JP5925771B2 - ナイアシン模倣体、およびその使用方法 - Google Patents
ナイアシン模倣体、およびその使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5925771B2 JP5925771B2 JP2013516832A JP2013516832A JP5925771B2 JP 5925771 B2 JP5925771 B2 JP 5925771B2 JP 2013516832 A JP2013516832 A JP 2013516832A JP 2013516832 A JP2013516832 A JP 2013516832A JP 5925771 B2 JP5925771 B2 JP 5925771B2
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- Prior art keywords
- inhibitor
- agonist
- compound
- niacin
- group
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- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021260 warm beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940071104 xylenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002675 xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011667 zinc carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004416 zinc carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000010 zinc carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2] UGZADUVQMDAIAO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910021511 zinc hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940007718 zinc hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005863 α-amino(C1-C4)alkanoyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002076 α-tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004835 α-tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005853 β-dimethylaminoethyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
- C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
- C07D213/80—Acids; Esters in position 3
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Description
便宜上、明細書、実施例、および付随の特許請求の範囲に用いられる特定の用語がここに集められている。ここに定義され使用される全ての定義が、辞書の定義、引用文献の定義、および/または定義された用語の通常の意味に取って代わる。
式中、
Rは、水素、アルキル、ハロアルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、ヘテロシクリルアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアラルキル、縮合ビシクリル、カルボキシアルキル、またはアリールアルケニルアリールであり;
R4は、重水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、ハロゲン、ニトロ、シアノ、スルホン酸、アルキルスルホキシル、アリールスルホキシル、ヘテロアリールスルホキシル、アラルキルスルホキシル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホキシル、アルケニルスルホキシル、アルキニルスルホキシル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、ヘテロアリールスルホニル、アラルキルスルホニル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホニル、アルケニルスルホニル、アルキニルスルホニル、ヒドロキシル、アルコキシル、アリールオキシル、ヘテロアリールオキシル、アラルキルオキシ、ヘテロアラルキルオキシ、アルケニルオキシ、アルキニルオキシ、チオール、アルキルチオ、アリールチオ、アラルキルチオ、ヘテロアラルキルチオ、アルケニルチオ、アルキニルチオ、ホルミル、アシル、ホルミルオキシ、アシルオキシ、ホルミルチオ、アシルチオ、アミン、アルキルアミン、アリールアミン、ヘテロアリールアミン、アラルキルアミン、ヘテロアラルキルアミン、アルケニルアミン、アルキニルアミン、ホルミルアミン、アシルアミン、カルボキシル、アルキルオキシカルボニル、アリールオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル、アラルキルオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアラルキルオキシカルボニル、アミド、アルキルアミンカルボニル、アリールアミンカルボニル、ヘテロアリールアミンカルボニル、アラルキルアミンカルボニル、およびヘテロアラルキルアミンカルボニルからなる群より各発生毎に独立して選択され;
nは0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7または8であり;
mは1、2、3または4である。
Rは、水素、アルキル、ハロアルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、ヘテロシクリルアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアラルキル、縮合ビシクリル、カルボキシルアルキル、またはアリールアルケニルアリールであり;
