JP5922895B2 - Hanging door structure - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a suspension door structure, and more particularly, to an improvement of a suspension door structure having a suspension door as a door that opens and closes a large span opening in a structure or the like.

  As a door for opening and closing an opening having a large span in a structure or the like, there have been various proposals so far. For example, in the proposal disclosed in Patent Document 1, the door is composed of a sliding door, and thus an opening is formed. A guide for preventing falling is provided on an upper side portion such as an upper lid, and a rail for a sliding door to travel is provided on a lower side portion such as a lower rod that forms an opening.

  On the other hand, when the door provided in the opening is a suspension door, the suspension door is suspended at the upper side portion that forms the opening, but the traveling rail is provided on the lower side portion that forms the opening. It is not necessary to provide it.

  In other words, the suspension door is suspended by a suspension mechanism provided on the upper side portion where the upper end portion forms the opening, and thus can be moved in this state. It is not necessary to provide a rail for traveling that is required when the sliding door travels.

  Therefore, when the opening in a structure or the like has a large span, it is economically advantageous that the door that is used to open and close the opening that becomes the large span consists of a suspension door, that is, a suspension door structure. I can say.

JP 2008-202332 A

  However, if the door that opens and closes the large-span opening is made of a hanging door, that is, if it is made of a hanging door structure, there is a possibility that a slight problem may occur if the actual use is taken into consideration.

  That is, when the door that opens and closes the opening has a suspension door structure, the suspension door that is a door is, in principle, preferable to be away from the lower side portion that forms the opening because the resistance during movement of the door is reduced. It can be said.

  However, for example, when a person leans on the suspension door or a strong wind blows, the lower end of the suspension door swings in the lateral direction, that is, in the lateral direction that crosses the moving direction of the suspension door. Is not preferred.

  Therefore, in the case of a hanging door, in order to prevent a useless movement in which the lower end portion swings in the lateral direction, the lower end portion is movably connected to a guide rail provided on a lower side portion forming an opening. (For example, Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 6-30396).

  In this case, for example, when the lower side part or the upper side part forming an opening having a large span due to ground subsidence or deformation of the structure itself is deformed so as to hang down into a generally concave shape, the lower end of the suspension door The part moves away from the guide rail provided on the lower side part, or enters the guide rail deeply.

  And, when the lower end of the suspension door is separated from the guide rail, the swing of the lower end of the suspension door in the lateral direction cannot be prevented, and conversely, when the lower end of the suspension door goes deep into the guide rail. May be difficult or impossible to move the suspension door.

  The present invention was devised in view of the above-described circumstances, and the upper side and the lower side forming an opening that becomes a large span in a structure or the like are deformed so as to hang down into a generally concave shape. Another object of the present invention is to provide a hanging door structure that is optimal for opening and closing an opening by a hanging door as a door.

In order to achieve the above-described object, the structure of the suspension door structure according to the present invention is a suspension door structure having a suspension door that is movably suspended at an upper side portion that forms an opening in a structure or the like. The suspension door has a lifting plate mechanism at the lower end, a groove provided along the opening direction of the opening on the lower side where the lifting plate mechanism forms the opening, and a lower end portion is inserted into the groove. An elevating plate that stands up; and a holder portion that is provided at a lower end of the suspension door and guides the upper end portion of the elevating plate that erects up and down so that the elevating plate can be raised and lowered. An energizing member, and the elevating plate has a regulating means for regulating a descending position of the elevating plate with respect to the groove, and the holder portion is located on the suspension door side of the holder portion and the suspension door displacement absorbing for absorbing the slope between the lifting plate mechanism And made with a.

  Therefore, in the present invention, since the upper end portion of the suspension door is movably suspended on the upper side portion forming the opening in the structure or the like, the opening or closing of the structure or the like can be freely opened and closed by the movement of the suspension door. To do.

  In the present invention, the suspension door has a lifting plate mechanism at the lower end, and the lifting plate mechanism is provided in the lower side portion forming the opening along the opening direction of the opening, and in the groove. Since the lower plate has a lift plate inserted through the lower plate, as long as the lower plate of the lift plate does not come out of the groove on the lower side, the connection state between the lower and lower sides of the suspension door is guaranteed. In other words, the lower end portion of the slab is prevented in advance from swinging in a so-called lateral direction away from the lower side portion.

