JP5979635B2 - Underground cavity filling material and method for producing the filling material - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a filling material for filling an underground cavity portion formed on the lower side of a foundation of a structure such as a building provided on soft ground.

  On the bottom side of the foundation slab bottom of structures with pile foundations built on soft ground, such as landfills in coastal areas, there is a cavity between the foundation slab and the ground due to the consolidation settlement phenomenon of the ground over time. May occur. If such a state continues, there is a concern that the stability of the foundation slab and the like will decrease and the maintenance cost will increase.

  As a conventional countermeasure against underground cavities, a method of filling the cavities by pouring a self-hardening material such as mortar or fluidized soil (a material obtained by adding clay and adding cement) into the cavities is common. is there. Such a filler is gradually cured after filling to develop a strength equivalent to or higher than that of the ground. After filling, the filler is handled as a part of the ground.

  However, when these measures are applied to soft ground where consolidation settlement is in progress, the pile foundation of the structure is cured and integrated with the pile head and the bottom of the foundation slab in a state where they are attached. However, the increase in the weight of the structure has a problem in that the safety is lowered, such as an increase in bearing capacity of foundation piles.

  In addition, when consolidation settlement progresses and a cavity is generated between the structure and the ground again, the filler has already hardened, so that the filler does not follow the ground, and the hardened filling. There may be additional gaps between the material and the ground. In addition, when the filler is further filled into new cavities including these gaps, the already hardened filler will interfere with the work. There was a problem that proper filling could not be performed, and it was impossible to suppress a decrease in the stability of the structure due to the cavity.

  Instead of the conventional method of filling the cavity with such a self-hardening filler, filling with a non-hardening filler so that the filler can follow the ground where consolidation settlement is in progress, It is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-256574.

JP 2011-256574 A

  When filling the cavity with a filler (fluidized material) as shown in the above-mentioned patent document, it has the property that it does not harden even after being filled in the cavity, so that even if the consolidation of the ground further advances, Following this, it is expected that no gap will be formed between the filler portion and the ground below it. However, when the preset time has elapsed, the fluidity of the filler disappears due to the action of the plasticizer, so if the time has passed without the filling operation proceeding as originally planned, the unfilled filler Due to the loss of fluidity in the case, there is a problem that the filler cannot be pumped into the cavity part during the work, or the filler cannot be distributed throughout the cavity part.

  The fluidized material as a filler contains a predetermined amount of a fluidizing agent and a plasticizing agent in addition to sand and water, and the components of the fluidizing agent and the plasticizing agent, which are these synthetic substances, remain in the ground. Thus, there is a problem that there is a risk of affecting the surrounding environment.

  Furthermore, the mixing ratio of sand and water forming the fluidized product is a predetermined range excluding the case where sand or water is extremely large in order for both the fluidity and strength of the fluidized product to be practical. However, in the above-mentioned patent document, only the blending ratio of the fluidizing agent and the plasticizing agent to the whole fluidized product is shown, and the blending ratio of sand and water, which are the main materials, implements the invention. It is not specifically shown to the extent possible.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and is suitable for blending bentonite, water, and sand, so that it does not harden over time, and has fluidity, pumpability, and further subsidence. An object of the present invention is to provide an underground cavity filling material that is excellent in followability and that functions as a lateral resistance material such as a pile head in the filled ground, and a method for manufacturing the filling material.

  The underground cavity filling material according to the present invention is a flow that can be pumped at least through a pipe by mixing and stirring bentonite mud obtained by mixing bentonite and water at a predetermined mixing ratio with sand at a predetermined mixing ratio. The blending ratio of the bentonite mud and sand is such that the material separation resistance is such that the breathing rate in the state of the blend is less than 3%.

  Thus, according to the present invention, bentonite, water and sand are mixed at an appropriate blending ratio to form a filler, and the sand is dispersed with moderately interposed bentonite mud between the sands, By using a filler that provides fluidity and hardly causes material separation, in addition to excellent pumpability and easy filling and filling work into the cavity, it can be a non-curing filler. It does not adhere to the structure and does not increase the weight of the structure, ensuring safety, while being given lateral resistance against the pile head in the filled ground, it stabilizes the structure's foundation appropriately. Can be Since bentonite is a naturally derived mineral, it does not adversely affect the surrounding environment by use, and its properties can be maintained semipermanently, and the ground can be stabilized stably. In addition, fillers that can maintain fluidity can reliably follow the progress of further land subsidence, and existing fillers will not be an obstacle to refilling fillers even if a new cavity is created during subsidence. Easy to fill.