R4は、重水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、ハロゲン、ニトロ、シアノ、スルホン酸、アルキルスルホキシル、アリールスルホキシル、ヘテロアリールスルホキシル、アラルキルスルホキシル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホキシル、アルケニルスルホキシル、アルキニルスルホキシル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、ヘテロアリールスルホニル、アラルキルスルホニル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホニル、アルケニルスルホニル、アルキニルスルホニル、ヒドロキシル、アルコキシル、アリールオキシル、ヘテロアリールオキシル、アラルキルオキシ、ヘテロアラルキルオキシ、アルケニルオキシ、アルキニルオキシ、チオール、アルキルチオ、アリールチオ、アラルキルチオ、ヘテロアラルキルチオ、アルケニルチオ、アルキニルチオ、ホルミル、アシル、ホルミルオキシ、アシルオキシ、ホルミルチオ、アシルチオ、アミン、アルキルアミン、アリールアミン、ヘテロアリールアミン、アラルキルアミン、ヘテロアラルキルアミン、アルケニルアミン、アルキニルアミン、ホルミルアミン、アシルアミン、カルボキシル、アルキルオキシカルボニル、アリールオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル、アラルキルオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアラルキルオキシカルボニル、アミド、アルキルアミンカルボニル、アリールアミンカルボニル、ヘテロアリールアミンカルボニル、アラルキルアミンカルボニル、およびヘテロアラルキルアミンカルボニルからなる群より各発生毎に独立して選択され;
R5は、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、ハロゲン、ニトロ、シアノ、スルホン酸、アルキルスルホキシル、アリールスルホキシル、ヘテロアリールスルホキシル、アラルキルスルホキシル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホキシル、アルケニルスルホキシル、アルキニルスルホキシル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、ヘテロアリールスルホニル、アラルキルスルホニル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホニル、アルケニルスルホニル、アルキニルスルホニル、ヒドロキシル、アルコキシル、アリールオキシル、ヘテロアリールオキシル、アラルキルオキシ、ヘテロアラルキルオキシ、アルケニルオキシ、アルキニルオキシ、チオール、アルキルチオ、アリールチオ、アラルキルチオ、ヘテロアラルキルチオ、アルケニルチオ、アルキニルチオ、ホルミル、アシル、ホルミルオキシ、アシルオキシ、ホルミルチオ、アシルチオ、アミン、アルキルアミン、アリールアミン、ヘテロアリールアミン、アラルキルアミン、ヘテロアラルキルアミン、アルケニルアミン、アルキニルアミン、ホルミルアミン、アシルアミン、カルボキシル、アルキルオキシカルボニル、アリールオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル、アラルキルオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアラルキルオキシカルボニル、アミド、アルキルアミンカルボニル、アリールアミンカルボニル、ヘテロアリールアミンカルボニル、アラルキルアミンカルボニル、およびヘテロアラルキルアミンカルボニルからなる群より各発生毎に独立して選択され;
R6は、水素または低級アルキルであり;
nは0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7または8であり;
mは1、2、3または4である。
本発明は、上述した化合物を1種類以上含む医薬組成物を提供する。1つの態様において、本発明は、1種類以上の薬学的に許容される担体(添加剤)および/または希釈剤と共に調合された、治療の効果的な量の上述した化合物を1種類以上含む薬学的に許容される組成物を提供する。
微細乳化技術によって、いくつかの脂肪親和性(水不溶性)医薬剤の生体利用効率が改善される。その例としては、Trimetrine(Dordunoo, S. K., et al., Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 17(12), 1685-1713, 1991)およびREV 5901(Sheen, P. C., et al., J Pharm Sci 80(7), 712-714, 1991)が挙げられる。数ある中で、微細乳化は、吸収を、循環系の代わりにリンパ系に優先的に向けることによって、向上した生体利用効率が提供され、これによって、肝臓が迂回され、肝胆道の循環における化合物の破壊が防がれる。
本発明に使用するのに適した親水性ポリマーは、水にすぐ溶解でき、小胞形成脂質に共有結合することができ、毒性効果なくインビボにて耐性がある(すなわち、生体適合性がある)ものである。適切なポリマーとしては、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、ポリ乳酸(ポリラクチドとも称される)、ポリグリコール酸(ポリグリコリドとも称される)、ポリ乳酸−ポリグリコール酸コポリマー、およびポリビニルアルコールが挙げられる。例示のポリマーは、約100または120ダルトンから約5,000または10,000ダルトン、より好ましくは約300ダルトンから約5,000ダルトンの分子量を有するものである。1つの実施の形態において、ポリマーは、約100から約5,000ダルトンの分子量を有する、より好ましくは約300から約5,000ダルトンの分子量を有するポリエチレングリコールである。1つの実施の形態において、ポリマーは750ダルトンのポリエチレングリコール(PEG(750))である。ポリマーはまた、そのモノマーの数によっても定義することができる;本発明の実施の形態では、例えば3つのモノマー(約150ダルトン)からなるPEGポリマーなどの、少なくとも約3つのモノマーのポリマーを用いる。
