JP5747666B2 - Detection method of overheat in hardened steel - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for detecting overheating of hardened steel, and relates to a method for detecting overheating of steel used by quenching, for example, hardened steel as a material for rolling members, rolling bearing devices, and linear motion guide devices.

  Conventionally, steel materials used in all industrial fields are required to have functions and characteristics corresponding to the use environment. For example, a rolling bearing rotates while supporting a large load when used. For this reason, a large contact pressure is generated at the contact portion between the race and the rolling element, and a large shear stress acts inside the material. In order to withstand this large shear stress, high-carbon chromium bearing steel is used as a raw material after quenching and tempering.

Therefore, the quality of the heat treatment applied to the steel material is an important factor that affects the life of the bearing, and therefore the hardness measurement and the metal structure are inspected and guaranteed.
However, since these inspection methods are destructive inspections and sampling inspections, it can be said that they are not inspection methods that can sufficiently ensure the quality of the manufactured bearings. In particular, cutting inspection itself may be difficult for large and super large bearings.

Therefore, in order to solve such a problem, many techniques have been disclosed regarding methods for measuring the quality of mature processing in a non-destructive manner. As a typical method for measuring the quality of ripening treatment nondestructively, an ultrasonic method, an eddy current method, and the like can be given.
Regarding the ultrasonic method, for example, in Patent Document 1, an ultrasonic wave is transmitted to a subject having a hardened hardening layer, and a peak signal of a scattered wave for each sampling rotation angle in a received reflected wave is detected. A method is described in which the ultrasonic depth position is determined by calculating the propagation time from the transmission of the peak to the reception, and the effective hardened layer depth is obtained by a predetermined estimation process.

With respect to the eddy current method, for example, Patent Document 2 discloses an eddy current obtained by two or more frequencies for an object subjected to surface treatment such as carburizing, quenching, induction hardening, nitriding, decarburization, or the like. It describes the method of measuring the quenching depth and internal defects and the quenching hardness and surface defects of metal surfaces using signals.
Patent Document 3 discloses a measurement method for determining a hardened layer depth / unquenched / different material by comparing a measurement value of a master sample prepared in advance by an eddy current method with a measurement result of an unknown steel material. Have been described.

  Further, Patent Document 4 discloses a quenching pattern in which a hardened layer is inspected by an eddy current method on a specimen that has been subjected to quenching such as induction quenching, and compared with a measured value of a good product that has been measured in advance. It describes a method for determining defective products such as cuts (parts where the hardened hardened layer is interrupted or locally becomes extremely shallow).

JP 2007-218590 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-198681 JP 2007-40865 A JP 2010-25746 A

However, the techniques disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 4 mainly relate to the measurement of hardness and depth for a steel material subjected to induction hardening. As mentioned above, not only the hardness but also the metal structure is important for the quality assurance of the heat treatment applied to the steel material. In particular, with regard to the crystal grain size, coarse crystal grains shorten the product life. It has been known. The coarsening of the crystal grains occurs, for example, when the heating temperature of the steel material during quenching is excessively high (overheating), but the crystal grain size inspection is often performed by a destructive test in the same manner as the hardness measurement. Therefore, the techniques disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 4 cannot detect a deterioration in the quality of the heat treatment due to overheating of the steel material. Therefore, in order to provide an inspection method that can sufficiently ensure the quality of the bearing, There was room for studying the technology to detect deterioration in the quality of heat treatment.
Therefore, the present invention has been made paying attention to the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method for detecting the overheating of hardened steel that detects the occurrence of overheating without performing a destructive test.

In the method for detecting overheating of hardened steel according to claim 1 of the present invention, after quenching, an alternating current is passed through a test coil brought into contact with or close to the specimen before tempering, and a magnetic field induced by the alternating current is applied to the subject. An eddy current generation process for generating an eddy current in the specimen;
A measurement step of measuring an eddy current signal of a test coil that changes due to a magnetic field induced by the eddy current generated in the subject in the eddy current generation step;
Look including a detection step of detecting overheating from said eddy current signal measured by the measuring step, the detection step, the magnetic change due to the change in the martensite crystal structure when heated at excessively high temperatures during hardening It is characterized by using .

