JP5821489B2 - Surface treatment method for cold-rolled steel strip - Google Patents

Surface treatment method for cold-rolled steel strip Download PDF

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JP5821489B2
JP5821489B2 JP2011219818A JP2011219818A JP5821489B2 JP 5821489 B2 JP5821489 B2 JP 5821489B2 JP 2011219818 A JP2011219818 A JP 2011219818A JP 2011219818 A JP2011219818 A JP 2011219818A JP 5821489 B2 JP5821489 B2 JP 5821489B2
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rolled steel
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寛礼 横山
寛礼 横山
一志 高根
一志 高根
勤 降旗
勤 降旗
宗文 中本
宗文 中本
直日 鈴木
直日 鈴木
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JFE Steel Corp
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Description

本発明は、冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a surface treatment method for a cold-rolled steel strip.

従来、電気めっきラインにおいて、冷延鋼帯を連続的に電気めっきする際に、通電用ロール（以下、単に「ロール」ともいう）からの放電で、冷延鋼帯に電食マークであるアークスポットと呼ばれる欠陥が発生して、電気めっき後の鋼帯表面にアーク状の疵が入り、表面品質が著しく低下して、問題となる場合があった。   Conventionally, when continuously electroplating a cold-rolled steel strip in an electroplating line, an arc that is an electric corrosion mark on the cold-rolled steel strip due to discharge from a current-carrying roll (hereinafter also simply referred to as “roll”). Defects called spots occur, and arc-shaped wrinkles enter the surface of the steel strip after electroplating, which may cause a problem that the surface quality is remarkably deteriorated.

これに対して、これまでは、特許文献１に記載されるとおり、通電用ロールの表面の粗度形状を形状係数ｋ＝Ｒｖ／Ｒｙで評価し、形状係数ｋが０．５以上０．８以下の表面を備える通電用ロールを用いていた。ここで、Ｒｖは最大谷深さ、Ｒｙは最大高さ粗さである。   On the other hand, until now, as described in Patent Document 1, the roughness shape of the surface of the energizing roll was evaluated by the shape factor k = Rv / Ry, and the shape factor k was 0.5 or more and 0.8. An energizing roll having the following surface was used. Here, Rv is the maximum valley depth, and Ry is the maximum height roughness.

特開２００８−１５６６９５号公報JP 2008-156695 A

しかし、特許文献１に記載されている方法では、ロール表面への異物の付着による粗度の低下は考えられておらず、異物が付着し粗さの凹部を埋めると、ロール表面の粗度が低下し、アークスポットが発生してしまう問題があった。   However, in the method described in Patent Document 1, a decrease in roughness due to the adhesion of foreign matter to the roll surface is not considered, and when the foreign matter adheres and fills the concave portion of the roughness, the roughness of the roll surface is reduced. There was a problem that the arc spot was generated.

したがって、ロール表面の形状係数ｋを改善した通電用ロールでも、異物の付着という点までは抑制できず、異物が付着し粗さの凹部を埋めると、ロール表面の粗度が低下し、アークスポットが発生してしまう。   Therefore, even the energizing roll with improved roll surface shape factor k cannot suppress the adhesion of foreign matter, and if the foreign matter adheres and fills the concave portion of the roughness, the roughness of the roll surface decreases, and the arc spot Will occur.

本発明は、上記のような事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、冷延鋼帯を連続的に電気めっきする際に、アークスポットの発生を的確に抑制することができる冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法を提供することを目的とするものである。   The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and the surface of a cold-rolled steel strip that can accurately suppress the occurrence of arc spots when continuously electroplating the cold-rolled steel strip. The object is to provide a processing method.

上記課題を解決するために、本発明は以下の特徴を有する。   In order to solve the above problems, the present invention has the following features.

［１］冷延鋼帯をめっき液中に浸漬し、通電用ロールから当該鋼帯に電気を流して、連続して電気めっきをする際に、ＰＰＩ（２５．４ｍｍ当たりの粗さ中心線を超える山数）を１５００以下とする表面粗さを有する通電用ロールを用いて、アークスポットの発生を抑制することを特徴とする冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法。   [1] When a cold-rolled steel strip is immersed in a plating solution and electricity is passed from the current-carrying roll to the steel strip to perform continuous electroplating, the PPI (roughness centerline per 25.4 mm is A surface treatment method for a cold-rolled steel strip, characterized in that generation of an arc spot is suppressed using a current-carrying roll having a surface roughness with a number of peaks exceeding 1500).