シクロデキストリンは、それぞれギリシャ文字のアルファ、ベータおよびガンマにより示される6、7または8のグルコース単位からなる環状オリゴ糖である。これらのグルコース単位は、アルファ−1,4−グルコシド結合により連結される。糖単位のいす形配座の結果として、全ての第二級ヒドロキシル基(C−2、C−3位)は、環の一方の側にあるのに対し、C−6位の全ての第一級ヒドロキシル基はその反対側にある。結果として、その外面は親水性であり、そのためシクロデキストリンが水溶性になる。反対に、シクロデキストリンの空洞は、C−3およびC−5位原子の水素およびエーテル様酸素により覆われているため、疎水性である。これらのマトリクスは、例えば、17−ベータ−エストラジオールなどのステロイド化合物を含む様々な比較的疎水性である化合物との錯化を可能とする(例えば、van Uden et al. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 38:1-3-113 (1994)を参照のこと)。錯化は、ファンデルワールス相互作用および水素結合形成により起こる。シクロデキストリンの化学的性質の一般評論について、文献(Wenz, Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 33:803-822 (1994))を参照のこと。
リポソームは、水性内部区画を取り囲む少なくとも1つの脂質二層膜からなる。リポソームは、膜タイプおよびサイズにより特徴付けることができる。小さな単層ベシクル(SUV)は単一膜を有し、概して、直径0.02と0.05μmの間に及び;大きい単層ベシクル(LUVS)は、概して0.05μmより大きい。オリゴラメラ大ベシクルおよび多重膜ベシクルは、複数の、通常同心の膜層を有し、概して、0.1μmより大きい。いくつかの非同心膜を有するリポソーム、すなわち、より大きなベシクル内に含まれるいくつかの小ベシクルは、多小胞ベシクルと称される。
本発明の製剤の放出特性は、カプセルの物質、被包される薬物の濃度、および放出調節剤の存在に依存する。例えば、放出は、胃においては低pHでのみ、または腸においてはより高いpHでのみ、放出されるpH感受性コーティングを使用して、pH依存的に操作することができる。腸溶コーティングを用いて、胃の通過後まで、放出が生じるのを阻止することができる。異なる物質で被包されたシアナミドの複数のコーティングまたは混合物を用いて、胃における初期放出、次いで腸におけるその後の放出を得ることができる。放出はまた、塩または細孔形成剤を含ませることにより操作することもでき、これにより、カプセルからの拡散による水の摂取または薬物の放出が増大しうる。薬物の可溶性を改変する賦形剤もまた、放出速度を制御するために用いることができる。マトリクスの崩壊またはマトリクスからの放出を増強する作用物質もまた、含ませても差し支えない。それらは、薬物に別個の相(すなわち、微粒子として)として加えるか、または化合物に応じてポリマー相中に共溶解することができる。全ての場合、その量は0.1と30パーセント(w/wポリマー)の間にあるべきである。崩壊増強剤のタイプとしては、硫酸アンモニウムおよび塩化アンモニウムなどの無機塩、クエン酸、安息香酸およびアスコルビン酸などの有機酸、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウム、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸亜鉛および水酸化亜鉛などの無機塩基、硫酸プロタミン、スペルミン、コリン、エタノールアミン、ジエタノールアミンおよびトリエタノールアミンなどの有機塩基、およびTween(登録商標)およびPluronic(登録商標)などの界面活性剤が挙げられる。微細構造をマトリクスに加える細孔形成剤(すなわち、無機塩および糖質などの水溶性化合物)が微粒子として加えられる。その範囲は1と30パーセント(w/wポリマー)の間にあるべきである。
本発明のある態様は、高脂血症、高コレステロール血症、リポジストロフィー、脂質異常症、アテローム性動脈硬化症および冠状動脈不全からなる群より選択される疾患、病気、または状態を処置する方法であって、その必要のある哺乳類に、治療に効果的な量の本発明の化合物またはその薬学的に許容される塩を投与する工程を含む方法に関する。1つの実施の形態において、その哺乳類はヒトである。
ARI−001を上述したように合成した。液体クロマトグラフィー質量分析法(LC−MS)による試験によって、実験に使用する前に、純度を独立して決定した。物質のサンプルを水/アセトニトリル中に溶解させ、Discovery C−18逆相カラムに注入した。移動相は2%:98%のアセトニトリル:水で開始し、これを3分間に亘り保持し、その後、直線勾配を開始し、これを6分間に亘り行って、98%:2%のアセトニトリル:水の最終比に到達するまで、アセトニトリルの割合を増加させた。この最終比を3分間に亘り保持した。図1に示されるように、215nmで、UV検出を行った。主要ピークはARI−001と特定された。
脂質調節へのARI−001の効果を調査するために、ハムスターモデルを開発し、化合物の長期投与の設定に使用した。このモデル、その開発、およびARI−001の効果がここに記載されている。
他の齧歯類のように、ゴールデンシリアンハムスターにおける脂質プロファイルは、主にHDLからなり、LDLまたはVLDLコレステロールがほとんどない。しかしながら、高脂肪食では、ハムスターは、トリグリセリドおよび遊離脂肪酸を含むコレステロールプールの増加を経験する。飲料水源に10%の果糖などの糖質を加えると、VLDLを含むトリグリセリドプールが著しく増す。この食餌で、ハムスターは、トリグリセリドとVLDL、およびLDLコレステロールへの調節薬の役割を調査するための有用なモデルとなる。実際に、文献の情報源では、このモデルを使用して、フェノフィブラートなどの、トリグリセリドおよび遊離脂肪酸調節化合物を調査している。
雄のゴールデンシリアンハムスターをCharles River Labs(111〜120g、生後56〜61日)から購入し、2週間に亘り、上述した高脂肪+果糖(ここで、「HF/HS」と称する)食餌に慣れさせた。ハムスターを、2週間この食餌に慣らせた後、体重でコーホートに割り当てた。12匹のハムスターをビヒクルグループに割り当て、9匹を1200mg/kgの用量でナイアシンを摂取するように割り当て、10匹を1120mg/kgの用量でARI−001を摂取するように割り当て、10匹を2240mg/kgの用量でARI−001を摂取するように割り当てた。この食餌の慣れの期間の終わりに、ハムスターに、ビヒクル(水)、ナイアシン、または2つの用量の内の一方でのARI−001の1mLの溶液を強制経口投与した。ハムスターに、合計で18日間に亘り一日一回、投与した。全ての動物は、投与期間に亘りずっと、上述したHF/HS食餌のままであった。各コーホートの投与溶液は、一度に7日間分調製したが、8日間に亘り続くのに十分な量が調製された。各溶液は、投与と投与の間に室温で貯蔵した。コーホートは、下記の表2にしたがって規定した。ナイアシンとARI−001との間の分子量差のために、用量は、mg/kgとミリモル/kgの両方で与えられている。1200mg/kgのナイアシンは、モル基準で、2240mg/kgのARI−001と同等であることに留意されたい。
