JP5705553B2 - Shot peening method with excellent projectile life - Google Patents
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本発明は、被投射材の表面を過度に粗くすることなく、高い圧縮残留応力を付与し、さらに投射材寿命が長くコスト低減を図れる投射材の寿命に優れたショットピーニング方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a shot peening method that imparts a high compressive residual stress without excessively roughening the surface of a projection material, and that has a long projection material lifetime and is excellent in the lifetime of the projection material.
一般にショットピーニングは被処理材の表面に投射材と呼ばれる粒子を投射し、圧縮残留応力を付与し、疲労強度などを改善できる有効な表面処理方法であり、ばねやギヤ等の自動車部品、あるいは金型材などにも適用されている。また、近年では高周波焼入れ、浸炭、窒化、浸炭窒化処理など様々な表面処理を行なった、例えば６５０ＨＶを超えるような表面硬度の高い被処理物へのショットピーニングの適用が進んでおり、これら部材への投射材にも高硬度化が求められている。 In general, shot peening is an effective surface treatment method that can improve the fatigue strength and the like by projecting particles called a blast material onto the surface of the material to be treated, thereby improving the fatigue strength. It is also applied to mold materials. Further, in recent years, application of shot peening to a workpiece having a high surface hardness exceeding 650 HV, for example, which has been subjected to various surface treatments such as induction hardening, carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding, has been advanced. The projectile material is also required to have high hardness.
すなわち、表面硬度の高い被処理材に対し、低硬度な投射材を用いたショットピーニングでは高い圧縮残留応力が得られない。また、自動車部品等の更なる軽量化要求に伴い、益々高硬度な被処理材をショットピーニングする必要があるため、さらに高硬度を有する投射材が求められている。 That is, high compressive residual stress cannot be obtained by shot peening using a low hardness projection material for a material to be processed having a high surface hardness. In addition, along with the demand for further weight reduction of automobile parts and the like, it is necessary to shot-peen a material having a higher hardness, and thus a projection material having a higher hardness is required.
高硬度な投射材としては、ジルコニアビーズやアルミナビーズなどのセラミックス系の投射材があるが、これらのセラミックスは金属粉末と比較し靭性が低いため、ショットピーニングにより破砕しやすく、投射材としての寿命が短くランニングコストが高い。また、例えば特開２００７−８４８５８号公報（特許文献１）にはＦｅＢ系投射材も提案されている。なお、この投射材は鉄系硼化物の優れた機械特性（例えば高融点化合物便覧，日・ソ通信社，ゲ・ヴェ・サムソノフら著，１９７６）を利用した高硬度投射材である。 High-hardness projectiles include ceramic-based projectiles such as zirconia beads and alumina beads, but these ceramics have lower toughness than metal powders, so they are easily crushed by shot peening and have a long life as a projectile. The running cost is short. Further, for example, an FeB-based projection material is also proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-84858 (Patent Document 1). This blasting material is a high-hardness blasting material that utilizes the excellent mechanical properties of iron-based borides (for example, Handbook of High-melting-point Compounds, Nichi-So Communication Co., Ltd., Ge Ve Samsonov et al., 1976).
一方、高硬度な投射材を用いてショットピーニングすると、被処理品の表面が過度に粗くなる場合があり、例えば、特開２００２−３６１１５号公報（特許文献２）では、ヤング率の低いアモルファス投射材を用いることで、高硬度な投射材でありながら被処理物の表面粗度の上昇を抑制している。一般に鋳鋼などの鉄系結晶質材料のヤング率は２００〜２１０ＧＰａ程度であるが、アモルファス相とすることにより、これを低くすることができる。 On the other hand, when shot peening is performed using a high-hardness projection material, the surface of the article to be processed may become excessively rough. For example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-36115 (Patent Document 2), amorphous projection with a low Young's modulus is performed. By using the material, an increase in the surface roughness of the workpiece is suppressed while being a high-hardness projection material. Generally, the Young's modulus of an iron-based crystalline material such as cast steel is about 200 to 210 GPa, but this can be lowered by using an amorphous phase.