  According to the overheat detection method of the hardened steel according to the present invention, an alternating current is passed through a test coil that is in contact with or close to the specimen before quenching and tempered, and the specimen is vortexed by a magnetic field induced by the alternating current. Since the current is generated and the impedance characteristic of the test coil that is changed by the magnetic field induced by the generated eddy current is measured, overheating of the hardened steel can be detected without performing a destructive test.

Further, the overheat detection method for hardened steel according to claim 2 of the present invention is the method for detecting overheat of hardened steel according to claim 1, wherein the eddy current signal is a voltage difference between the specimen and a reference specimen. Ah it is, the subject is characterized Oh Rukoto a high carbon chromium bearing steel.
Moreover, the overheat detection method of the hardened steel which concerns on Claim 3 of this invention WHEREIN: If the said voltage difference is more than predetermined value in the overheat detection method of the hardened steel of Claim 2, in the said detection process, It is characterized by detecting occurrence.
Moreover, the overheat detection method of the hardened steel which concerns on Claim 4 of this invention is a hardened steel overheat detection method in any one of Claims 1-3, The said test object is a rolling bearing, It is characterized by the above-mentioned. .

  As mentioned above, according to the overheat detection method of the hardened steel which concerns on this invention, the overheat detection method of the hardened steel which detects generation | occurrence | production of overheating can be provided, without performing a destructive test.

It is a flowchart in one Embodiment of the overheat detection method of the hardened steel which concerns on this invention. It is a graph which shows the measurement result by the eddy current apparatus in one Embodiment of the overheat detection method of the hardening steel which concerns on this invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the quenching temperature and voltage difference (DELTA) V by an eddy current in one Embodiment of the overheat detection method of the hardening steel which concerns on this invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the quenching temperature and crystal grain diameter in one Embodiment of the overheat detection method of the hardened steel which concerns on this invention. It is a graph which shows the alpha (220) diffraction peak result of the test object after quenching before tempering in one embodiment of the overheat detection method of the quenching steel concerning the present invention, and (a) is a case where quenching temperature is 820 ° C. (B) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 840 ° C., (c) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 880 ° C., and (d) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 920 ° C. It is a graph which shows the alpha (220) diffraction peak result of the test object which gave tempering at 170 degreeC after hardening in one Embodiment of the overheat detection method of the hardened steel which concerns on this invention, (a) is hardening temperature 820 degreeC. (B) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 840 ° C., (c) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 880 ° C., and (d) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 920 ° C. (E) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 960 ° C.

Hereinafter, an embodiment of a method for detecting overheating of hardened steel according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart in one embodiment of a method for detecting overheating of hardened steel according to the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, the method for detecting overheat of hardened steel according to the present embodiment includes an eddy current generation step (S1), a measurement step (S2), and a detection step (S3). The overheat detection method of the hardened steel according to the present embodiment is based on an eddy current device having a test coil and a bridge circuit, a measurement device that measures a potential difference between currents flowing in the bridge circuit, and a potential difference measured by the measurement device. This is performed using a detection device that detects overheating.

<Eddy current generation process>
The eddy current generation step is performed as follows.
First, when an alternating current is passed through the test coil of the eddy current device, the alternating current is induced to generate a magnetic field in the test coil. When the subject is brought into contact with or close to the test coil, an eddy current is generated in the subject due to the magnetic field in the test coil.