  Moreover, the filler manufacturing method according to the present invention comprises mixing bentonite and water at a predetermined mixing ratio, curing the bentonite mud obtained by stirring for a predetermined time, and adding sand to the bentonite mud after curing at a predetermined mixing ratio. Are mixed and further stirred to obtain a filler having at least fluidity that can be pumped by a tube and material separation resistance with a breathing rate of less than 3%.

  Thus, according to the present invention, by mixing and stirring bentonite and water to make bentonite mud water, curing the bentonite mud water for a predetermined time, then mixing and stirring sand at a predetermined blending ratio to produce a filler Bentonite that does not require special manufacturing processes other than mixing, stirring, and curing, and can efficiently obtain an appropriate filler at the work site where the underground cavity is filled, and has undergone curing for an appropriate period of time. In the muddy water, the bentonite is sufficiently swollen to maximize the viscosity of the bentonite muddy water and to obtain a filler with excellent fluidity when mixed with sand. It is possible to smoothly inject and fill the part, and can appropriately cope with pumping and injection to multiple injection paths through piping.

It is generation | occurrence | production state explanatory drawing of the underground cavity part used as the filling object of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a filling preparation state explanatory drawing to the underground cavity part of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a top view of the structure and surrounding ground in the underground cavity part upper side which is going to perform filling of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is filling state explanatory drawing to the underground cavity part of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is filling completion state explanatory drawing to the underground cavity part of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a flowchart of the mixing | blending confirmation test before the filling operation | work of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a flowchart of the filling work process of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a blending ratio correction process explanatory drawing of the bentonite mud which makes the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is filling state explanatory drawing to the underground cavity part of the underground cavity part filler which concerns on the 2nd Embodiment of this invention. It is a graph which shows the particle size accumulation curve of the sand used for the underground cavity part filler of this invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the pumping distance of the underground cavity part filler of this invention, and a pipe | tube internal pressure. It is a graph which shows the time-dependent change of the filler height in each position in the earth tub after pouring in the compounding example of the mixing ratio 1: 7: 20 of the underground cavity part filler of this invention. It is a graph which shows the time-dependent change of the filler height in each position in the earth tub after pouring in the compounding example of the mixing ratio 1: 7: 30 of the underground cavity part filling material of this invention. It is a graph which shows the time-dependent change of the filler height in each position in the earth tub after pouring in the compounding example of the compounding ratio 1: 6: 20 of the underground hollow part filler of this invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between each stirring time and flow value of bentonite mud used for the underground cavity part filler of this invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the mixture ratio of the water with respect to the bentonite used for the underground cavity part filler of this invention, and a flow value. It is a graph which shows the particle size accumulation curve of three types of sand used for the underground cavity part filler of this invention.

(First embodiment of the present invention)
Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
In each of the drawings, the underground cavity filling material 1 according to the present embodiment is obtained by further mixing sand with muddy water obtained by mixing bentonite and water. This filler 1 maintains fluidity without being hardened, can be pumped without causing material separation, and is suitable for filling the underground cavity 50 generated under the foundation of the structure 30. .

  Many of the structures 30 constructed on the soft ground have a structure in which a foundation slab 31 and a structure body 32 are constructed on the ground 40 and supported by a large number of piles 33 placed in the ground. is there. In the soft ground zone such as the coastal area, the structure 30 does not sink due to the support pile, but the ground 40 is lowered due to the progress of consolidation settlement, so that the structure 30 is located between the lower part of the structure 30 and the ground 40 as shown in FIG. A hollow portion 50 is generated that spreads horizontally and shallowly. This cavity 50 has a risk of causing a decline in the strength of the pile foundation, such as a decrease in the resistance to lateral forces applied due to shaking during an earthquake, etc. In order to prevent this, the cavity 50 is filled with the filler 1.

  Here, in the filler which mixed only sand and water, possibility that it will isolate | separate at the time of pumping will become high. Moreover, in the filler which mixed only bentonite and water, if it is going to give the fluidity | liquidity which can be pumped, the intensity | strength as a ground will not be obtained. Only when sand is mixed with bentonite mud mixed with bentonite and water, it becomes a filler that can secure the strength as the ground while ensuring excellent fluidity to improve workability.