［２］施されている溶射皮膜の外表面にガラス（ＳｉＯ２を主成分）および／またはセラミックス（ＳｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３から選ばれる少なくとも一種以上）を塗布した通電用ロールを用いることを特徴とする前記［１］に記載の冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法。 [2] For energization in which glass (SiO 2 is the main component) and / or ceramics (at least one selected from SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 ) is applied to the outer surface of the sprayed coating. The surface treatment method for a cold-rolled steel strip according to [1], wherein a roll is used.

［３］通電用ロール表面の算術平均粗さＲａが、下記（２）式で表わされる、冷延鋼帯と通電用ロール間のめっき液流体膜厚ｈに対して、下記（１）式を満足するようにすることを特徴とする前記［１］または［２］に記載の冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法。
４Ｒａ≧ｈ ・・・（１）
ｈ＝３．１０×Ｅ’-0.4×Ｒ0.6×ν0.6×Ｕ0.6×Ｗ-0.2 ・・・（２）
ここで、
Ｒａ：通電用ロール表面の算術平均粗さ（ｍ）
ｈ：冷延鋼帯と通電用ロール間のめっき液流体膜厚（ｍ）
Ｅ’：冷延鋼帯と通電用ロールの等価弾性係数（Ｐａ）
Ｒ：通電用ロールの曲率半径（ｍ）
ν：めっき液の大気圧粘度（Ｐａ・ｓ）
Ｕ：冷延鋼帯の通過速度（ｍ／ｓ）
Ｗ：通電用ロールと冷延鋼帯間の線圧（Ｎ／ｍ） [3] The arithmetic mean roughness Ra of the energizing roll surface is expressed by the following formula (2), and the following formula (1) is applied to the plating solution fluid film thickness h between the cold rolled steel strip and the energizing roll. The surface treatment method for a cold-rolled steel strip according to the above [1] or [2], wherein the method is satisfied.
4Ra ≧ h (1)
h = 3.10 × E ′ −0.4 × R 0.6 × ν 0.6 × U 0.6 × W −0.2 (2)
here,
Ra: arithmetic average roughness of the energizing roll surface (m)
h: Film thickness of the plating solution fluid between the cold-rolled steel strip and the energizing roll (m)
E ': Equivalent elastic modulus (Pa) of cold-rolled steel strip and energizing roll
R: radius of curvature of current carrying roll (m)
ν: atmospheric pressure viscosity (Pa · s) of plating solution
U: Passing speed of cold-rolled steel strip (m / s)
W: Linear pressure (N / m) between the roll for energization and the cold-rolled steel strip

本発明においては、冷延鋼帯を連続的に電気めっきする際に、アークスポットの発生を的確に抑制することができる。   In the present invention, when the cold-rolled steel strip is continuously electroplated, the generation of arc spots can be accurately suppressed.

基本的なアークスポットの発生メカニズムを示す図である。It is a figure which shows the generation | occurrence | production mechanism of a basic arc spot. 異物付着によるアークスポットの発生メカニズムを示す図である。It is a figure which shows the generation | occurrence | production mechanism of the arc spot by foreign material adhesion. ロール表面の表面形状（ＰＰＩ）を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the surface shape (PPI) of the roll surface.

前述したように、電気めっきラインにて冷延鋼帯に連続的に電気めっきを行う際に、通電用ロールからの放電で、鋼帯に電食マークであるアークスポットと呼ばれる表面品質欠陥が発生することがある。このアークスポットの発生原因は今まで明らかでなく、ライン速度が遅ければほとんど発生せず、ライン速度が７５０ｍｐｍ以上になると発生が顕著になる。   As described above, when performing continuous electroplating on a cold rolled steel strip in an electroplating line, surface quality defects called arc spots, which are electric corrosion marks, occur on the steel strip due to discharge from the energizing roll. There are things to do. The cause of the occurrence of this arc spot has not been clarified so far, and it hardly occurs if the line speed is slow, and it becomes remarkable when the line speed becomes 750 mpm or more.