<Measurement process>
Since the magnetic field is induced in the subject in which the eddy current is generated in a direction that cancels the magnetic field due to the current applied by the eddy current, the coil impedance changes. Here, since the eddy current generated in the subject due to the magnetic field in the test coil varies depending on the conductivity and permeability of the subject, the eddy current differs when the subject of different materials is brought into contact with or close to the test coil. Coil impedance. In practice, a reference object is prepared, and when this reference object is measured, the bridge circuit in the overcurrent device is adjusted to satisfy the equilibrium condition so that the voltage generated in the bridge circuit becomes zero. deep.
Thereafter, according to the principle described above, in the measurement of the subject whose material is different from that of the reference subject, the coil impedance changes, so that the balance of the bridge circuit is lost and a current flows through the bridge circuit. The measuring device measures the voltage generated at this time as an eddy current signal.

[Reason for using specimen before tempering]
Hereinafter, the reason for using the specimen before quenching and before tempering in the eddy current generation step will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a measurement result obtained by the measurement apparatus according to this embodiment. Specifically, a high-carbon chromium bearing steel was quenched at 820 to 960 ° C., tempered at 140,200 to 270 ° C., quenched under the same conditions, and then tempered at 170 ° C. 4 is a graph showing measurement results using the measurement apparatus for each of the three specimens of the second specimen and a third specimen that has been quenched under the same conditions and not tempered. Here, the test coil correlates with the amplitude value Y (second value, hereinafter, also simply referred to as “Y value”) of the detection signal, which correlates with the quenching surface hardness, and the quenching depth of the specimen. This is a sensor for measuring a value X (first value, hereinafter also simply referred to as “X value”) resulting from the phase difference. Each excitation frequency is 20 kHz, and the first subject is described as a reference subject.
The first to third subjects having the same material and different qualities are plotted in one straight line on the XY plane, as shown in FIG. 2 showing the relationship between the X value and the Y value. That is, the plot position varies depending on the quality of the first to third subjects, and the distance from the origin (voltage difference ΔV) is considered to represent the difference in the heat treatment quality.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the quenching temperature and the voltage difference ΔV due to the eddy current in this embodiment. This FIG. 3 shows the third specimen in FIG. 2 that has been quenched at 820 to 960 ° C. and not tempered, and the second specimen that has been tempered at 170 ° C. after quenching under the same conditions. It is the graph which showed the relationship between quenching temperature and voltage difference (DELTA) V by an eddy current on the basis of 1 test object (reference | standard test object).
As shown in FIG. 3, in the third specimen that was not tempered, a rapid change in the voltage difference ΔV was observed at a quenching temperature of 960 ° C. On the other hand, in the second specimen subjected to the tempering treatment at 170 ° C., a rapid change in the voltage difference ΔV was not recognized even when quenched at 960 ° C.

Furthermore, as a result of investigating the quenching temperature and the crystal grain size, the crystal grain size gradually increased as the quenching temperature increased, and a rapid coarsening of the crystal grain size was observed at a quenching temperature of 1000 ° C. (see FIG. 4). ).
As shown in FIG. 3, an object having a quenching temperature of 960 ° C. can be detected by eddy current measurement after quenching and before tempering. Therefore, the case where it is heated to 960 ° C. before the temperature at which the crystal grains become coarse can be determined as NG.

  Next, the factor which can catch overheating only after quenching and before tempering was verified by X-ray diffraction. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the α (220) diffraction peak result of the specimen after quenching and before tempering in this embodiment, (a) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 820 ° C., (b) is quenching. A graph when the temperature is 840 ° C, (c) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 880 ° C, and (d) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 920 ° C.

  5A to 5E show the quenching temperature of 820 to 960 ° C. and the α (220) diffraction peak, that is, the martensite peak in the specimen before tempering. Among these, one martensite peak was observed in the specimen quenched at 820 to 920 ° C. (see FIGS. 5A to 5D). On the other hand, two peaks were observed in the specimen quenched at 960 ° C. (see FIG. 5 (e)). This is probably because martensite at the time of quenching at 820 to 920 ° C. has a bcc structure, but in the case of quenching at 960 ° C., the bct structure mainly consists of a large amount of carbon solid solution.