しかしながら、構成相をアモルファスとするためには、高価な添加元素や製造時に十分な冷却速度を要するなど課題もある。また、投射材の粒径も表面粗度に大きく影響し、一般に微粒子（例えば０．３ｍｍ以下）を投射することにより表面粗度の上昇を抑制できる。例えば、特開昭６２−２７８２２４号公報（特許文献３）では、２０〜２００μｍの投射材を用いることで被加工面の粗さ上昇を抑えている。なお、この例では投射材の粒径を小さくすることにより、投射速度を上昇させることができ、１００ｍ／ｓ以上とする処理法を提案している。 However, in order to make the constituent phase amorphous, there are problems such as an expensive additive element and a sufficient cooling rate required in production. In addition, the particle size of the projection material also greatly affects the surface roughness, and in general, an increase in surface roughness can be suppressed by projecting fine particles (for example, 0.3 mm or less). For example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Sho 62-278224 (Patent Document 3), an increase in the roughness of the surface to be processed is suppressed by using a projection material of 20 to 200 μm. In this example, the projection speed can be increased by reducing the particle size of the projection material, and a treatment method of 100 m / s or more is proposed.
また、投射材の粒径を小さくすることにより、エア式ショットピーニング装置による投射速度が大きく出来ることは、例えば、日本機械学会論文集（Ｃ編）の６０巻５７１号Ｐ１１２０（小川ら）（非特許文献１）にも記述されている。一般的に多く用いられている鋳鋼投射材はビッカース硬さの上限が８５０ＨＶ程度であり、十分な圧縮残留応力を得るためには１００ｍ／ｓを超えるような、比較的高い投射速度が必要となる。しかしながら、高い投射速度を得るためには、ショットピーニング装置への負荷も大きくなってしまう課題がある。 In addition, by reducing the particle size of the projection material, the projection speed by the air type shot peening apparatus can be increased. For example, the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (C), Vol. 60, No. 571, P1120 (Ogawa et al.) Patent document 1) also describes. Cast steel projectiles that are generally used have a Vickers hardness upper limit of about 850 HV, and in order to obtain sufficient compressive residual stress, a relatively high projection speed exceeding 100 m / s is required. . However, in order to obtain a high projection speed, there is a problem that the load on the shot peening apparatus also increases.
高硬度と高密度を有する投射材として超硬製投射材、例えば、特開平８−３２３６２６号公報（特許文献４）にも提案されているが、汎用の鋳鋼製投射材などと比較し非常に高価であり、また、鋳鋼投射材などの鉄系材料と比較すると密度が２倍程度と著しく高く、被処理品の表面粗度を過度に粗くしてしまう。
上述したような従来の方法では高価な投射材を用いず、しかも低い投射速度で、被加工品に高い圧縮残留応力を付与し、表面粗度を低く保つことは困難であった。 In the conventional method as described above, it is difficult to apply a high compressive residual stress to the workpiece and keep the surface roughness low at a low projection speed without using an expensive projection material.
上述した問題を解消するために、発明者は鋭意開発を進めた結果、高硬度で中密度の投射材を低い圧力で投射することにより、高硬度（１０００〜１４００ＨＶ）のために低速度投射（１０〜４５ｍ／ｓ）でも大きな圧縮残留応力を付与させると共に、表面粗度の上昇が少なく、さらに、高硬度投射材を低圧投射すると極端に投射材寿命が向上し、高圧縮残留応力を付与し、かつ表面粗度の増大を抑制することができる投射材寿命に優れたショットピーニング方法を提供する。 In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the inventor has intensively developed, and as a result, projects a high-hardness and medium-density projection material at a low pressure, so that a low-speed projection (1000 to 1400HV) is achieved for high hardness (1000 to 1400HV). 10 to 45 m / s), a large compressive residual stress is applied, and the increase in surface roughness is small. Further, when a high-hardness projection material is projected at a low pressure, the projection material life is extremely improved and a high compression residual stress is imparted. And a shot peening method excellent in the lifetime of the projection material capable of suppressing an increase in surface roughness.
その発明の要旨とするところは、
（１）ビッカース硬さが１０００〜１４００ＨＶ、密度が７．０〜８．１Ｍｇ／ｍ3を有する投射材を、１０〜４５ｍ／ｓの速度で金属製の被処理品に投射することを特徴とする投射材寿命に優れたショットピーニング方法。
（２）前記（１）に記載の方法により、高周波焼入れ処理、浸炭処理、窒化処理、浸炭窒化処理のいずれかを施した金属製の被処理品を処理してなるショットピーニング方法にある。
The gist of the invention is that
(1) Projecting a projection material having a Vickers hardness of 1000 to 1400 HV and a density of 7.0 to 8.1 Mg / m 3 onto a metal workpiece at a speed of 10 to 45 m / s. A shot peening method with excellent projectile life.