そこで、本発明者らは、アークスポットの発生メカニズムを解明して、アークスポットの抑制を図ることにした。   Therefore, the present inventors have clarified the arc spot generation mechanism and attempted to suppress the arc spot.

まず、本発明者らは、ロール表面の粗度Ｒａと、ロールと鋼帯間のめっき液流体膜厚（めっき液の膜厚）ｈの関係に着目し、検討した。その結果を図１に示す。   First, the inventors focused on and examined the relationship between the roughness Ra of the roll surface and the plating solution fluid film thickness (plating solution film thickness) h between the roll and the steel strip. The result is shown in FIG.

すなわち、図１に示すように、電気めっきラインでは、高速にて操業するため、鋼帯１は表面にめっき液２を付着させて持ち出し、通電用ロール３と鋼帯１の間に流体膜２を作り出す。その際に、ロール表面算術平均粗さＲａはロール１表面の山から谷までの平均高さの約１／４となる。よって、図１（ｃ）に示すように、この流体膜２の厚み（流体膜厚）ｈがロール３の表面粗度Ｒａの４倍超えになる（ｈ＞４Ｒａ）と、鋼帯１は流体膜２によってロール３から押し上げられ、これによりロール３表面の一部高い凸部に電流が集中し、鋼帯１表面にアークスポット５が発生する。これが、基本的なアークスポットの発生メカニズムである。   That is, as shown in FIG. 1, in the electroplating line, the steel strip 1 is taken out with the plating solution 2 attached to the surface, and the fluid film 2 is placed between the energizing roll 3 and the steel strip 1 in order to operate at high speed. To produce. At that time, the roll surface arithmetic average roughness Ra is about 1/4 of the average height from the peak to the valley of the roll 1 surface. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 1 (c), when the thickness (fluid film thickness) h of the fluid film 2 exceeds four times the surface roughness Ra of the roll 3 (h> 4Ra), the steel strip 1 is fluid The film 2 is pushed up from the roll 3, whereby current is concentrated on a part of the convex surface of the roll 3 that is high, and an arc spot 5 is generated on the surface of the steel strip 1. This is the basic arc spot generation mechanism.

次に、本発明者らは、上記のアークスポットの発生メカニズムに基づいて、アークスポットの発生を抑制することができる条件を見出した。   Next, the present inventors have found a condition that can suppress the generation of an arc spot based on the generation mechanism of the arc spot.

すなわち、前述したように、ロール表面算術平均粗さＲａはロール１表面の山から谷までの平均高さの約１／４となる。よって、図１（ａ）、（ｂ）に示すように、流体膜厚ｈがロール表面算術平均粗さＲａの４倍以下の場合（ｈ＜４Ｒａ、ｈ＝４Ｒａ）、流体膜厚ｈはロール３表面の平均的な凸部高さより低くなり、流体膜３による鋼帯１のロール３からの押上げは起こらない。   That is, as described above, the roll surface arithmetic average roughness Ra is about 1/4 of the average height from the peak to the valley of the roll 1 surface. Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, when the fluid film thickness h is 4 times or less the roll surface arithmetic average roughness Ra (h <4Ra, h = 4Ra), the fluid film thickness h is the roll. 3 The average height of the projections on the surface is lower, and the fluid film 3 does not cause the steel strip 1 to be pushed up from the roll 3.

つまり、下記（１）式が、アークスポットの発生を抑制するための、ロール３表面の算術平均粗さＲａと流体膜厚ｈとの条件式ということになる。
４Ｒａ≧ｈ ・・・（１） That is, the following expression (1) is a conditional expression of the arithmetic average roughness Ra of the surface of the roll 3 and the fluid film thickness h for suppressing the occurrence of an arc spot.
4Ra ≧ h (1)

