal expansion / shrinkage of the substrate is larger than that of the tile, but when the difference between the tile pressure environment temperature and the tile panel installation environment temperature is large, a shear force is generated in the adhesive layer. Even in such a situation, the interface shift is absorbed by the deformation of the flexible adhesive layer. Therefore, the adhesive layer breakage that occurs when the adhesive is a non-elastic material does not occur, and tile peeling due to this is avoided.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Tile panel, 1H ... Horizontal joint, 1V ... Vertical joint, 2 ... Tile, 2a ... Corner | angular part, 2m ... Upper end edge, 2n ... Lower end edge, 2p ... Central part, 3 ... Board | substrate, 3S ... Steel plate, 3C ... Fiber Reinforced cement plate, 4, 4a, 4b, 4c ... joint intersection, 4f ... petal-like spot, 4A ... anchor-fixable space, 6 ... anchor, 7 ... tunnel wall, 8 ... adhesive (elastic adhesive), 8s ... Thinned portion, 8t ... thickened portion, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 8f, 8g ... laterally extending beads, 9 ... facing space, 10 ... adhesive layer, 12 ... winged washer, 12A ... main seat Part, 12B ... sub seat, W, W _H , W _V ... joint width, D ... diameter of the washer.

Claims (4)

When tiles for covering the tunnel wall are stuck vertically and horizontally on the substrate and fixed to the tunnel wall via anchors that are placed, the surface of the substrate can be deformed along the wall that curves in the vertical direction. In the tile panel for direct tension,
The tile has a shape in which the corner is cut off, and an anchor fixing space having a size larger than the joint width is secured at the joint intersection formed by the corner,
When the substrate is fixed to the tunnel wall, the adhesive layer in the facing space between the rigid tile and the surface-deformed substrate has thinned portions that are compressed by being compressed between the upper and lower edges of the tile and in the vicinity thereof. With an elastic adhesive that exhibits a thickness direction elongation of the adhesive layer from 20% to 110% so that a thickened portion that is formed and stretched at and near the tile central portion is formed, The tile is affixed to the substrate;
The elastic adhesive at the time of attaching the tile to the substrate is parallel to the tunnel road surface when the tile panel is installed on the tunnel wall, and a plurality of laterally extending beads are formed in one tile after the pressure curing. Is also applied so that the horizontally extending bead located above and below is not interconnected across the entire edge,
The anchor washer for fixing the substrate along the tunnel wall has a main seat portion having a diameter larger than the joint width, and the main seat portion exerts a force on the adhesive layer formed in the facing space. A curved surface characterized in that a sub-seat portion is provided in the joint intersection portion having no joint, and has a vertical width smaller than the joint width from the main seat portion and extends in the left-right direction and is fitted in the horizontal joint portion. Tile panel for wall covering.   In addition to the sub-seat portion extending in the left-right direction from the main seat portion, a second sub-seat portion having a left-right width smaller than the joint width and extending in the vertical direction and fitted in the vertical joint is projected. 2. The curved wall covering tile panel according to claim 1, wherein the second sub-seat portion has a length that does not inhibit the curved deformation of the substrate.   The curved wall covering tile panel according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a steel plate or a fiber reinforced cement plate.   The said anchor-fixable space is a petal shape formed by rounding corners of individual tiles so as to form an arcuate bulge, according to any one of claims 1 to 3. Curved wall covering tile panel.