32匹の雄のゴールデンシリアンハムスターを2週間に亘り上述したHF/HS食餌に慣らさせた。2週間の誘導期間後、動物を、ビヒクルまたはARI−001(1120mg/kg)いずれかの18日間の研究のためのコーホートに、またはビヒクルまたはARI−001(1120mg/kg)いずれかの28日間の研究のためのコーホートに割り当てた。4つの各グループには、8匹のハムスターが含まれた。溶液を、上述したように調製し、貯蔵した。動物に、前述したように、連続した18日間または28日間のいずれかに亘り一日当たり1mLの容積を投与した。研究の終わりに、ハムスターを犠牲にし、その血液をK2EDTA管に採取し、血漿を遠心分離により分離し、分析するまで冷凍した。全ての脂質は、上述したように、市販のキット(Wako、米国)を使用して分析した。下記の表4において、18日間と28日間の両方のビヒクルグループの動物が、1つのビヒクルグループ(N=16)に組み合わされている。
上述した18日間の研究においてARI−001が投与された19匹のハムスターからの血漿を、ARI−001の濃度について分析した。これらのサンプルについて、濃度を決定した。これらのサンプルは、最後の用量が投与されてから24時間後に採取した。手短に言えば、エレクトロスプレーイオン化によるApplied Biosystems 4000Qtrap分光計を使用したLC−MSによって、非GLP薬物動態学的実験に関する血漿薬物濃度を決定した。冷たいメタノールによる血漿タンパク質の沈殿によって、サンプルを分析のために調製した。サンプルのHPLCは、Agilent Eclipse C18カラムおよび0.1%のギ酸と5mMの酢酸アンモニウムを含有するメタノール/水勾配により行った。ARI−001を、陽イオンモードにおいて多重反応モニタリング(MRM)を使用して検出した。定量化のために、未処置動物からの血漿に公知の量のARI−001を添加し、処置動物からのサンプルと同じ方法で調製することによって、標準曲線を測定した。全ての血漿サンプルに、LC−MS測定の内部標準として働いた10ng/mLの同位体が豊富なARI−001を加えた。全ての化合物の濃度は、μMで報告されている。相関分析について、所定の動物におけるARI−001の血漿濃度は、同じ動物の脂質パラメータと対にした。両方の投与グループ(1120mg/kgおよび2240mg/kg)からの全ての動物が分析に含まれた。これらの相関関係が、図6および図7にグラフで示されている。ピアソンのr値は、データセットに関する両側P値のように、全てのデータ点を使用して決定した。
組織サンプルを、上述した18日間の実験におけるハムスターから採取して、肝臓と脂肪組織の両方におけるARI−001の濃度を決定した。手短に言えば、肝臓および脂肪のサンプルを実験の終了時に採取した;そのサンプルを液体窒素で瞬間冷凍し、次いで、分析に使用するまで、−80℃で貯蔵した。分析の準備をするために、肝臓のサンプルを冷凍塊から切除し、秤量し、組織粉砕機で均質化し、その後、緩衝液中の音波処理を行った。次いで、固形物を遠心分離により除去した。LC−MS分析の準備をするために、次いで、このホモジェネートを、血漿調製について記載されたのと同じ調製技法(前出を見よ)にしたがって処理した。脂肪のサンプルを冷凍塊から切除し、液体窒素で冷却された乳鉢と乳棒に移した。粉砕中、液体窒素を加えて、脂肪サンプルを確実に固体のままにした。粉砕サンプルを、風袋を備えた管に移して、全サンプルを秤量した。この粉砕サンプルをメタノールにより抽出し、この化合物含有メタノールを、−20℃に冷却することによって、液体から分離した。乾燥後、メタノールサンプルを水中に溶解させた;次いで、そのサンプルを、肝臓と血漿と同じ様式(前出を見よ)でLC−MS分析のために準備した。
HDLコレステロールの増加をもたらし得る見込まれる機構の調査は、HDLの調節に関連するいくつかの遺伝子のmRNAレベルにおける変化に焦点を当てた。ハムスターの肝臓と脂肪を、ARI−001について記載したのと同様の様式で調製した。手短に言えば、分析の準備をするために、肝臓のサンプルを冷凍塊から切除し、秤量し、組織粉砕機で均質化し、その後、緩衝液中の音波処理を行った。次いで、遠心分離によって固形物を除去した。その結果得られた溶解産物をqPCR分析に使用して、関心のある特定の配列のために設計されたプライマーを使用して測定された特異的mRNA(後を見よ)を定量化した。全てのmRNAの量を、ビヒクル処置した動物に対して正規化させ、mRNAレベルを、ビヒクル処置に対する増加または減少の倍率として表した。脂肪を、肝臓と同様の様式で処理した:脂肪のサンプルを冷凍塊から切除し、液体窒素で冷却された乳鉢と乳棒に移した。粉砕中、液体窒素を加えて、脂肪のサンプルが確実に固体のままにした。粉砕サンプルを、風袋を備えた管に移して、全サンプルを秤量した。この粉砕サンプルを緩衝液で処理して、特定のmRNAの量を定量するためにqPCRの準備をした。
ナイアシンは、長期投与の設定において肝臓毒性および耐糖性に関連していることが知られているので、ナイアシン模倣体であるARI−001が類似の問題に関連付けられるか否かを調査した。これを調査するために、実施例3において先に記載された実験からのハムスターの血漿中の一般的な肝機能酵素ASTおよびALTを調査した。これらの動物を、合計でほぼ5週間に亘りHF/HS食餌のままにしながら、連続して18日間に亘り投与した。これらの動物の血漿中のグルコースレベルも調査した。薬物動態学的研究のために、一回投与と連続投与の両方の研究について、野生型マウスを使用した。最後に、薬物動態学的研究を、サルへの一回投与および連続投与からのデータによって確証した。
ARI−001は、長期投与の高脂肪食給餌ハムスターからの肝機能試験を改善させる.
ナイアシンの特定の製剤は、ヒトにおいて肝細胞毒を生じさせることが知られている。これにより、18日間に亘りARI−001が投与されたハムスターの血漿からの肝機能試験(AST、ALT)の調査が導かれた。ASTおよびALTは、市販のキット(Bio-Quant Diagnostic Kits、カリフォルニア州、サンディエゴ所在)を使用して測定した。予測されたように、未処置のハムスターからのASTおよびALT値は、高脂肪食により肝腫脹および脂肪肝がもたらされるので、非常に高かった。これらの病状は、上昇したASTおよびALTレベルに反映されている。反対に、ARI−001処置された動物からのASTおよびALTレベルは、ビヒクルのものよりも、著しく低かった。実際に、ASTは、2240mg/kgの用量で劇的に減少し、1120mg/kgの用量でさえ、著しく減少した。ALT値は、これも用量依存様式で、同様に減少した。図12Aおよび図12Bを参照のこと。
ARI−001には、高脂肪食を給餌したハムスターの中でグルコースレベルに影響がない.