なお、流体膜厚ｈは、めっき液の大気圧粘度、冷延鋼帯の通過速度、通電用ロールと冷延鋼帯間の線圧等によって定まり、下記（２）式によって求められる。
ｈ＝３．１０×Ｅ’-0.4×Ｒ0.6×ν0.6×Ｕ0.6×Ｗ-0.2 ・・・（２）
ここで、
Ｒａ：通電用ロール表面の算術平均粗さ（ｍ）
ｈ：冷延鋼帯と通電用ロール間のめっき液流体膜厚（ｍ）
Ｅ’：冷延鋼帯と通電用ロールの等価弾性係数（Ｐａ）
Ｒ：通電用ロールの曲率半径（ｍ）
ν：めっき液の大気圧粘度（Ｐａ・ｓ）
Ｕ：冷延鋼帯の通過速度（ｍ／ｓ）
Ｗ：通電用ロールと冷延鋼帯間の線圧（Ｎ／ｍ） The fluid film thickness h is determined by the atmospheric pressure viscosity of the plating solution, the passing speed of the cold-rolled steel strip, the linear pressure between the energizing roll and the cold-rolled steel strip, and is obtained by the following equation (2).
h = 3.10 × E ′ −0.4 × R 0.6 × ν 0.6 × U 0.6 × W −0.2 (2)
here,
Ra: arithmetic average roughness of the energizing roll surface (m)
h: Film thickness of the plating solution fluid between the cold-rolled steel strip and the energizing roll (m)
E ': Equivalent elastic modulus (Pa) of cold-rolled steel strip and energizing roll
R: radius of curvature of current carrying roll (m)
ν: atmospheric pressure viscosity (Pa · s) of plating solution
U: Passing speed of cold-rolled steel strip (m / s)
W: Linear pressure (N / m) between the roll for energization and the cold-rolled steel strip

その上で、本発明者らは、さらに、異物付着によるアークスポットの発生メカニズムを解明した。   In addition, the present inventors further elucidated the generation mechanism of the arc spot due to the adhesion of foreign matter.

すなわち、図２（ａ）に示すような、異物の付着が無い状態に対して、図２（ｂ）に示すように、ロール３表面の凹部に異物４が固着して、その凹部を埋めると、ロール３表面の凹凸部に含まれるめっき液２の量が低下し、流体膜厚自体は薄くても、流体膜２の高さ位置がロール３の表面粗度Ｒａの４倍超えになってしまい、流体膜３による鋼帯１の押上げが起こり、電流集中が発生しやすくなって、アークスポット５が発生することになる。これが、異物付着によるアークスポットの発生メカニズムである。   That is, when no foreign matter adheres as shown in FIG. 2A, as shown in FIG. 2B, the foreign matter 4 adheres to the concave portion on the surface of the roll 3, and the concave portion is filled. Even if the amount of the plating solution 2 contained in the irregularities on the surface of the roll 3 is reduced and the fluid film thickness itself is thin, the height position of the fluid film 2 exceeds 4 times the surface roughness Ra of the roll 3. Therefore, the steel strip 1 is pushed up by the fluid film 3, current concentration is likely to occur, and the arc spot 5 is generated. This is the generation mechanism of the arc spot due to foreign matter adhesion.

そこで、本発明者らは、ロール３表面に異物４が固着することを抑制するために、ロール３の表面の改善を行うことにした。   Therefore, the present inventors decided to improve the surface of the roll 3 in order to prevent the foreign matter 4 from adhering to the surface of the roll 3.

すなわち、図３（ａ）に示すように、ロール３の表面の凹凸部の数が多いと、凹部の角度が小さいために、凹部の間隔が狭まり、機械的アンカー効果により、異物の付着が多くなる。これに対して、図３（ｂ）に示すように、ロール３の表面の凹凸部の数が少なくすると、機械的アンカー効果が抑制されて、異物の付着が少なくなる。   That is, as shown in FIG. 3 (a), when the number of concave and convex portions on the surface of the roll 3 is large, the angle between the concave portions is small, so that the interval between the concave portions is narrowed, and foreign matter is often attached due to the mechanical anchor effect. Become. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 3B, when the number of the uneven portions on the surface of the roll 3 is reduced, the mechanical anchor effect is suppressed and the adhesion of foreign matters is reduced.