  The inventors of the present invention have been experimentally conducting a construction for filling the cavity below the foundation in the structure on the soft ground with a filler produced by adding sand to bentonite mud water. It has been found that the material has the necessary functions as a filler for the cavity, such as high pumpability and high fillability. However, since the quality of the filler varied from work site to site, the results of detailed investigations such as conducting various material tests on various conditions related to filler production showed that the amount of sand was small. It is easy to separate materials, and it is clear that if it is too much, the viscosity will be high and it will be difficult to pump. Such fillers will change greatly depending on the formulation and production method. As a result, it was found that the composition suitable for the above is limited.

  More specifically, the present inventors have investigated the cylinder flow value used for performance evaluation of uncured concrete and mortar for backfilling and filling (hereinafter referred to as “flow value”). ) And the breathing rate, and each value of the flow gradient for evaluating the filling property in the cavity is obtained by the same procedure as an evaluation index in this filler, The knowledge that the characteristic can be evaluated accurately was obtained.

  In a filler in which sand is further mixed with muddy water in which bentonite and water are mixed as in the present embodiment, it is necessary to avoid material separation during pumping. Such material separation resistance is evaluated by the breathing rate. The smaller the breathing rate, the better the material separation resistance. In the case of filling the underground space (cavity), generally less than 3% is preferable.

  Moreover, the larger the flow value that is an index for evaluating the fluidity of the filler, the better the fluidity, and in the case of filling the underground space (cavity), generally 200 mm or more is preferable. If the flow value of the filler is less than 200 mm, the fluidity of the filler in the pressure feed pipe is reduced, pump pumping is not performed smoothly, and the pressure in the pressure feed pipe may increase during pressure feeding. On the other hand, when the flow value is 200 mm or more, the fluidity is ensured, and even when the cavity portion is filled from the peripheral portion of the structure through the long pipeline, the pumping is performed well.

  Furthermore, the smaller the flow gradient that is an index for evaluating the filling property of the filler, the better the filling property, and in the case of filling the underground space (cavity), 2% or less is generally preferable. When the flow gradient becomes extremely large, there is a possibility that the filler cannot flow in the cavity and the gap cannot be filled densely. On the other hand, when the flow gradient is 2% or less, the filling property is improved, and the cavity is satisfactorily filled.

  As described above, the breathing rate as an evaluation index of material separation resistance is less than 3%, the flow value as an evaluation index of fluidity is 200 mm or more, and the flow gradient as an evaluation index of fillability is 2% or less. As described above, by manufacturing the filler, it is possible to obtain a filler for an underground cavity, which can secure an appropriate viscosity and has rigidity as a filler. Therefore, the quality of the filler is managed by using the values of the breathing rate of less than 3%, the flow value of 200 mm or more, and the flow gradient of 2% or less as quality control reference values.

  And in the filler 1 which concerns on this embodiment, as for the mixing | blending (weight ratio) which satisfy | fills the conditions of the said reference value about a flow value, a breathing rate, and a flow gradient, ratio of bentonite (B): water (W) is 1: It is preferably in the range of 6-8, and when (B) :( W) = 1: 6-7, it is preferable to use sand (S) 20 (value when bentonite is 1; the same applies hereinafter). Moreover, when (B) :( W) = 1: 7-8, it discovered that it was preferable to set it as the mixing | blending which becomes the range of sand (S) 20-30.

  However, because bentonite, one of the filler materials, is a naturally derived mineral, even if the same brand product from the same collection site is used, the ability to absorb water (swelling power) ) Are different, and accordingly, the fluidity (flow value) of the filler varies.

  Sand is also a material with a large difference in particle size distribution depending on the time of acquisition of sand for each purchased unit. If the particle size of the sand is too fine, a filler with poor fluidity (flow value) is produced. I know that.

  Since bentonite and sand have the above characteristics, for bentonite, blending correction by adjusting the amount of water added, for sand, by adjusting the particle size distribution to mix coarse sand (silica sand, etc.), A stable filler is manufactured.

  Specifically, the modification of the bentonite composition is made by first preparing an appropriate amount of bentonite mud with standard composition (B) :( W) = 1: 7 and checking whether the flow value is in the range of 360 mm ± 20 mm. Confirm. Within this range, it has been confirmed that a flow value of 200 mm or more can be secured even in a filler after mixing a suitable amount of sand having an appropriate particle size distribution.