ナイアシンは、糖尿病患者の中でグルコースレベルに悪影響を及ぼすことが知られている。この実験に使用したハムスターモデルは、図13におけるビヒクルグループにより示されるように、上昇したグルコースレベルの母集団を作り出した。ヒトに見られる効果と一貫して、ナイアシン処置動物のグルコースは、ビヒクルに対して上昇していた。しかしながら、ARI−001のいずれの用量も、ビヒクルコーホートと比べて、グルコースレベルに著しい変化は生じなかった。
A. マウスのインビボ研究
野生型マウスのARI−001の一回投与の薬物動態学的研究.
野生型C57BL/6マウスに、強制経口投与(PO)または腹腔内注射(IP)いずれかにより、溶液中のARI−001を一回投与した。次いで、24時間に亘り様々な時点で、血液サンプルを採血した;次いで、血漿を、前述したようにARI−001の濃度について分析した。ARI−001は、強制経口投与により、一回のボーラスとして2240mg/kgの用量、または腹腔内注射により一回の注射として2240mg/kgの用量のいずれかで、投与した。図14を参照のこと。
野生型C57BL/6マウスに、連続30日間に亘り、強制経口投与で毎日、溶液中のARI−001を投与した。5つの24時間の期間の過程で、血液を採血し、結果として得られた血漿を、ARI−001の濃度について分析した。4種類の用量を使用した:996mg/kg、1493mg/kg、2240mg/kg、および3360mg/kg。予測されるように、Cmaxレベルおよび総24時間曝露(AUC)は用量依存性であった。しかしながら、これらの値は、これらのパラメータと投与日数との間に傾向が観察されなかったので、時間には関係なかった。図15A〜15Dおよび図16A〜16Bを参照のこと。
野生型マウスにおける一回投与の薬物動態学的研究.
野生型C57BL/6マウスに、一回のボーラスの強制経口投与(PO)で、溶液中のナイアシン、ARI−001、または化合物2230C(ここに引用する、米国特許出願公開第2009/03123555A1号明細書に開示されている)を一回投与した。化合物2230Cは、以下の構造を有する:
ゴールデンシリアンハムスターにおけるARI−001の一回投与の薬物動態学的研究.
5.9ミリモル/kgのARI−001の一回の経口投与として与えられる、ARI−001の薬物動態学的プロファイルを、HF/HSゴールデンシリアンハムスターにおいて評価した。血漿サンプルを各時点で5匹の動物から心臓穿刺により採取して、24時間に亘りARI−001の血漿濃度を測定した。その結果が図17に示されている。
マカクサルにおけるARI−001の一回投与薬物動態学的研究.
断食させたサルに、強制経口投与(PO)または静脈注射(IV)いずれかにより、溶液中のARI−001を一回投与した。24時間に亘り様々な時点で、血液サンプルを採血した;次いで、血漿をARI−001の濃度について分析した。ARI−001は、強制経口投与により、一回のボーラスとして288mg/kgの用量、またはIV注射により一回の注射として96mg/kgの用量のいずれかで、投与した。その結果が図18に示されている。
給餌用のサルに給餌し、前述したように強制経口投与により溶液としてARI−001を投与する前に、消化するための時間をかけた。その結果が図19に示されている。
ARI−001を、合計で7日間に亘り、一日一回、強制経口投与によりサルに投与した。最初の投与と、最後の投与の後に、血液サンプル採血して、ARI−001の血漿濃度を測定した。1日目と7日目の血漿濃度間には、ほとんど差がなかった。不一致の最大点はCmax値にあり、これは、1日目よりも7日目のほうが高かった。最初の投与または最後の投与いずれかの24時間後の濃度は実質的に同じであった。図20を参照のこと。
ナイアシン誘発皮膚紅潮が、β−アレスチン依存性の様式で、ナイアシン受容体GPR109Aを発現の活性化により媒介されることが示されてきた。Walters RW et al. (2009) J Clin Invest 119:1312-21。GPR109Aを発現する検定の準備ができたPathHunter eXpress β−アレスチン細胞を96ウェルプレート内において10,000細胞/ウェルで平板培養し、90分間に亘り、それぞれ、ある範囲の濃度に亘り、ナイアシンまたはARI−001いずれかで刺激した。Gタンパク質共役受容体(GPCR)活性は、β−ガラクトシダーゼ酵素断片の相補性を使用して、β−アレスチンの活性化されたGPCRとの相互作用を測定することによって検出した。ナイアシンまたはARI−001いずれかによる刺激後、化学発光PathHunter Detection Reagentを使用して、信号を検出した。代表的な結果が図21に示されている。
ARI−001に関する数多くの薬物動態学的研究、安全性研究、および有効性研究が、ネズミ、ラット、ゴールデンシリアンハムスター、イヌ、およびサルを含む多種多様な動物において行われてきた。全体として、これらの研究からの結果により、以下の事項が確立された。
無作為の二重盲検プラセボ比較試験を、コーホート毎に用量を順次増加させ、投与後30時間に亘る観察と、8日目の再訪を行うことによって行う。被験者は、健康な男性と女性の成人志願者であり、年齢は18〜60才、LDL−Cは130mg/dL超であり、体重は85kg未満である。被験者は、試験薬物またはプラセボを摂取するように無作為に割り当てられる。
・ 肝機能(ALT、AST、血清ビリルビン)、CK、血液学、APTT、PT、尿検査および脂質化学パネル(LDL−C、HDL−C、遊離脂肪酸、トリグリセリド、LPAおよびApoA−1)を含む臨床検査
・ 12誘導心電図
・ 生命徴候
・ VAS
・ ベースライン血漿PK
・ 真夜中と0時間(投与時)との間のベースラインPKのための採尿
・ 投与の6、12および24時間後の肝機能(ALT、AST、血清ビリルビン)、CK、血液学、APTT、およびPTを含む臨床検査
・ 投与の4、12および24時間後の脂質化学パネル(LDL−C、HDL−C、遊離脂肪酸、トリグリセリド、Lp(a)およびApoA−1)
・ 投与の1、2、4、6、8、12および24時間後の12誘導心電図
・ 投与の24時間後の尿検査
・ 投与の6、12、24および30時間後の生命徴候
・ 投与の0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、12および24時間後のVAS
・ 投与の24時間後での身体検査および投与の30時間後の手短な臨床検査
・ 投与の0.5、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、12、24および30時間後のPKのための血液サンプルの採取
・ 投与の4時間後のトロポニンのための血液サンプルの採取
・ 投与の0から6、6から12、12から18、18から24、および24から30時間後の6時間間隔におけるPKのための採尿