そこで、ロール３の表面形状の改善として、ＰＰＩ（２５．４ｍｍ当たりの粗さ中心線を超える凸部の数）を１５００以下に低減することにより、異物４が固着するロール表面積の低減、凹部の角度の緩和を行った。   Therefore, as an improvement in the surface shape of the roll 3, by reducing the PPI (the number of convex portions exceeding the roughness center line per 25.4 mm) to 1500 or less, the roll surface area to which the foreign matter 4 is fixed is reduced, Angle relaxation was performed.

また、ロール３表面に付着する異物４が圧延油由来のスラッジであることを突き止め、ロール３表面に施されている溶射皮膜の封孔処理方法の改善として、スラッジ４が付着しにくいガラスやセラミックスの被膜からなる無機系封孔材を用いることによって、ロール３表面への異物４の付着を抑制するようにした。ちなみに、従来は、エポキシ樹脂などの被膜からなる有機系封孔材を用いていたが、エポキシ樹脂等による有機系封孔材はスラッジを付着させやすかった。   Further, ascertaining that the foreign matter 4 adhering to the surface of the roll 3 is sludge derived from rolling oil, and improving the sealing treatment method for the sprayed coating applied to the surface of the roll 3, glass or ceramics to which the sludge 4 is difficult to adhere By using an inorganic sealing material composed of the above coating, the adhesion of the foreign matter 4 to the surface of the roll 3 was suppressed. Incidentally, in the past, an organic sealing material made of a coating such as an epoxy resin was used. However, an organic sealing material made of an epoxy resin or the like easily adhered sludge.

ここで、上記の無機系封孔材としては、ガラスはＳｉＯ２単体でも、ＳｉＯ２を主成分としてＮａ２ＣＯ３、ＣａＣＯ３、Ｎａ２Ｏ、ＭｇＯ、ＣａＯ、Ｂ２Ｏ５、Ｐ２Ｏ５などを含んでもよい。また、セラミックスは、ＳｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３から選ばれる少なくとも一種以上を含むものでよい。さらに、これらガラスとセラミックスを含むものでもよい。 Here, as the inorganic sealing material, glass may be SiO 2 alone, or SiO 2 as a main component, and Na 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 , Na 2 O, MgO, CaO, B 2 O 5 , P 2 O. 5 may be included. The ceramic may contain at least one selected from SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and Cr 2 O 3 . Furthermore, these glass and ceramics may be included.

このようにして、本発明においては、通電用ロール表面の改善（低ＰＰＩ化、封孔材の無機系化）を行うことによって、通電用ロール表面への異物の付着を防ぎ、アークスポットの発生を的確に抑制することができる。   In this way, in the present invention, by improving the surface of the energizing roll (low PPI, making the sealing material inorganic), the adhesion of foreign matter to the energizing roll surface is prevented, and arc spots are generated. Can be accurately suppressed.

本発明の実施例として、通電用ロールの表面形状（ＰＰＩ）と封孔材の条件を種々変えて、冷延鋼帯の電気めっき実験を行った。   As an example of the present invention, an electroplating experiment of a cold-rolled steel strip was performed by changing the surface shape (PPI) of the energizing roll and the conditions of the sealing material.

表１に、その際の実験条件（通電用ロールの初期粗度、表面形状（ＰＰＩ）、封孔材）と、実験結果（通電用ロールの実験後粗度、通電用ロールへのスラッジの付着高さ、アークスポットの発生率（発生コイル数／全コイル数×１００））を示す。   Table 1 shows experimental conditions (initial roughness of energizing roll, surface shape (PPI), sealing material) and experimental results (roughness after experiment of energizing roll, adhesion of sludge to energizing roll) Height, arc spot generation rate (number of generated coils / total number of coils × 100)).

Figure 0005821489
Figure 0005821489

表１に示すように、本発明例（ＰＰＩが１５００以下）であるＮｏ．１〜８においては、比較例（ＰＰＩが１５００超え）であるＮｏ．９に比べて、スラッジ付着高さが低く、アークスポット発生率が低減した。   As shown in Table 1, No. 1 which is an example of the present invention (PPI is 1500 or less). In Nos. 1-8, No. 1 which is a comparative example (PPI exceeds 1500). Compared to 9, sludge adhesion height was low, and the arc spot generation rate was reduced.

