JP5779503B2 - 酸化ストレスを用いるレトロウイルスレゼルボアの処置 - Google Patents
酸化ストレスを用いるレトロウイルスレゼルボアの処置 Download PDFInfo
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Description
身体からのHIV−1感染の根絶は、現行の抗レトロウイルス療法(ART)によって標的化されることも免疫系によって認識される可能性もない、主にメモリーCD4+Tリンパ球によって表される潜伏ウイルスレゼルボアの存在下で、極めて困難な状況に直面している。このため、いわゆる「ショックおよび殺滅(shock and kill)」戦略が、a)ウイルス発現に起因するウイルス拡散を抑制するための、増強されたARTの存在下での潜伏感染細胞内でのウイルス抗原発現の刺激(すなわち「ショック」段階)と、b)免疫系または他の手段による潜伏感染細胞の殺滅(すなわち「殺滅」段階)とに基づいて提起されている[Hamer、2004年]。これらの段階の各々においては、有効な薬剤が広く探索されている。
を有してもよい。
a)式
を有するベンズアミドHDAC阻害剤、または
b)式
を有するヒドロキサム酸HDAC阻害剤から選択してもよい。好ましくは、HDACiは、クラスIのHDACiである。
を有するベンズアミドHDACi;または式
を有するヒドロキサム酸HDACiであってもよい。
方法
ACH−2およびU1細胞内でのHIV−1の誘発。HIV−1潜伏感染ACH−2細胞を、標準の培養条件(RPMI培地、10%胎児ウシ血清/FBS、および適切な抗生物質、これらは薬剤耐性汚染細菌の選択を回避するように時々交換した)下、96ウェルプレート内で化合物とともにインキュベートし、上清中のHIV−1 p24コア抗原の内容物を、インキュベーションの24および72時間後、HIV−1 p24 ELISAキット(Perkin Elmers(Boston,MA))により、製造業者の使用説明書に従って測定した。各処置において、上清の回収後、細胞生存度を次のように試験した。
PS=100・[EdrugA+drugB−(EdrugA+EdrugB)]/(EdrugA+EdrugB)
(式中、PSは相乗作用の百分率であり、Eは、p24生成における増加倍数として表される薬剤の効果である)
U1およびACH−2細胞内でのオーラノフィンによるHIV−1活性化
HIV−1複製の組み込み後段階(post-integrational stage)が誘発可能である細胞系でのオーラノフィンのHIV−1活性化効果を予め評価するため、HIV−1に感染されたTリンパ球性ACH−2および単球性U1細胞を高濃度の化合物とともにインキュベートし、HIV−1複製を、インキュベーションの24時間後(データは示さず)および72時間後に測定した(図2はACH−2細胞からのデータを示す)。HIV−1複製をNF−κB(p65/p50)活性化によって強力に促進するサイトカインである5ng/mlのTNF−αを、陽性対照として使用した。結果は、オーラノフィンがHIV−1複製を、関節リウマチの処置の間に認められる平均血漿レベルに近似する0.125〜0.5μMの濃度範囲内で、時間および用量依存性に増強することを示した(P=0.0295、回帰におけるt検定;図5B)[Bennら、1991年]。
細胞集団内部のオーラノフィン応答を評価するため、Jordanらによって確立された潜伏感染Tリンパ球のJurkat細胞クローン8.4を使用した[Jordanら、2003年]。この細胞クローンは、LTRの制御下の、GFP遺伝子置換nefを示す全HIV−1ゲノムを有する。U1細胞と異なり、これらの細胞は、HIV−1発現の非有意な基礎レベルを示し、機能的Tat/TAR軸を有する。8.4細胞において、オーラノフィンは蛍光中に用量依存性変化を誘発し(図4)、それはほとんどの場合、採用した最高濃度で明らかであった。HDACI/オーラノフィンの併用での相加効果における細胞基盤についても探求した。本発明者らは、オーラノフィンの添加が、HDACI非応答性細胞を応答性細胞集団に動員することを見出した(図5)。
酸化ストレスが、HIV−1転写および複製にとって重要である[Williamsら、2007年]、NF−κBヘテロダイマーRel A(p65)/p50の活性化および核局在化を誘発する[Rahmanら、2004年]ことは周知である。オーラノフィンが、標的細胞内で酸化ストレスを誘発することによってHIV−1を静止状態から活性化する場合、NF−κB(p65/p50)の核転座が現れるはずである。この仮説を試験するため、オーラノフィン(250μM)で処置したJurkat8.4細胞由来の一定分量の核抽出物を、NF−κBのp65(RelA)サブユニットについて、比色分析アッセイを施した。結果は、核内部で時間依存性のNF−κBの蓄積を示した(図6)。オーラノフィンは、それがHIV−1を静止状態から活性化する場合と同様の条件下で、NF−κB(p65/p50)の活性化を誘発することを結論づける。
オーラノフィン誘発性の静止状態からのHIV−1活性化への洞察をいくらか得るため、薬剤の効果をいくつかの十分に特徴づけられた酸化促進剤分子、すなわち鉄ニトリロアセテート(FeNTA)[Savarinoら、1999年](フェントン反応を通じて酸化ストレスを促進する)、およびブチオニンスルホキシミン(BSO)、グルタチオン合成経路における制限酵素であるγ−グルタミルシステインシンテターゼの不可逆阻害剤[Anderson、1998年]の存在下で試験した。結果は、オーラノフィンと同様、FeNTAがACH−2細胞内でHIV−1複製を用量依存性に誘発する(データは示さず)一方、BSO単独が最大500μMの濃度でHIV−1誘発効果に対して全く効果を有しない(データは示さず)ことを示した。オーラノフィンは、2つの薬剤のいずれかとの同時投与時、相乗作用の百分率のグラフにおいて高い凸面によって示されるように、相乗的なHIV−1活性化効果を発揮した(図7および8)。オーラノフィンは鉄誘発性HIV−1活性化を増強し、この薬剤の効果はグルタチオンの減少によって促進されることを結論づける。