Further, according to the present invention, the elevating plate mechanism is provided at the lower end of the hanging door and has a holder portion that holds the upper end portion of the elevating plate so as to be movable up and down, and this holder portion urges the elevating plate in the downward direction. Since the lower end portion of the lifting plate is always inserted into the lower groove, the connection state between the lower end portion and the lower side portion of the suspension door is maintained, and the suspension door body is provided. The lower end of the is prevented from separating from the lower side.

  Further, according to the present invention, since the elevating plate in the elevating plate mechanism has a restricting means for restricting the lowered position of the elevating plate with respect to the groove, the lowered position of the elevating plate with respect to the groove is restricted by the restricting means. Accordingly, the lower end of the elevating plate inserted into the groove is lowered more than necessary in the groove, and the lower end of the elevating plate interferes with the inner bottom of the groove, for example, moves in the groove of the elevating plate, that is, It is possible to avoid in advance that the movement of the suspension door relative to the lower side is obstructed.

As a result, according to the present invention, even when the upper side portion and the lower side portion that form an opening having a large span in a structure or the like are deformed so as to hang down into a generally concave shape, the door made of a hanging door is used. Optimal for opening and closing the opening. Furthermore, since the holder part has a displacement absorption part in the suspension door side, this invention can avoid the destruction and damage by the inclination between a suspension door and an elevator board mechanism.

It is a partial elevation view which shows the state which closed the opening with the door which embodied the suspension door structure by this invention. It is a fragmentary cross-sectional view which shows the state which closed the opening with the door which embodied the suspension door structure by this invention. It is an enlarged partial view which looks at the opening / closing device in the hanging door structure by this invention from the front side of a door. It is an enlarged partial view which looks at the switchgear in the hanging door structure by this invention from the upper side of a door. It is a partial elevation view which expands and shows the door which embodied the suspension door structure by this invention. It is a front view which isolate | separates and shows the holder part and lift plate which comprise the lift plate mechanism in the hanging door structure by this invention. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the raising / lowering board mechanism shown by the AA line position in FIG. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the raising / lowering board mechanism shown by the BB line position in FIG. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the raising / lowering board mechanism shown by the CC line position in FIG.

  In the following, the present invention will be described based on the illustrated embodiment. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the suspension door structure according to the present invention can freely open and close an opening (not shown) in a structure or the like. As shown in FIG. 2, the plurality of hanging doors 1 are stacked in the front-rear direction as viewed from the front side of the opening.

  Incidentally, the state shown in FIG. 1 shows a state in which the openings are closed by a plurality of suspension doors 1. At this time, between the front and rear suspension doors 1, as shown in FIG. In other words, both sides of each other overlap each other, and in particular, light leakage between the hanging doors 1 can be prevented.

  Further, when the opening of the suspension door 1 is opened, it is assumed that the suspension doors 1 are stacked at one place on the left side of the opening and placed in a retracted state, as shown by a one-dot chain diagram in FIG. At this time, the stacked suspension doors 1 group may be stored in, for example, a door pocket provided on the left side of the opening, although not shown.

  In order to prevent leakage of air between the two hanging doors 1 at the front and rear and shown by a solid line in FIG. 4, seal members are provided on both sides of the hanging door 1, although not shown. Air leakage prevention such as, for example, may be performed.

Returning, it is assumed that the suspension door 1 is composed of members according to the purpose of shielding the opening. For example, in the case of fire prevention purposes, the frame 1a (FIG. 7) is made of a frame made of steel material having excellent fire resistance. mounting member 1b similarly made of steel plate in the reference) (constructed by, for example, see FIG. 7) is extended is set, when the thermal barrier and sound insulation further shielding purpose, thermal insulation frame 1a made of light-gauge steel A board, a sound insulation board, and a surface mount body 1b such as a light shielding cloth are arranged.

  On the other hand, the suspension door 1 is movably suspended on an upper side U such as an upper arm whose upper end (not shown) forms an opening. For example, when the suspension door 1 is pulled manually, It is possible to move in the axial direction which is the horizontal direction in FIG. 1 and FIG.