本発明例の中では、封孔材としてセラミックスまたはガラスを用いたＮｏ．２、３、５、６において、スラッジの付着高さは非常に低く（ほとんどスラッジの付着は見られず）、異物の付着が抑制されて、アークスポット発生率が著しく低減した。   Among the examples of the present invention, No. 1 using ceramics or glass as the sealing material. In 2, 3, 5, and 6, the sludge adhesion height was very low (almost no sludge adhesion was observed), the adhesion of foreign matter was suppressed, and the arc spot generation rate was significantly reduced.

１ 鋼帯
２ めっき液（流体膜）
３ 通電用ロール
４ 異物
５ アークスポット 1 Steel strip 2 Plating solution (fluid film)
3 Roll for energization 4 Foreign material 5 Arc spot

Claims (3)

冷延鋼帯をめっき液中に浸漬し、通電用ロールから当該鋼帯に電気を流して、連続して電気めっきをする際に、表面に溶射皮膜が施されていて、ＰＰＩ（２５．４ｍｍ当たりの粗さ中心線を超える山数）を１５００以下１０００以上とする表面粗さを有する通電用ロールを用いて、アークスポットの発生を抑制することを特徴とする冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法。 When a cold-rolled steel strip is immersed in a plating solution, electricity is passed from the current-carrying roll to the steel strip and electroplating is performed continuously , a thermal spray coating is applied to the surface, and PPI (25.4 mm A surface treatment method for a cold-rolled steel strip, characterized in that the generation of arc spots is suppressed by using a current-carrying roll having a surface roughness of 1500 or more and 1000 or more ). . 施されている溶射皮膜の外表面にガラス（ＳｉＯ２を主成分）および／またはセラミックス（ＳｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３から選ばれる少なくとも一種以上）を塗布した通電用ロールを用いることを特徴とする請求項１に記載の冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法。 An energizing roll having glass (SiO 2 as a main component) and / or ceramics (at least one selected from SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and Cr 2 O 3 ) applied to the outer surface of the sprayed coating applied. The surface treatment method for a cold-rolled steel strip according to claim 1. 通電用ロール表面の算術平均粗さＲａが、下記（２）式で表わされる、冷延鋼帯と通電用ロール間のめっき液流体膜厚ｈに対して、下記（１）式を満足するようにすることを特徴とする請求項１または２に記載の冷延鋼帯の表面処理方法。
４Ｒａ≧ｈ ・・・（１）
ｈ＝３．１０×Ｅ’−０．４×Ｒ０．６×ν０．６×Ｕ０．６×Ｗ−０．２ ・・・（２）
ここで、
Ｒａ：通電用ロール表面の算術平均粗さ（ｍ）
ｈ：冷延鋼帯と通電用ロール間のめっき液流体膜厚（ｍ）
Ｅ’：冷延鋼帯と通電用ロールの等価弾性係数（Ｐａ）
Ｒ：通電用ロールの曲率半径（ｍ）
ν：めっき液の大気圧粘度（Ｐａ・ｓ）
Ｕ：冷延鋼帯の通過速度（ｍ／ｓ）
Ｗ：通電用ロールと冷延鋼帯間の線圧（Ｎ／ｍ） The arithmetic average roughness Ra of the energizing roll surface satisfies the following formula (1) with respect to the plating fluid film thickness h between the cold-rolled steel strip and the energizing roll represented by the following formula (2). The method of surface treatment of a cold-rolled steel strip according to claim 1 or 2, wherein
4Ra ≧ h (1)
h = 3.10 × E′−0.4 × R 0.6 × ν 0.6 × U 0.6 × W −0.2 (2)
here,
Ra: arithmetic average roughness of the energizing roll surface (m)
h: Film thickness of the plating solution fluid between the cold-rolled steel strip and the energizing roll (m)
E ': Equivalent elastic modulus (Pa) of cold-rolled steel strip and energizing roll
R: radius of curvature of current carrying roll (m)
ν: atmospheric pressure viscosity (Pa · s) of plating solution
U: Passing speed of cold-rolled steel strip (m / s)
W: Linear pressure (N / m) between the roll for energization and the cold-rolled steel strip
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