From the above, it is considered that the change in the crystal structure changed the magnetism and caused a sudden change in the voltage difference ΔV in the measurement using the eddy current.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the α (220) diffraction peak result of the specimen subjected to tempering at 170 ° C. after quenching in this embodiment, and (a) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 820 ° C. (B) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 840 ° C, (c) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 880 ° C, (d) is a graph when the quenching temperature is 920 ° C, (e) is It is a graph at the time of hardening temperature being 960 degreeC. 6 (a) to 6 (e) show α (220) diffraction peaks in a specimen obtained by subjecting a specimen under the same quenching condition to tempering at 170 ° C. FIG.

As a result of the measurement, only one martensite peak was observed even at 960 ° C. (see FIG. 6E). This is thought to be because, when tempering, carbon that was supersaturated in the base is released and martensite has a bcc structure. For this reason, when tempering is performed, it is considered that a rapid change in the voltage difference ΔV was not observed even at 960 ° C. quenching.
As described above, when heated at an excessively high temperature during quenching, the magnetism changes due to a change in the martensite crystal structure. In the eddy current measurement, since this magnetic change affects the voltage difference ΔV, it can be detected as overheating. However, when tempering is performed, a bcc structure is formed, and it is impossible to capture overheating in the measurement after tempering. Therefore, it is possible to detect overheating by performing an inspection with eddy current before tempering.

<Detection process>
The detection step is a step of detecting overheating from the eddy current signal measured in the measurement step described above. Here, the eddy current signal is preferably a voltage difference between the subject and a reference subject.
In this detection step, if the voltage difference is greater than or equal to a predetermined value (threshold value), it can be detected that the subject to be detected has caused overheating.

  In the present embodiment, it is known that the coarsening of the particle size that lowers the bearing function occurs at a quenching temperature of 960 ° C. or higher. Here, as shown in FIG. 3, since the change of the voltage difference ΔV is recognized at a temperature before 960 ° C. (920 ° C. or more), the voltage difference ΔV measured at a quenching temperature of 920 ° C. or more is used as a threshold value. decide.

When measuring rolling bearings, many steel materials (subjects) are made in a ring shape, and the curvature varies depending on the product. Therefore, in order to accurately measure various products, the shape factor such as curvature It is preferable to obtain in advance the change of the voltage difference ΔV with respect to.
In this example, a sample (quenching temperature 800 ° C., tempering 240 ° C.) having a measured voltage value at the middle point is prepared from the prepared samples so that the measured voltage value does not fall outside the measuring range of the measuring instrument. Sample ". However, if the voltage difference ΔV can be measured, the reference object may be determined without being limited thereto.

As described above, according to the overheat detection method for hardened steel according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method for detecting overheat of hardened steel that detects the occurrence of overheating without performing a destructive test.
In addition, this invention is not limited to embodiment mentioned above, In the range which does not deviate from the summary of this invention, it can change suitably.

Claims (4)

An eddy current generation step of generating an eddy current in the subject by applying an alternating current to a test coil brought into contact with or close to the subject before quenching after quenching, and a magnetic field induced by the alternating current;
A measurement step of measuring an eddy current signal of a test coil that changes due to a magnetic field induced by the eddy current generated in the subject in the eddy current generation step;
Look including a detection step of detecting overheating from said eddy current signal measured by the measuring step, the detection step, the magnetic change due to the change in the martensite crystal structure when heated at excessively high temperatures during hardening A method for detecting overheating of a hardened steel, characterized in that the method is used. The eddy current signal, said Ri voltage difference der of the subject and the reference subject, the subject may overheat detection method of hardening steel according to claim 1, wherein the Oh Rukoto a high carbon chromium bearing steel .   The method for detecting overheating of hardened steel according to claim 2, wherein the detecting step detects the occurrence of overheating when the voltage difference is equal to or greater than a predetermined value.   The method for detecting overheating of hardened steel according to claim 1, wherein the object is a rolling bearing.

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