ここに記載された全ての刊行物および特許は、各個別の刊行物または特許が、具体的かつ個別に参照により含まれることが示されているかのように、その全てが参照により含まれる。対立する場合、ここにおける任意の定義を含む本発明の出願が支配する。
本発明の特定の実施の形態を論じてきたが、先の明細書は、実例であって、制限するものではない。本明細書の吟味した際に、本発明の多くの変更が当業者に明らかになるであろう。付随の特許請求の範囲は、そのような実施の形態および変更の全てを請求することが意図されており、本発明の全範囲は、同等物の全範囲と共に特許請求の範囲、およびそのような変更と共に明細書を参照することによって決定されるべきである。
Claims (25)
- 下記構造式Iにより表される化合物、またはその薬学的に許容される塩:
Rは、水素、アルキル、ハロアルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、ヘテロシクリルアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアリール、ヘテロアラルキル、縮合ビシクリル、カルボキシアルキル、またはアリールアルケニルアリールであり;
R4は、重水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、ハロゲン、ニトロ、シアノ、スルホン酸、アルキルスルホキシル、アリールスルホキシル、ヘテロアリールスルホキシル、アラルキルスルホキシル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホキシル、アルケニルスルホキシル、アルキニルスルホキシル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、ヘテロアリールスルホニル、アラルキルスルホニル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホニル、アルケニルスルホニル、アルキニルスルホニル、ヒドロキシル、アルコキシル、アリールオキシル、ヘテロアリールオキシル、アラルキルオキシ、ヘテロアラルキルオキシ、アルケニルオキシ、アルキニルオキシ、チオール、アルキルチオ、アリールチオ、アラルキルチオ、ヘテロアラルキルチオ、アルケニルチオ、アルキニルチオ、ホルミル、アシル、ホルミルオキシ、アシルオキシ、ホルミルチオ、アシルチオ、アミン、アルキルアミン、アリールアミン、ヘテロアリールアミン、アラルキルアミン、ヘテロアラルキルアミン、アルケニルアミン、アルキニルアミン、ホルミルアミン、アシルアミン、カルボキシル、アルキルオキシカルボニル、アリールオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル、アラルキルオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアラルキルオキシカルボニル、アミド、アルキルアミンカルボニル、アリールアミンカルボニル、ヘテロアリールアミンカルボニル、アラルキルアミンカルボニル、およびヘテロアラルキルアミンカルボニルからなる群より各発生毎に独立して選択され;
R5は、水素、または1から6の炭素を有する低級アルキルであり;
nは0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7または8であり;
mは2、3または4である。 - nが0であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の化合物。
- mが2であることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の化合物。
- Rがアルキルであることを特徴とする請求項1から3いずれか1項記載の化合物。
- 下記式IIの化合物、またはその薬学的に許容される塩:
Wはポリオールまたはポリチオールであり;
pは2〜500であり;
R1は、
R4は、重水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、ハロゲン、ニトロ、シアノ、スルホン酸、アルキルスルホキシル、アリールスルホキシル、ヘテロアリールスルホキシル、アラルキルスルホキシル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホキシル、アルケニルスルホキシル、アルキニルスルホキシル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、ヘテロアリールスルホニル、アラルキルスルホニル、ヘテロアラルキルスルホニル、アルケニルスルホニル、アルキニルスルホニル、ヒドロキシル、アルコキシル、アリールオキシル、ヘテロアリールオキシル、アラルキルオキシ、ヘテロアラルキルオキシ、アルケニルオキシ、アルキニルオキシ、チオール、アルキルチオ、アリールチオ、アラルキルチオ、ヘテロアラルキルチオ、アルケニルチオ、アルキニルチオ、ホルミル、アシル、ホルミルオキシ、アシルオキシ、ホルミルチオ、アシルチオ、アミン、アルキルアミン、アリールアミン、ヘテロアリールアミン、アラルキルアミン、ヘテロアラルキルアミン、アルケニルアミン、アルキニルアミン、ホルミルアミン、アシルアミン、カルボキシル、アルキルオキシカルボニル、アリールオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル、アラルキルオキシカルボニル、ヘテロアラルキルオキシカルボニル、アミド、アルキルアミンカルボニル、アリールアミンカルボニル、ヘテロアリールアミンカルボニル、アラルキルアミンカルボニル、およびヘテロアラルキルアミンカルボニルからなる群より各発生毎に独立して選択され;
R5は、水素、または1から6の炭素を有する低級アルキルであり;
nは0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7または8であり;
mは2、3または4である。 - Wがポリオールであることを特徴とする請求項7記載の化合物。
- 前記ポリオールが炭水化物であることを特徴とする請求項7記載の化合物。
- 前記ポリオールがイノシトールであることを特徴とする請求項7記載の化合物。
- 前記ポリオールがシス−1,2,3,5−トランス−4,6−シクロヘキサンヘキソールであることを特徴とする請求項7記載の化合物。
- pが2、3、4、5または6であることを特徴とする請求項7から11いずれか1項記載の化合物。
- 請求項1から13いずれか1項記載の化合物、および薬学的に許容される賦形剤を含む医薬組成物。
- スタチンと組み合わせて製剤化されるかあるいは共投与されることを特徴とする、請求項14記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記スタチンが、アトルバスタチン、セリバスタチン、フルバスタチン、ロバスタチン、メバスタチン、ピタバスタチン、プラバスタチン、ロスバスタチンおよびシンバスタチンからなる群より選択されることを特徴とする、請求項15記載の医薬組成物。