  On the other hand, if the flow value of the bentonite mud with the blend (B) :( W) = 1: 7 is outside the range of 360 mm ± 20 mm, the blend (B) :( W) = 1: 6 and 1: 8 Create an appropriate amount of bentonite mud, measure the flow value, and determine the water mixing ratio as an adjustment target to obtain an appropriate flow value from the relationship between the obtained flow value and the mixing ratio. The corresponding bentonite mud is produced.

  Specifically, the particle size adjustment of the sand is carried out by first conducting a particle size test on the purchased sand or the locally generated soil to be used and confirming the particle size distribution. A suitable particle size distribution standard is that the passing mass percentage with a particle size of 0.3 mm is 40% or less. If the particle size distribution deviates from this guideline range, coarse sand (such as silica sand) is mixed so that the particle size distribution obtained in the particle size test satisfies the above guideline range.

  As an actual manufacturing process of the filler, bentonite and water are first mixed and stirred to produce bentonite mud and cured for a predetermined time (for example, 2 hours or more). Furthermore, when sand is added to the obtained muddy water and stirred, a filler having a predetermined fluidity can be obtained. The produced filler can be pumped from a production location such as a plant to a location where the actual filling operation is performed such as around the structure.

  Since this filler is bentonite, that is, a mixed material of a kind of clay, water and sand, it exhibits the properties of clay under conditions of low compaction pressure and axial compression force, and the consolidation pressure and axial compression force increase. It has the characteristic of shifting to sandy soil properties. Bentonite has the characteristic of “swelling and having viscosity” when it comes into contact with water. By mixing sand with the bentonite mud appropriately, it is possible to produce a filler with fluidity.

  In addition, bentonite is a naturally occurring mineral that does not solidify itself, is harmless to the environment and the human body, has excellent durability (maintains performance for hundreds of thousands of years), and is filled. It can be said that it is the most suitable material.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the filling operation of the filler 1 into the hollow portion 50 is performed through the injection pipe 20 provided with a plurality of injection holes 41 around the basic slab 31 of the structure 30 and built in the injection holes 41. . Since the cavity 50 generated in the lower part of the foundation slab 31 of the structure 30 is considered to vary depending on the scale of the foundation slab 31, in order to closely fill the cavity 50, the area around the foundation slab 31 of the structure 30 is not limited. It is preferable to inject from a plurality of locations.

  The plurality of injection holes 41 can also be used as leak confirmation holes for confirming that the filler 1 has densely filled the cavity 50 based on the leakage of the filler from the holes.

  Next, the preliminary work process and the actual filling work process related to filling the hollow part of the underground cavity filling material based on the above configuration will be described. As a premise, in the soft ground constructed in a state where the structure 30 is supported by a pile foundation composed of a plurality of piles 33, the ground 40 is lowered by the progress of consolidation settlement, and between the lower part of the structure 30 and the ground 40, It is assumed that the cavity 50 to be filled is generated.

  First, a prior work process prior to filling the cavity 50 with the filler 1 will be described. First, materials (bentonite, sand, water) and pumps for pumping, grout mixers, belt conveyors, sand meter, submersible pumps, generators, sand hoppers, water tanks, water meters depending on the construction site of the cavity filling Prepare curing tank, injection pipe, backhoe, etc., and install the plant around the cavity filling point.

  Thereafter, a blending confirmation test is performed before the filler is manufactured. First, bentonite and water are blended at a predetermined ratio and stirred with a hand mixer or the like for a predetermined time (for example, 30 to 40 minutes) to prepare bentonite mud water, and the flow value immediately after stirring is confirmed. If the flow value at that time is within the range of 360 mm ± 20 mm, the bentonite mud is left still and cured for a predetermined time (for example, 1 to 2 hours).

  On the other hand, when the bentonite mud flow value immediately after stirring is outside the range of 360 mm ± 20 mm, the amount of water blended in bentonite is adjusted, and the blending of bentonite mud is corrected so as to fall within the above range.

  As a method for correcting the bentonite mud mixture, which is required depending on the material conditions of bentonite and sand, etc., when the flow value of bentonite mud with a normal compounding ratio of 1: 7 is outside the range of 340 to 380 mm, first, the compounding ratio Each flow value in the case of 1: 6 and 1: 8 is confirmed, and the vertical axis represents the flow value and the horizontal axis represents the blending ratio, and is plotted on a graph to obtain an approximate flow value straight line for each bentonite mud blend. A blending ratio value (for example, 1: 7.9) at the intersection of this approximate straight line and a line indicating a flow value of 360 mm is adopted as a blending correction value (see FIG. 8). Thus, the amount of water relative to bentonite is adjusted so that, for example, the blending ratio is 1: 7.9 after the blending correction, instead of the blending ratio 1: 7 initially assumed to satisfy the flow value condition. Will be.