(2) There is a shot peening method obtained by processing a metal workpiece subjected to any of induction hardening, carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding by the method described in (1).
以上述べたように、本発明により、投射材の寿命が著しく長くなり投射材にかかるランニングコストを大幅に低減できるとともに、投射材の廃却量をも減らすことができる効果を奏するものである。 As described above, according to the present invention, the life of the projection material is remarkably increased, and the running cost for the projection material can be greatly reduced, and the amount of discarded projection material can be reduced.
以下、本発明に係る発明の限定理由を説明する。
ビッカース硬さが１０００〜１４００ＨＶ
ビッカース硬さが１０００ＨＶ未満では大きな圧縮残留応力が得られず、投射材の寿命にも劣る。一方、１４００ＨＶを超えると被加工品の表面を過度に粗くし、投射材の寿命にも劣る。したがって、好ましくは１１００〜１３５０ＨＶ、より好ましくは１１５０〜１３５０ＨＶとした。
The reason for limiting the invention according to the present invention will be described below.
Vickers hardness is 1000-1400HV
When the Vickers hardness is less than 1000 HV, a large compressive residual stress cannot be obtained, and the life of the projection material is inferior. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1400 HV, the surface of the workpiece is excessively roughened and the life of the projection material is also inferior. Therefore, it is preferably 1100 to 1350 HV, more preferably 1150 to 1350 HV.
密度が７．０〜８．１Ｍｇ／ｍ3
密度が７．０Ｍｇ／ｍ3未満では大きな圧縮残留応力が得られず、一方、８．１Ｍｇ／ｍ3を超えると被加工品の表面を過度に粗くしてしまう。したがって、好ましくは７．２〜７．８Ｍｇ／ｍ3、より好ましくは７．２〜７．６Ｍｇ／ｍ3とした。
Density is 7.0 to 8.1 Mg / m 3
When the density is less than 7.0 Mg / m 3 , a large compressive residual stress cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the density exceeds 8.1 Mg / m 3 , the surface of the workpiece is excessively roughened. Therefore, it is preferably 7.2 to 7.8 Mg / m 3 , more preferably 7.2 to 7.6 Mg / m 3 .
１０〜４５ｍ／ｓの投射速度
投射速度が１０ｍ／ｓ未満では大きな圧縮残留応力が得られず、４５ｍ／ｓを超えると被加工品の表面を過度に粗くし、投射材の寿命にも劣る。したがって、好ましくは１０〜４０ｍ／ｓ、より好ましくは１５〜３０ｍ／ｓとした。
10-45 blasting speed blasting speed of m / s large compressive residual stress can not be obtained is less than 10 m / s, 45 excessively roughen the surface of the workpiece exceeds m / s, in the life of the shot material Inferior. Therefore, it was preferably 10 to 40 m / s, more preferably 15 to 30 m / s.
以下、本発明について実施例によって具体的に説明する。
先ず、最大圧縮残留応力および表面粗度に及ぼす投射材硬さ、密度および投射速度の影響についての実施例を述べる。投射材は表１に示す市販の投射材を用いた。まず、各投射材の硬さをビッカース硬さ計、密度をガス置換法により測定した。いずれの投射材も直径０．１ｍｍのものを用いた。また、顕微鏡で確認したところ、いずれの投射材も概ね球状を呈していた。その後、直径２０ｍｍ、長さ１００ｍｍ、表面粗さが算術平均（Ｒａ）０．４μｍのＳＣＭ４２０を高周波焼入れ、浸炭、窒化、浸炭窒化処理した鋼材を被処理材として、エア式および遠心式のショットピーニング装置で、表１に示す通り投射速度を変化させてショットピーニングを行った。これらの表面粗度をＲａで評価し、さらに電解研磨で表層を除去しながら深さ方向にＸ線法で残留応力を測定しその最大値を評価した。その結果を表１に示す。なお、実施例１０と比較例１３は高周波焼入れ材（表面硬さ６５０ＨＶ）、実施例１と比較例１４は窒化材（表面硬さ９００ＨＶ）、実施例９と比較例２０は浸炭窒化材（表面硬さ９００ＨＶ）であり、その他は全て浸炭材（表面硬さ７５０ＨＶ）を被処理材として用いた。
Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples.