  In addition, about suspending the upper end part of the suspension door 1 to the upper side part U so that a movement is possible, a well-known structure mechanism may be utilized, Therefore, the upper end part of the suspension door 1 is moved to the upper side part U. The description of the structural mechanism that can be suspended is omitted.

  Further, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the hanging door 1 is made movable by using mechanical force, that is, by using the opening / closing device 4, and enables opening and closing of the opening.

  The opening / closing device 4 includes a drive source 41, a drive shaft 42 driven by the drive source 41, a sprocket 43 held by the drive shaft 42, and a chain 44 that moves by the rotation of the sprocket 43. It is assumed that the chain 44 is looped around a pair of sprockets 44a provided at intervals and connected to the upper end of the suspension door 1.

  Therefore, in this opening / closing device 4, the sprocket 43 of the drive shaft 42 is rotated by the drive of the drive source 41, the chain 44 is moved, the suspension door 1 is moved in the arrangement direction of the chain 44, and the opening is opened. It will be opened and closed.

  At this time, in the illustrated opening / closing device, the drive source 41 includes, for example, a drive motor 41a and a speed reducer 41b, and the rotation decelerated by the speed reducer 41b is driven via the transmission mechanism 41c. It is supposed to be transmitted to the shaft 42.

  In addition, the sprocket 43 held by the drive shaft 42 has a different diameter in the moving speed of the suspension door 1 so as to increase in diameter as it is provided downward in FIG. 4 and to decrease in diameter as it is provided above.

  As a result, the suspension door 1 shown by the one-dot chain line provided in the lowermost part in FIG. 4 moves at the fastest speed, and the suspension door 1 shown by the solid line in the uppermost part in FIG. 4 has the slowest speed. Is going to move in.

  The chain 44 is provided for each of the suspension doors 1. In the illustrated example, the chain 44 is formed endlessly and hung around the pair of sprockets 44 a and 44 b as described above. The distance is supposed to move.

  The pair of sprockets 44a and 44b is held by a gantry (not shown) fixedly provided below the upper portion U that forms the opening.

  Therefore, in this opening / closing device 4, all the suspension doors 1 that are made into a plurality of sheets by the drive of the drive source 41 move at the same time for the respective movement distances, reach the so-called stroke end point all at once, and are opened. Even when the opening is opened, all the suspension doors 1 return to their moving distances all at once by the drive of the drive source 41, and return to the stacked state as a so-called retracted state.

  In FIG. 4, the hanging door 1 that is stored in a state where the opening is opened and overlapped in the depth direction of the opening at the left side of the opening is shown by a one-dot chain line diagram.

  By the way, as described above, when the suspension door 1 is moved, in principle, the lower end portion (not shown) of the suspension door 1 is connected to the lower side portion D such as a lower heel that forms an opening. Although not necessary, in order to prevent mischievous rolling of the lower end, that is, the lower end of the suspension door 1 is swung in a direction crossing the moving direction of the suspension door 1, it is movably connected to the lower side portion D. .

  At this time, according to the present invention, the lower end portion of the suspension door 1 is movably connected to the lower side portion D via an elevator plate mechanism 2 (see FIG. 1) described later provided at the lower end of the suspension door 1. Is done.

  Therefore, according to the present invention, the groove 3 for connecting a lifting plate 21 (described later) constituting the lifting plate mechanism 2 along the opening direction of the suspension door 1 below the suspension door 1, that is, along the opening direction of the opening (see FIG. In this embodiment, the groove 3 is formed in the lower side portion D that forms the opening.

  Incidentally, the groove 3 is formed in the lower side portion D that forms the opening, for example, as shown in FIG. 7, a plurality of sill members 31 are placed and fixed on the lower side portion D. good.

  In addition, although the groove 3 is formed in the lower side portion D that forms the opening, it may be formed by directly cutting the lower side portion D, although not shown, instead of disposing the sill member 31. .

  Although not shown, a member called a guide rail may be provided on the lower side portion D as an alternative to the groove 3.

  In the case where the groove 3 is formed by placing and fixing the sill member 31 on the lower side part D, the plurality of sill members 31 are placed and fixed in parallel with the lower side part D in a hook shape, There is an advantage that a plurality of grooves 3 can be formed.