  In addition, the particle size distribution of the sand prepared as sand or locally generated soil (JIS A 1204) and the soil particle density test (JIS A 1202) should be grasped in advance. As the particle size distribution, sand having a particle size of 0.3 mm and a passing mass percentage of 40% or less is preferable. If the particle size distribution is out of this range, coarse sand is mixed and the particle size distribution is within the range. It is desirable to adjust as follows.

  Then, sand having a preferable particle size distribution is mixed with bentonite mud after curing for a predetermined time in a predetermined composition, for example, a mixing ratio of 20 with respect to bentonite 1, and stirred for a predetermined time (for example, 10 minutes) with a hand mixer or the like. Then, a filler is produced. When the flow value of this filler is measured and the flow value is 200 mm or more, the formulation is determined and the preliminary work is completed. Here, when the flow value is less than 200 mm, the sand mixed in the bentonite mud is reviewed and the filler is produced again. That is, after adjusting the particle size by adding coarse sand to the sand, it is mixed with bentonite mud water to newly prepare a filler.

Next, an operation process for actually filling the hollow portion 50 with the filler 1 will be described. First, bentonite and water are mixed based on the previously determined formulation, and stirred for a predetermined time (for example, 30 minutes to 40 minutes) with a grout mixer to produce bentonite mud.
The obtained bentonite mud is left still and transferred to a curing tank or the like, followed by curing for a predetermined time (for example, 1 to 2 hours).

Then, the cured bentonite mud is transferred to another grout mixer, and the sand is mixed based on the determined formulation, and stirred for a predetermined time (for example, 10 minutes) with the grout mixer to produce a filler.
As a quality confirmation test of this filler, it is confirmed that the flow value is 200 mm or more.

  On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of injection holes 41 are provided around the edge of the basic slab 31 in the structure 30 at the filling location, and the injection pipe 20 has a relatively small diameter (for example, a diameter of 50 mm or less). Build in. In this case, the embedding interval is preferably about 4 m.

  Subsequently, the manufactured filler 1 is pumped through a pipe by a pump for pumping. At that time, when the pump pressure is 1.0 MPa, the pumping distance at the work site is preferably 100 m or less.

  Then, when the filler 1 pumped by the pump for pumping is injected into the underground cavity 50 through the injection pipe 20 and leakage of the filler is confirmed from any of the plurality of injection holes 41, the inside of the cavity is densely filled with the filler 1 The filling operation is completed when it can be regarded as being filled.

  In this filled state, the filler 1 filled in the cavity 50 is not hardened and maintains fluidity, but has sufficient rigidity as a filler due to low compaction and compressibility. It is possible to secure the safety of workers and passers-by in the vicinity of the structure without causing the surrounding ground to sink or the like while being given lateral resistance.

  Thus, in the underground cavity filling material according to the present embodiment, appropriate materials and conditions for blending and curing are provided for the underground cavity 50 generated below the foundation slab 31 of the structure 30 provided on the soft ground. By filling the filler 1 that has been set and manufactured, the filler 1 is not hardened in the cavity 50, but is sufficiently compacted and compressible, can secure a lateral resistance against the pile 33, Reduces yield strength.

  Furthermore, this filler does not harden over time and is excellent in fluidity. Even if a hollow portion is generated due to consolidation settlement after construction, the filler follows the settlement of the ground 40 and moves. Thus, no gap is generated between the filler and the lower ground. Moreover, the filling material which does not harden | cure does not become a hindrance of construction also to the newly produced cavity part, and refilling construction of a filler can be performed easily.