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Demonte D, Quivy V, Colette Y, Van Lint C: Administration of HDAC inhibitors to reactivate HIV-1 expression in latent cellular reservoirs: implications for the development of therapeutic strategies. Biochem Pharmacol 2004, 68:1231-1238.
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Hamer DH: Can HIV be Cured? Mechanisms of HIV persistence and strategies to combat it. Curr HIV Res. 2004, 2:99-111.
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Kalantari P, Narayan V, Natarajan SK, Muralidhar K, Gandhi UH, Vunta H, Henderson AJ, Prabhu KS. Thioredoxin reductase-1 negatively regulates HIV-1 transactivating protein Tat-dependent transcription in human macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 28;283(48):33183-90.
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Patai S. The Chemistry of Organic Derivatives of Gold and Silver. Edited by Saul Patai and Zvi Rappoport 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., passim.
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Rigobello MP, Scutari G, Boscolo R, Bindoli A. Induction of mitochondrial permeability transition by auranofin, a gold(I)-phosphine derivative. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Aug; 136(8): 1162-8.
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HIV−1に感染されたリンパ球性ACH−2および単球様U1細胞(双方ともHIV−1複製の低いベースラインレベルを示す)は、HIV−1潜伏における十分に確立された細胞系モデルである[Munierら、2005年]。それらを、標準培養条件下、96ウェルプレート内で、試験化合物とともにインキュベートし、インキュベーションの72時間後、ELISA試験によってHIV−1複製を測定した。HIV−1誘発に対する化合物の効力を、非処置対照において認められるベースラインレベルに対して、標準濃度1μMの試験化合物(この濃度は一般にリード化合物の選択のための閾値として用いられる)の存在下で、HIV−1複製における増加倍数として評価した。潜伏感染細胞内でHIV−1複製を誘発可能な数種の化合物が見出され、一般にACH−2およびU1細胞における結果間で良好な一致があった。
化学。融点をBuchi530融点装置で測定し、校正していない。赤外線(IR)スペクトル(KBr)をPerkin-Elmer Spectrum One装置で記録した。400MHzでの1H NMRスペクトルをBruker AC 400分光計で記録し、内部参照のテトラメチルシラン(Me4Si)に対するδ(ppm)単位での化学シフトを報告する。すべての化合物を、TLCおよび1H NMRによって定期的に点検した。TLCを、UV光によって可視化されたスポットを有するアルミニウム裏打ち(aluminium backed)シリカゲルプレート(Merck DC、Alufolien Kieselgel 60 F254)で行った。すべての溶媒は試薬グレードであり、必要な場合、標準的方法によって精製し、乾燥させた。反応および抽出後の溶液の濃縮は、約20トールの減圧下で作動するロータリーエバポレーターの使用を含んだ。有機溶液を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥させた。分析結果は、理論値の±0.40%以内である。生物学的アッセイ用のSAHA試料を、標準的方法に従って同様に調製した。すべての化学物質は、Aldrich Chimica(Milan(Italy))またはLancaster Synthesis GmbH(Milan(Italy))から購入し、それらは最高純度であった[Maiら、2006年]。
クロロギ酸エチル(1.26mmol、0.12mL)およびトリエチルアミン(1.37mmol、0.19mL)を、乾燥THF(10mL)中、3−[4−(2,3−ジフェニルプロピオニルアミノ)フェニル]−2−プロペン酸(1.05mmol、0.39g)の冷却(0℃)溶液に添加し、混合物を10分間撹拌した。固体を濾過分離し、O−(2−メトキシ−2−プロピル)ヒドロキシルアミン(3.15mmol、0.23mL)を濾過物に添加した。溶液を0℃で15分間撹拌し、次いで減圧下で蒸発させ、残留物をメタノール(10mL)で希釈した。Amberlyst(登録商標)15イオン交換樹脂(105mg)を、O−保護ヒドロキサム酸の溶液に添加し、混合物を室温で1時間撹拌した。その後、反応物を濾過し、濾過物を真空中で濃縮し、粗MC1895を得て、それを結晶化によって精製した。1H NMR(DMSO−d6)δ3.05(m,1H,PhCH2)、δ3.60(m,1H,PhCH2)、δ3.75(m,1H,PhCHCO)、δ6.36(d,1H,PhCH=CHCOOEt)、δ7.15〜7.70(m,15H,ベンゼンプロトンおよびPhCH=CHCOOEt)、δ9.00(s,1H,OH)、δ10.23(s,1H,CONHPh)、δ10.85(s,1H,NHOH)。Anal.C,H,N,O。