  Whether the plurality of grooves 3 are formed by placing the plurality of sill members 31 on the lower side portion D or directly formed on the lower side portion D, the width dimension of the groove 3 is, for example, When set to a maximum of 20 mm, although not shown in the figure, there is no risk of obstructing the crossing of the wheels in a general-purpose cart used for carrying luggage, and the upper end surface of the lower side portion D is required. This is advantageous in that the smoothness is not hindered unnecessarily, and in that sense, barrier-free formation on the lower side portion D is not hindered.

  By the way, as shown in FIG. 5, the elevating plate mechanism 2 is erected by the groove 3 provided in the lower side portion D that forms the opening along the opening direction of the opening, and the lower end portion inserted into the groove 3. And a holder portion 22 that holds the upper end portion of the rising and lowering plate 21 so as to be movable up and down.

  5, illustration of the connecting bolt 25 and the connecting pin 26 in FIG. 7 and the connecting bolt 25 in FIGS. 8 and 9 is omitted to avoid complication in the drawing. .

  Returning, the raising / lowering mechanism 2 in this invention hold | maintains the upper end part of the raising / lowering board 21 standing below to the holder part 22 provided in the lower end of the suspension door 1 so that it could move up and down.

  For example, when the hanging door 1 is lowered from the reference height, the lifting plate 21 moves upward and enters the holder portion 22, and the lifting plate 21 is synchronized with the hanging door 1. In contrast to the above, when the suspension door 1 rises from the reference height, the lift plate 21 moves downward and falls in the holder portion 22. The elevating plate 21 is prevented from rising in synchronization with the hanging door 1.

  Therefore, in this elevating mechanism 2, first, as shown in FIG. 6 and the following, it is assumed that the elevating plate 21 is formed in a flat plate shape having a predetermined mechanical strength in order to have a predetermined self-supporting property. In other words, the flat plate portion allows the lower end portion of the suspension door 1 to be connected to the lower side portion D and allows light and air to be blocked.

  Incidentally, the thickness of the lifting plate 21 is generally smaller than the width of the groove 3, and consideration is given so that the movement in the groove 3 can be realized smoothly. As long as the movement of the groove 3 is not hindered, any size and shape may be selected.

  Further, the length of the lifting plate 21 with respect to the suspension door 1, that is, the length dimension along the width direction of the suspension door 1 is the same as the width of the suspension door 1, as shown in FIG. By setting the width of the suspension door 1 to be shorter than the width, consideration is given so that light and air do not leak from a so-called gap formed there.

  In the present invention, the elevating plate 21 has a restricting means 24, which will be described later.

  Next, as shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9, the holder portion 22 is integrally connected to the lower end of the suspension door 1 by using the connection bolt 25. In the drawing, a base end portion (not shown) serving as an upper end portion has a displacement absorbing portion 22a made of a rubber plate or the like, and an inclination between the suspension door 1 and the lifting plate mechanism 2 due to deformation by the displacement absorbing portion 22a. It is supposed to avoid destruction and damage due to.

  Incidentally, the length of the holder portion 22 with respect to the suspension door 1, that is, the length dimension along the width direction of the suspension door 1 is the same as the width of the suspension door 1, as shown in FIG. By setting the width of the suspension door 1 to be shorter than the width, consideration is given so that light and air do not leak from a so-called gap formed there.

  On the other hand, the holder portion 22 guides the lifting plate 21 in the up-down direction, that is, in the illustrated embodiment, the holder portion 22 is inserted through in a freely movable manner. May be formed.

  However, if the above-described lifting plate 21 has the purpose of blocking light and air, even if it is in this holder portion 22, it may be set in a mode that does not impair the function of the lifting plate 21. In this case, as shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9, it is formed in a bifurcated shape in a longitudinal sectional view, and the upper end portion of the elevating plate 21 is inserted therethrough.

  By the way, in this raising / lowering plate mechanism 2, the raising / lowering plate 21 is hold | maintained so that raising / lowering is possible in the holder part 22 provided in the lower end of the suspension door 1. FIG.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, the holder portion 22 has a horizontal hole 22 b that allows insertion of a connection pin 26 (see FIG. 7) that is a connection member, while the elevating plate 21 is aimed at the horizontal hole 22 b. The hole 21a is provided, and the connecting pin 26 is inserted into the vertically long hole 21a, so that the both can be integrated, that is, the holding that enables the elevating plate 21 to move up and down to the holder portion 22 is realized. It is going to be done.