(Second embodiment of the present invention)
In the underground hollow portion filler according to the first embodiment, the flow value as a reference value for quality control is set to 200 mm or more, and the quality of the filler is managed so as to satisfy the flow value, thereby having appropriate fluidity. In addition to this, as a second embodiment, in a structure constructed on soft ground where the consolidation settlement of the ground is predicted in advance with a high probability, preparation for measures against the occurrence of a cavity due to settlement is prepared in advance. As shown in FIG. 9, holes and pipes for pouring the filler into the hollow portion 50 formed between the foundation slab 31 and the ground 40 are adversely affected on the foundation strength. In the case where a cavity is generated by consolidation settlement, when the filler can be introduced from the slab directly above the cavity under the foundation slab, the filler is Pumping through a pipe To the extent possible, the composition has a flow value of less than 200 mm, that is, the flow is lower than the fluidity required when the filler is injected only from the side of the basic slab 31 to reach the center of the cavity sufficiently. For example, a composition in which the blending ratio of bentonite (B): water (W): sand (S) is 1: 6: 20 can be used. Corresponding to the changing fluidity of the filler, the degree of freedom of formulation adjustment at the construction site can be increased.

The filler of the present invention and bentonite mud as the material were produced by changing the blending and other conditions, and whether or not appropriate fluidity and other necessary properties were exhibited was evaluated by a confirmation test.
In actual construction, the quality of the filler and the result of construction are expected to vary due to differences in materials and application conditions. Therefore, the quality control standard value is set in advance, and the filler is manufactured according to the standard value. Enables stable performance as a material.

  As the standard values for quality control, the flow value, breathing rate, and flow gradient value used for the evaluation of uncured concrete and mortar for backfilling and filling are also applied to this filler as evaluation indices. Each condition of a breathing rate of less than 3%, a flow value of 200 mm or more, and a flow gradient of 2% or less, which is generally preferred in the case of filling underground spaces (cavities), is adopted.

(Effects of bentonite mud curing time and evaluation of pumpability and flow gradient change by blending)
The relationship between the bentonite mud water curing time and the flow value and flow gradient of the manufactured filler was investigated, and the set quality control standard values (flow value: 200 mm or more, breathing rate: less than 3%, flow gradient: 2% or less) The optimal curing time that satisfies the above is evaluated.

Curing time of bentonite mud water for three blending examples in which the blending ratio of bentonite (B): water (W): sand (S) is 1: 7: 20, 1: 7: 30, 1: 6: 20, respectively. The flow value and breathing rate of each filler obtained at 30, 60, and 120 minutes were determined.
In addition, the produced filler was pumped into a large earth basin to measure the flow gradient, and the pressure in the pipe at the time of pumping was measured.

As the bentonite, Kunigel V1 (manufactured by Kunimine Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was used. Moreover, tap water is adjusted to a water temperature of about 20 ° C. and used. On the other hand, sand whose grain size distribution was adjusted was used. A graph of the particle size accumulation curve of sand is shown in FIG. In addition, the soil particle density of the used sand was 2.649 (g / cm ³ ).

The test procedure is as follows.
1. 1. Add water and bentonite to a grout mixer and stir for 1 hour. After stirring, the bentonite mud is discharged from the grout mixer and cured at a curing temperature of 20 ° C. for a predetermined time.
3. After curing for a predetermined time, the measured bentonite mud and sand are put into a grout mixer and stirred for 10 minutes.
4). After stirring, the filler is discharged from the grout mixer, transferred to a mono pump, and then pumped at about 1.0 m ³ / h using a pumping hose (length 40 m) and placed in a large earth tub.

In-pipe pressure measurement at the time of pumping the filler into the earth tub was measured at each point of the pressure hose at 0, 5, 10, and 20 m.
The large earth basin used for the flow gradient measurement is for measuring a flow gradient having a size of 0.3 m × 0.4 m × 5.0 m. The discharge end of the pressure hose is placed at one end of the earth tub, and a filler is introduced and placed. In the flow gradient measurement, the height of the filled filler was measured at each point of 0 m, 2.5 m, and 5.0 m from the end of the earth tub, which is the loading position, from 24 hours after the start of casting. However, the filling of the filler from the pumping hose into the earth tub is finished 30 minutes after the start of placing.
Table 1 shows the measured flow value and breathing rate for each filler produced by changing the blending time of bentonite, water and sand and the curing time of bentonite mud.

  In any of the blending examples, it was found that the water liberated by breathing (breathing water) in the breathing test was below the measurement limit, that is, the breathing rate was not measurable, and almost no breathing occurred. Thus, it is considered that no material separation occurs in normal pumping and filling.

  In addition, in each example of the blending ratio 1: 7: 20 and each example of the blending ratio 1: 7: 30, the flow value satisfies 200 mm or more, but each of the blending ratio 1: 6: 20 In the example, it was less than 200 mm.