PS=100・[EdrugA+drugB−(EdrugA+EdrugB)]/(EdrugA+EdrugB)
(式中、PSは相乗作用の百分率でありかつEは薬剤濃度の効果であり、p24生成における増加倍数として表される)
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HDACiとBSOとの間の相乗作用の細胞基盤を検討するため、HIV−1静止のためのJurkatモデルを使用した。これらの結果は、HIV−1 LTRの制御下で組み込まれたGFP/Tatコンストラクトを有するA1 Jurkat細胞クローンから得られ、それは大部分の細胞内で静止することから、フローサイトメトリーにより、単一の細胞レベルでのLTRプロモーターの活性化を試験することを可能にする、[Jordan Aら、2003年]。本発明者らの結果は、BSOがHDACI感受性細胞を応答細胞集団に動員することを示した(図13)。BSO単独は、ACH−2およびU1細胞内でのp24の測定値から得られた結果と異なり、少数の細胞内でLTR活性化を誘発した。
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金塩およびヒ素は、多数の生物学的効果を共有し、今や、いくつかの医療用途を有する潜在的に有望なエピジェネティック金属薬として新たな展望を提示している。他の病状におけるそれらの治療用途は、当然ながら古くからの伝統を有する。ヒ素は金属および非金属特性の双方を示す元素であると考えられるが、それは多くの局面において金属として振る舞う。その最も一般的な元素形態(灰色ヒ素)において、それは金属様の性質を有し、電気を通す。金塩と同様、ヒ素は、紀元前5世紀以来、治療で用いられている。ヒポクラテスは、潰瘍に対する治療薬として鶏冠石(As2S2)および石黄(As2S2)を使用した。伝統的中国医学では、ヒ素と金を併用することで、様々な症状が処置された。テーベのOlympiodorus(紀元5世紀)は、硫化ヒ素を焙焼し、白色ヒ素(As2O3であるが、As4O3としても見出され得る)を得た。金塩およびヒ素の双方は、後に、数ある用途の中でも、抗リウマチ、抗梅毒、および抗腫瘍における用途があることが見出された[Eisler、2003年、Giordano、1844年、ChristisonおよびGriffith、1848年、CutlerおよびBradford、1878年、Waxmanら、2001年、Parkら、2008年]。ヒ素は、高用量で使用される場合には、毒薬としても知られている。
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Claims (12)
- オーラノフィンを含むレトロウイルスレゼルボア処置用組成物であって、0.02〜0.5mg/kg/日の用量で患者に投与される、組成物。
- スベロイルアニリドヒドロキサム酸(SAHA)と併用される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- オーラノフィンは、前記レトロウイルスのレゼルボアの認定されたモデルにおいてレトロウイルス複製を誘発する能力がある、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 前記レトロウイルスは、HIV−1であり、前記モデルは、U1およびACH−2細胞モデルから選択される、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 前記レトロウイルスは、HIVウイルスである、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- ヒストン脱アセチル化酵素阻害剤(HDACi)、BSOおよび/または鉄ニトリロアセテートまたは硫酸第一鉄のうちの少なくとも1つをさらに含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記処置は、抗レトロウイルス療法をさらに含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- レトロウイルスレゼルボア処置用組成物であって、0.02〜0.5mg/kg/日の用量で患者に投与される、レトロウイルスレゼルボア処置用組成物を調製するための、オーラノフィンの使用。
- ヒストン脱アセチル化酵素阻害剤(HDACi)、BSO、ヒ素含有化合物、および/または鉄ニトリロアセテートまたは硫酸第一鉄のうちの少なくとも1つをさらに含む、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記ヒ素含有化合物が三酸化ヒ素(As2O3)である、請求項9に記載の使用。
- オーラノフィンを含む組成物であって、レトロウイルスが潜伏感染した細胞を前記細胞とオーラノフィンとを接触させ、0.02〜0.5mg/kg/日の用量で患者に投与することによって選択的に標的化するための組成物。
- オーラノフィンを含むAIDSを治療するための組成物であって、0.02〜0.5mg/kg/日の用量で患者に投与される、組成物。
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| GB201011921D0 (en) * | 2010-07-15 | 2010-09-01 | Sutan Anwar | Method for gas chromatography analysis and maintenance |
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| US8957066B2 (en) | 2011-02-28 | 2015-02-17 | Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. | Histone deacetylase inhibitors |
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| CN102727523A (zh) * | 2011-04-02 | 2012-10-17 | 复旦大学 | 一种具有抗hiv潜伏作用的药物及其用途 |