  In addition, when the connecting pin 26 which inserts the vertical hole 21a provided in the elevating plate 21 through the horizontal hole 22b provided in the holder portion 22 is inserted together, the elevating plate 21 moves relative to the holder portion 22, that is, Therefore, the relative movement that is the movement toward the front edge of the opening can be prevented.

Further, by holding the elevating plate 21 on the holder portion 22, it is avoided in advance that the elevating plate 21 is dropped from the holder portion 22 or lost when the hanging door body 1 is transported, for example. Will be able to.

  On the other hand, in the elevating plate mechanism 2 of the present invention, the elevating plate 21 is urged in the downward direction by the urging member 23 included in the holder portion 22, so that, for example, the suspension door 1 is opened. It is possible to prevent the elevating plate 21 from being raised in the moving state when the elevating plate 21 is moved upward, and the lower end portion of the elevating plate 21 remains in the groove 3 and forms the opening with the elevating plate 21. It is possible to prevent a gap from being formed between the two parts, that is, to prevent the lower end of the hanging door 1 from being separated from the lower side.

  At this time, as shown in FIG. 9, the urging member 23 is formed of a coil spring, and a space portion (noted by two plates) in the holder portion 22 in a state where the lower end is supported on the upper end of the elevating plate 21. (Not shown).

  At this time, the elevating plate 21 and the holder portion 22 are connected by the connecting pin 26 described above, so that the elevating plate 21 is detached from the holder portion 22 and the coil spring as the urging member 23 is so-called externally disposed from the arrangement position. Never jump out.

In turn, in the lifting mechanism 2 of the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, the lifting plate 21 has the restricting means 24, and the restricting means 24 includes the groove 3 of the lifting plate 21. , That is, the lifting plate 21 penetrates into the groove 3 more than necessary, interferes with the inner bottom (not shown) of the groove 3, and the lifting plate 21, that is, the suspension door having the lifting plate mechanism 2. The obstruction of the movement of the main body 1 is avoided.

  In the illustrated embodiment, the restricting means 24 includes a roller that is pivotally supported by the elevating plate 21, and this roller rolls on the upper end surface of the lower side portion D.

  At this time, the rollers are arranged on the front side and the back side of the elevating plate 21 so as to sandwich the elevating plate 21, and the pins 24 a (see FIG. 8) that support the shaft are horizontally aligned with each other. It is supposed to be out of place.

  As a result, for example, when the shaft that supports the roller is damaged, it is possible to prevent the functions of the two rollers from being damaged at once, and to improve the durability of the suspension door structure. Become.

  The roller constituting the regulating means 24 is held by the elevating plate 21, and this elevating plate 21 guides the upper end side to the upper holder portion 22, so that the guide of the elevating plate 21 to the holder portion 22 is a roller. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6A, a retreating portion 22c is formed at a position where the holder portion 22 is above the roller.

  Therefore, in the suspension door 1 having the lifting mechanism 2 formed as described above, the upper end portion of the suspension door 1 is movably suspended on the upper side portion U that forms an opening in a structure or the like. The opening of the structure or the like can be freely opened and closed by moving the suspension door 1.

  And in the suspension door 1, it has the raising / lowering plate mechanism 2 in a lower end, and this raising / lowering plate mechanism 2 is provided in the lower side part D which forms an opening, and the groove | channel 3 provided along the opening front direction, and this Since it has the raising / lowering board 21 by which a lower end part is penetrated in the groove | channel 3, unless the lower end part of this raising / lowering board 21 slips out from the groove | channel 3 of a lower side part, the lower end part of the suspension door 1 and the lower side part D The connected state is ensured, and the lower end portion of the hanging door 1 is prevented from moving away from the lower side portion D in the so-called lateral direction in advance.