  On the other hand, the graph of FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the pumping distance and the pipe pressure obtained by measuring the pipe pressure at the time of placing. However, since the difference by the curing time in each combination example is small, only the value in the case of the curing time of 2 hours is shown as a representative value.

  As shown in FIG. 11, when the pressure at the discharge position is 0 MPa, the pressure in the pipe is distributed almost linearly. It can be seen that the greater the flow value, the smaller the pipe pressure. In addition, the time-dependent change of the pressure in a pipe | tube at the time of filler pumping was not confirmed.

Further, a pressure gradient (original pressure / pumping distance) is obtained from each of the above results, and using this, a pumping limit (maximum pumping pressure / pressure gradient when using a grout pump with a pumping pressure of about 3.5 MPa, however, (Calculated at 1.0 m ³ / h with a 38 mm inner diameter pumping tube). Table 2 shows the value of the pumping limit for each blending example. However, the values shown in the table of the pumping limit are calculated based on 80% of the maximum pumping pressure (pump capacity) assuming linear pumping.

  From the pumping test results of these fillers, the pumping limit distance when a grout pump with a pumping pressure of about 3.5 MPa is used is about 400 m in any combination, and the pumping capacity is sufficient.

In addition, FIG. 12, FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 show changes with time in the height of the filler at each point of the earthen tub in each blending example obtained by the flow gradient measurement. After the placement, since the movement of the filler was hardly confirmed, the illustration of the results after the end of filling the filler (after 30 minutes) is omitted.
Table 3 shows the value of the flow gradient obtained from each result of the filler height.

  From Table 3, it can be seen that in the case of the blending ratio 1: 7: 20, the curing time is 1 hour or more, the flow gradient is 2% or less, and the quality control standard is satisfied. Moreover, in the example of the mixture ratio 1: 7: 30, it can be seen that the curing time is 2 hours or more and the flow gradient is 2% or less, which satisfies the quality control standard.

  From the above, if the curing time of bentonite mud is appropriately set to 1 hour or more when the mixing ratio 1: 7: 20 is adopted, and 2 hours or more when the mixing ratio 1: 7: 30 is adopted. A filler that satisfies the quality control standards such as the flow gradient and ensures the performance required when the filler is injected only from the periphery of the base of the structure into the underground cavity to reach the center of the cavity. It is clear that it is obtained. And since the above two blends are different in fluidity and strength based on the difference in the blending ratio of sand, a filler with a blending ratio of 1: 7: 20 is adopted when higher fluidity is required. However, when a higher ground reaction force coefficient is required, it can be said that it is desirable to use different blends, such as using a filler with a blend ratio of 1: 7: 30.

  In addition, in the case of a filler with a blending ratio of 1: 6: 20, there is no problem in pumping with a pipe, but considering that the flow value and flow gradient do not satisfy the quality control standard, a flow value of 200 mm or more is required. It can be said that it is unsuitable for filling a place to be filled, for example, in a case where a filler is injected from the basic peripheral edge of the structure and reaches each part of the underground cavity, or in a narrow place.

(Evaluation of the effect of stirring time of bentonite mud)
The relationship between the agitation time of bentonite mud and the flow value is investigated, and the shortest agitation time with no problem is obtained.
Curing for each bentonite mud obtained with mixing time of 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutes for two blending ratios of bentonite and water of 1: 7, 1: 6 A post flow test was performed to determine the flow value. In addition, visual observation of the muddy water after stirring was performed. The bentonite mud water was cured for 2 hours.

  FIG. 15 shows the relationship between each stirring time of bentonite mud and the flow value in the above two blending examples. Table 4 shows the presence or absence of bentonite lumps in the muddy water for each stirring time visually.

  As a result of the test, the flow values became constant when the mixing ratio was 1: 7 in the example of the mixing ratio 1: 7, and in the example of the mixing ratio 1: 6, the stirring time was 30 minutes or more. On the other hand, by visual observation, an unstirred bentonite lump was visually recognized in the example of the mixing ratio 1: 7 with a stirring time of less than 20 minutes and in the example of the mixing ratio 1: 6 with a stirring time of less than 30 minutes. : In the case of 7, the stirring time was 30 minutes or more, and in the case of the blending ratio 1: 6, the stirring time was 40 minutes or more. Thus, it can be considered that the stirring is sufficiently advanced and no further stirring is required.