- 11βHSD−1阻害剤、5HTトランスポーター阻害剤、5HT2c作用薬、5−LOまたはFLAP阻害剤、α−グルコシダーゼ阻害剤、ABCA1エンハンサー、ACC阻害剤、AcylCoA:コレステロールO−アシルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤、アシル−エストロゲン、抗糖尿病薬、抗脂質異常症薬、血圧降下薬、抗酸化剤、ApoA1模倣体、ApoA1調節薬、ApoE模倣体、アポリポタンパク質−B分泌/ミクロソームトリグリセリド転移タンパク質(apo−B/MTP)阻害剤、食欲抑制剤、アスピリン、β3作用薬、胆汁酸再吸収阻害剤、胆汁酸封鎖剤、ボンベシン作用薬、BRS3作用薬、CB1拮抗薬/逆作用薬、CCK−A作用薬、コレステロール吸収阻害剤、コレステロール輸送阻害剤、コレステリルエステル転移タンパク質(CETP)阻害剤、CNTF、CNTF作用薬/調節薬、エゼチミブおよびシンバスタチンおよび/またはアトルバスタチンの組合せ、CSL−111、デヒドロエピアンドロステロン、脱脂質HDL、DGATアンチセンスオリゴ、DGAT1阻害剤、DGAT2阻害剤、ジカルボキシレートトランスポーター阻害剤、ドーパミン作用薬、DP受容体拮抗薬、エゼチミブ、FAS阻害剤、脂肪酸結合タンパク質(FABP)阻害剤、脂肪酸トランスポーター阻害剤、脂肪酸トランスポータータンパク質(FATP)阻害剤、紅潮阻害剤、FXR受容体調節薬、ガラニン受容体拮抗薬、ゲムカベン(gemcabene)、グレリン拮抗薬、グレリン抗体、GLP−1作用薬、グルカゴン様ペプチド−1受容体作用薬、グルココルチコイド作用薬/拮抗薬、グルコーストランスポーター阻害剤、HDL模倣体、HMG CoA還元酵素阻害剤化合物、HMG−CoA合成酵素阻害剤、ホルモン感受性リパーゼ拮抗薬、ヒトアグーチ関連タンパク質(AGRP)、H3拮抗薬/逆作用薬、無機コレステロール封鎖剤、L−4f、ラパキスタット、レプチン作用薬/調節薬、レプチン、リパーゼ阻害剤、リポタンパク質合成阻害剤、ロラポプラント(lorapoprant)、低密度リポタンパク質受容体誘導剤または活性化剤、Lp(a)還元剤、LXR受容体作用薬、Lynキナーゼ阻害剤、Mc3r作用薬、Mc4r作用薬、MCH1R拮抗薬、MCH2R作用薬/拮抗薬、メラニン凝集ホルモン拮抗薬、mGluR5拮抗薬、ミクロソームトリグリセリド輸送阻害剤、モノアミン再摂取阻害剤、天然水溶性繊維、NEトランスポーター阻害剤、ニューロメジンU受容体作用薬、神経ペプチド−Y拮抗薬、ナイアシンまたはナイアシン受容体作用薬、ニコチン酸、ノルアドレナリン作動性食欲抑制薬、NPY1拮抗薬、NPY2作用薬、NPY4作用薬、NPY5拮抗薬、非ステロイド系抗炎症薬(NSAID)、オメガ−3脂肪酸、オピオイド拮抗薬、オレキシン受容体拮抗薬、PDE阻害剤、フェンテルミン、ホスフェートトランスポーター阻害剤、ファイトファーム(phytopharm)化合物57、植物スタノールおよび/または植物スタノールの脂肪酸エステル、血小板凝集阻害剤、PPAR−α作用薬、PPAR−δ部分作用薬、PPAR−γ作用薬、プロブコール、レニン−アンジオテンシン阻害剤、逆−4F、SCD−1阻害剤、セロトニン再摂取阻害剤、SGLT2阻害剤、スクアレンエポキシダーゼ阻害剤、スクアレン合成酵素阻害剤、ステロール生合成阻害剤、交感神経様作用薬、甲状腺ホルモンβ作用薬、甲状腺類似作用薬、トピラメート、トリグリセリド合成阻害剤、UCP−1活性化剤、UCP−2活性化剤、UCP−3活性化剤、およびウロコルチン結合タンパク質拮抗薬からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種類の追加の治療剤と組み合わせて製剤化されるかあるいは共投与されることを特徴とする、請求項14記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記少なくとも1種類の追加の治療剤が、ロバスタチン、シンバスタチン、プラバスタチン、アトルバスタチン、フルバスタチン、セリバスタチン、リバスタチン、ロスバスタチンカルシウムおよびピタバスタチンから選択されるHMG CoA還元酵素阻害剤であることを特徴とする請求項17記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記HMG CoA還元酵素阻害剤がシンバスタチンまたはアトルバスタチンであることを特徴とする請求項18記載の医薬組成物。
- 高脂血症、高コレステロール血症、リポジストロフィーまたは脂質異常症、アテローム性動脈硬化症、および冠状動脈不全からなる群より選択される疾患、病気、または状態を処置するために使用される、請求項14から19いずれか1項記載の医薬組成物。
- 代謝症候群、肥満症、脂肪肝疾病、および糖尿病からなる群より選択される疾患、病気、または状態を処置するために使用される、請求項14から19いずれか1項記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記疾患、病気または状態が脂肪肝疾病である、請求項21記載の医薬組成物。
- 血清の高密度リポタンパク質(HDL)レベルを上昇させるために使用される、請求項14から19いずれか1項記載の医薬組成物。
- 血清の低密度リポタンパク質(LDL)レベルを低下させる、または血清のリポタンパク質(a)レベルを低下させるために使用される、請求項14から19いずれか1項記載の医薬組成物。
- うっ血性心不全、心血管疾患、高血圧症、冠動脈疾患、扁桃炎、ペラグラ、ハートナップ症候群、カルチノイド症候群、動脈閉塞性疾患、甲状腺機能低下症、血管収縮、骨関節炎、リウマチ性関節炎、アルツハイマー病、末梢神経系および中枢神経系の異常、血液学的疾患、癌、炎症、呼吸器疾患、および消化器系疾患からなる群より選択される疾患、病気、または状態を処置するために使用される、請求項14から19いずれか1項記載の医薬組成物。
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EP (1) | EP2585072A4 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP5925771B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN103096895B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2011270726C1 (ja) |
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JP2016128452A (ja) * | 2010-06-24 | 2016-07-14 | トラスティーズ オブ タフツ カレッジ | ナイアシン模倣体、およびその使用方法 |