Further, the suspension door 1 has a holder portion 22 that is provided at the lower end of the suspension door 1 with the lifting plate mechanism 2 to guide the upper end portion of the lifting plate 21 so that it can be lifted and lowered. Since it has the urging member 23 that urges the plate 21 in the downward direction, the lower end portion of the elevating plate 21 is always inserted into the lower groove 3, and the lower end portion and the lower side portion of the hanging door 1. The connection state with D is maintained, and the lower end portion of the suspension door body 1 is prevented from separating from the lower side portion D.

  Further, in this hanging door 1, the elevating plate 21 in the elevating plate mechanism 2 has the regulating means 24 that regulates the lowered position of the elevating plate 21 with respect to the groove 3. The lowering position of the plate 21 with respect to the groove 3 is restricted. Therefore, the lower end of the elevating plate 21 inserted into the groove 3 is lowered more than necessary in the groove 3, and the lower end of the elevating plate 21 is, for example, within the groove 3. Interfering with the bottom and preventing movement of the lift plate 21 in the groove 3, that is, movement of the suspension door 1 with respect to the lower side portion D can be avoided in advance.

  As a result, according to the present invention, the upper side portion U and the lower side portion D that form an opening having a large span in a structure or the like are so-called sagging as a whole due to ground subsidence or deformation of the structure itself. Even in the case of deformation, it is optimal for opening and closing the opening by the door which is the hanging door 1.

  As described above, even when the upper side U and the lower side D that form an opening having a large span in a structure or the like are deformed so as to hang down into a generally concave shape, the opening and closing by the suspension door 1 can be opened and closed. Therefore, as for a well-known configuration mechanism that is provided on the upper side U that forms the opening and suspends the upper end of the suspension door 1, the upper side U and the upper end of the suspension door 1 It can be said that it is preferable to use a configuration mechanism that can absorb displacement in the vertical direction between the two.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Hanging door 1a Frame 1b Surface mounting body 2 Elevating plate mechanism 3 Groove 4 Opening / closing device 21 Elevating plate 21a Vertically long hole 22 Holder part 22a Deformation absorption part 22b Lateral hole 22c Retraction part 23 Energizing member 24 Control means 25 Connection bolt 26 Connection pin 31 Sill member 41 Drive source 42 Drive shaft 43, 44a, 44b Sprocket 44 Chain D Lower side U Upper side

Claims (7)

In the hanging door structure having a hanging door that is movably suspended on the upper side portion forming an opening in a structure or the like,
The hanging door has a lifting plate mechanism at the lower end,
On the lower side where the lift plate mechanism forms the opening, a groove provided along the frontage direction of the opening, a lift plate that has a lower end inserted into the groove and stands, and a lower end of the suspension door A holder portion that is provided and guides the upper end portion of the up-and-down lifting plate that can be raised and lowered;
The holder portion has a biasing member for biasing the lifting plate in the downward direction;
The elevating plate has a regulating means for regulating a lowered position of the elevating plate with respect to the groove;
The above-mentioned holder part has the displacement absorption part which absorbs the inclination between the above-mentioned suspension door and the above-mentioned lifting board mechanism in the above-mentioned suspension door side of the above-mentioned holder part, The suspension door structure characterized by the above-mentioned.   The suspension door structure according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the suspension doors disposed in the opening are stacked in the front-rear direction in an elevational view when the opening is viewed from a frontage.   The suspension door structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the elevating plate and the holder portion have a width and length that is the same as the width of the suspension door body.   The said holder part is integrally provided in the lower end of the said suspension door, and the relative movement used as the movement of the said raising / lowering board to the opening direction of the said opening is blocked | prevented. Suspended door structure.   The suspension door structure according to claim 1, wherein the urging member comprises a coil spring.   The said regulating means has a roller which rolls on the upper end surface of the said lower side part pivotally supported by the lower end part of the said raising / lowering board and forming the said groove | channel. Item 6. The suspension door structure according to item 4 or claim 5.   An opening / closing device that allows the suspension door to move in the opening direction of the opening to open and close the opening includes a driving source, a driving shaft driven by the driving source, and a sprocket held by the driving shaft. A chain that is moved by the rotation of the sprocket, the chain is hung around a pair of sprockets provided at intervals, and is connected to the upper end of the suspension door, and is driven by the drive source. The suspension door according to claim 1, wherein the chain is moved to move the suspension door when the drive shaft is driven. Construction.

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