  From the above, the flow value shows a constant value, and even if it is considered that the property does not change even if stirring further on the measurement, it proceeds to the next step with unstirred bentonite remaining, Since it is not preferable in terms of quality assurance, it can be said that it is desirable to set the stirring time of muddy water to 40 minutes or more during actual filling construction.

(Evaluation of the relationship between bentonite quality variation and bentonite mud flow value)
The effect of bentonite quality variation on bentonite mud was investigated. Specifically, the same brand of bentonite (Kunigel V1 (Kunimine Kogyo Co., Ltd.)), but the three bentonites with different properties shown in the quality results table due to different times of acquisition, are mixed with water. The bentonite mud was made by changing the flow rate and the fluidity was verified by performing a flow test. FIG. 16 shows the relationship between the ratio of water to bentonite and the flow value for each bentonite. In addition, Table 5 shows the quality result table of each bentonite. However, the blending ratios obtained by performing the flow test for each bentonite are partially different.

  As a result of the flow test, it was found that the relationship between the mixing ratio of water and the flow value can be approximately linearly approximated in any bentonite. Thereby, the flow values at a plurality of blending ratios of bentonite mud are examined in advance, and the linear relationship (function) is obtained, so that in any bentonite, based on the properties required for the finally produced filler. It can be seen that an appropriate blending ratio of water corresponding to the flow value of bentonite mud as the adjustment target can be found.

(Evaluation of the relationship between particle size distribution of sand and flow value of filler)
Using sand having different properties, fillers were produced such that the blending ratio of bentonite, water, and sand was 1: 7: 30, and the flow value was determined.

As the sand, three types of sand having different particle size distributions, that is, the first sand, the second sand obtained by adding coarse particles (silica sand) to the first sand and adjusting the particle size, and the second sand The 3rd sand which added coarse-grained substance (silica sand) to this sand, and adjusted the particle size was used. The particle size accumulation curve of each sand is shown in FIG.
Table 6 shows the flow values measured for each filler manufactured using the three types of sand at a blending ratio of 1: 7: 30.

  From Table 6, the flow value (90 mm) when using the first sand with the largest proportion of components having a small particle size, and the second sand with an increased proportion of components having a small particle size are used. The flow values (165 mm) are both below the quality control standard of 200 mm. On the other hand, in the case of using the third sand in which the particle size is further adjusted with respect to the second sand to reduce the proportion of components having a small particle size, a high flow value (215 mm) is obtained.

  From the above, when the proportion of the small particle size component in the sand is large, the fluidity of the filler is inferior, but by changing the particle size distribution by adjusting the particle size of the sand, the fluidity of the filler can be increased. It can be seen that the particle size adjustment is effective in increasing the fluidity of the filler.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Filling material 20 Injection pipe 30 Structure 31 Foundation slab 32 Structure main body 33 Pile 40 Ground 41 Injection hole 50 Cavity part

Claims (3)

It is a mixed material with a predetermined mixing ratio of bentonite mud water and sand, which has fluidity that can be pumped at least by a pipe ,
The bentonite mud is a mixture of bentonite and water with a predetermined mixing ratio,
The blending ratio of the bentonite mud and sand is a ratio having a material separation resistance such that the breathing rate in the state of the mixed material is less than 3% ,
Bentonite and water in the bentonite mud are in a ratio of water 7 to 8 with respect to bentonite 1 in a blended weight ratio,
A filler for an underground cavity , wherein the sand has a weight ratio with respect to bentonite of 20 or 30 with respect to bentonite 1 . It is a mixed material with a predetermined mixing ratio of bentonite mud water and sand, which has fluidity that can be pumped at least by a pipe,
The bentonite mud is a mixture of bentonite and water with a predetermined mixing ratio,
The blending ratio of the bentonite mud and sand is a ratio having a material separation resistance such that the breathing rate in the state of the mixed material is less than 3%,
Bentonite and water in the bentonite mud are in a ratio of water 6 to 7 with respect to bentonite 1 in a blended weight ratio,
A filler for underground cavities , wherein the sand has a weight ratio to bentonite of 20 with respect to bentonite 1 . Bentonite and water are mixed at a predetermined mixing ratio, and bentonite mud obtained by further stirring is cured for a predetermined time,
A filler having a material separation resistance in which sand is mixed with bentonite mud after curing at a predetermined mixing ratio, further stirred, and has fluidity that can be pumped at least by a pipe and a breathing rate of less than 3%. To get
A filling material manufacturing method.

Images