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AU2013215269A1 (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2014-08-21 | Trevena, Inc. | Beta-arrestin effectors and compositions and methods of use thereof |
AU2014249003A1 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-10-15 | Forma Therapeutics, Inc. | Novel compounds and compositions for inhibition of FASN |
US8652527B1 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2014-02-18 | Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc | Extended-release topiramate capsules |
US9101545B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-08-11 | Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. | Extended-release topiramate capsules |
EP2986599A1 (en) | 2013-04-17 | 2016-02-24 | Pfizer Inc. | N-piperidin-3-ylbenzamide derivatives for treating cardiovascular diseases |
JP2017506235A (ja) | 2014-02-07 | 2017-03-02 | トレベナ・インコーポレイテッドTrevena, Inc. | ベータ−アレスチンエフェクターの結晶性および非晶質形態 |
AU2015264367A1 (en) | 2014-05-19 | 2016-12-15 | Trevena, Inc. | Synthesis of Beta-Arrestin Effectors |
EP3182460A1 (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-21 | IMEC vzw | Method of fabricating an enhancement mode group iii-nitride hemt device and a group iii-nitride structure fabricated thereof |
KR101962801B1 (ko) | 2016-10-31 | 2019-07-31 | 에이앤펩주식회사 | 피부 주름 감소와 피부세포 재생 효과를 가지는 나이아신-펩타이드 및 그 용도 |
TWI767148B (zh) | 2018-10-10 | 2022-06-11 | 美商弗瑪治療公司 | 抑制脂肪酸合成酶(fasn) |
US10793554B2 (en) | 2018-10-29 | 2020-10-06 | Forma Therapeutics, Inc. | Solid forms of 4-(2-fluoro-4-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)benzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)methanone |
WO2023119230A1 (en) | 2021-12-22 | 2023-06-29 | L'oreal | Coagulation pathway and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide pathway modulating compositions and methods of their use |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2016128452A (ja) * | 2010-06-24 | 2016-07-14 | トラスティーズ オブ タフツ カレッジ | ナイアシン模倣体、およびその使用方法 |
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CN103096895B (zh) | 2016-06-01 |
US9212142B2 (en) | 2015-12-15 |
AU2011270726A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
AU2011270726C1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
AU2011270726B2 (en) | 2015-04-02 |
BR112012032796A2 (pt) | 2016-11-22 |
US20160030441A1 (en) | 2016-02-04 |
JP2016128452A (ja) | 2016-07-14 |
US8450316B2 (en) | 2013-05-28 |
US20140018359A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
WO2011163619A4 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
US20120077807A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
CN103096895A (zh) | 2013-05-08 |
EP2585072A1 (en) | 2013-05-01 |
RU2013102845A (ru) | 2014-07-27 |
WO2011163619A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 |
JP2013529646A (ja) | 2013-07-22 |
EP2585072A4 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
CA2802952A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 |
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