| BR112015023399A8 (pt) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-12-03 | Biomarin Pharm Inc | inibidores de hdac, seu uso e composição farmacêutica |
| WO2014201426A2 (en) * | 2013-06-14 | 2014-12-18 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Triazol-1-ol analogs anti-retroviral latency drugs |
| EP3052662B1 (en) * | 2013-10-01 | 2019-05-15 | The J. David Gladstone Institutes | Compositions, systems and methods for gene expression noise drug screening and uses thereof |
| WO2017192740A2 (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2017-11-09 | Galera Labs, Llc | Combination therapy for cancer treatment |
| EP3463476A2 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2019-04-10 | Istituto Superiore di Sanità | Buthionine sulfoximine and a metallodrug for the treatment of cancer, hiv or a rheumatic disease |
| US20230285441A1 (en) * | 2020-04-15 | 2023-09-14 | Georgia State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Treatment of coronavirus infections with auranofin |
| CN116478070B (zh) * | 2022-06-23 | 2024-09-27 | 山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院) | 一种化合物、药物组合物及其在扩张血管或抗病毒领域的应用 |
| CN116947763A (zh) * | 2023-07-11 | 2023-10-27 | 郑州大学 | 2-巯基-5-氰基-6-芳基嘧啶杂环类化合物、制备方法和应用 |
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| WO2003054160A2 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2003-07-03 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Cell lines with latent immunodeficiency virus and methods of use thereof |
| WO2003053468A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-03 | Universite Libre De Bruxelles | Method for obtaining the elimination of integrated and functional viruses from infected mammal cells |
| WO2007121429A2 (en) * | 2006-04-17 | 2007-10-25 | J. David Gladstone Institutes | Methods and compositions for the synergistic activation of latent hiv |
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- 2009-10-29 WO PCT/EP2009/007958 patent/WO2010049182A2/en not_active Ceased
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- 2009-10-29 PL PL09759664T patent/PL2349245T3/pl unknown
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| US20170157174A1 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
| WO2010049182A2 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
| US8785493B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
| JP2012506884A (ja) | 2012-03-22 |
| EP2349245B1 (en) | 2016-08-03 |
| US20150024065A1 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
| US20110305774A1 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
| ES2600789T3 (es) | 2017-02-10 |
| EP2349245A2 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
| PL2349245T3 (pl) | 2017-07-31 |
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