First, an example of the effects of the projection material hardness, density, and projection speed on the maximum compressive residual stress and surface roughness will be described. The commercially available projection material shown in Table 1 was used for the projection material. First, the hardness of each projection material was measured by a Vickers hardness meter, and the density was measured by a gas replacement method. All of the projection materials used had a diameter of 0.1 mm. Moreover, when confirmed with the microscope, all the projection materials were substantially spherical. After that, SCM420 having a diameter of 20 mm, a length of 100 mm, and an arithmetic average (Ra) surface roughness of 0.4 μm is subjected to induction hardening, carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding as steel to be treated, and pneumatic and centrifugal shot peening. Shot peening was performed with the apparatus while changing the projection speed as shown in Table 1. The surface roughness was evaluated by Ra, and the residual stress was measured by the X-ray method in the depth direction while removing the surface layer by electrolytic polishing, and the maximum value was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1. In addition, Example 10 and Comparative Example 13 are induction-hardened materials (surface hardness 650 HV), Example 1 and Comparative Example 14 are nitride materials (surface hardness 900 HV), and Example 9 and Comparative Example 20 are carbonitriding materials (surface) In other cases, a carburized material (surface hardness of 750 HV) was used as the material to be treated.
比較例Ｎｏ．１２は、投射材が鋳鋼系で投射材の硬さが低いために、圧縮残留応力の付与が低い。比較例Ｎｏ．１３は、Ｎｏ．１２と同様に、投射材が鋳鋼系で投射材の硬さが低いために、圧縮残留応力の付与が低い。また、比較例Ｎｏ．１４は、投射材がハイス系で投射材の硬さが低いために、圧縮残留応力の付与が低い。比較例Ｎｏ．１５は、投射材が本発明例と同じＦｅＢ系ではあるがこの比較例のＦｅＢ系では投射材の硬さが高過ぎて、被加工品の表面を粗くし、投射材の寿命も劣る。 Comparative Example No. No. 12, since the projection material is cast steel and the hardness of the projection material is low, the application of compressive residual stress is low. Comparative Example No. No. 13 12, since the projection material is cast steel and the hardness of the projection material is low, the application of compressive residual stress is low. Comparative Example No. No. 14, since the projection material is a high speed system and the hardness of the projection material is low, the application of compressive residual stress is low. Comparative Example No. No. 15, the projection material is the same FeB type as in the present invention example, but in the FeB type of this comparative example, the hardness of the projection material is too high, the surface of the workpiece is roughened, and the life of the projection material is also inferior.
比較例Ｎｏ．１６は、投射材の密度が低いために、大きな圧縮残留応力が得られない。比較例Ｎｏ．１７は、投射材の密度が高いために、加工品の表面が粗くなる。比較例Ｎｏ．１８は、投射速度が遅いために大きな圧縮残留応力が得られない。比較例Ｎｏ．１９は、投射速度が速いために、加工品の表面を粗くし、投射材の寿命も劣る。 Comparative Example No. No. 16 cannot obtain a large compressive residual stress because the density of the projection material is low. Comparative Example No. No. 17, since the density of the projection material is high, the surface of the processed product becomes rough. Comparative Example No. No. 18 cannot obtain a large compressive residual stress because the projection speed is low. Comparative Example No. No. 19, since the projection speed is high, the surface of the processed product is roughened and the life of the projection material is also inferior.
比較例Ｎｏ．２０は、比較例Ｎｏ．１９と同様に、投射速度が速いために加工品の表面を粗くし、投射材の寿命も劣る。これに対し、本発明例Ｎｏ．１〜１１は、投射材の硬さ、投射材の密度、投射速度等いずれも本発明の条件を満足していることから大きな圧縮残留応力が得られ、かつ良好な表面粗度を得ることが分かる。 Comparative Example No. 20 is Comparative Example No. As in the case of 19, the projection speed is fast, so that the surface of the workpiece is roughened and the life of the projection material is also inferior. On the other hand, the present invention example No. Nos. 1 to 11 are that the hardness of the projection material, the density of the projection material, the projection speed, etc. all satisfy the conditions of the present invention, so that a large compressive residual stress can be obtained and a good surface roughness can be obtained. I understand.
次に、投射材の寿命に及ぼす投射速度の影響に関する実施例として、本発明例Ｎｏ．５、比較例Ｎｏ．１２および比較例Ｎｏ．１５に用いた投射材を、数水準の投射速度でＳＣＭ４２０をガス浸炭した鋼材をターゲットに２４時間投射した。投射材は繰返しターゲットと衝突することにより破砕され、約２５μｍ以下の微粉となったものがショットピーニング装置外へ排出されるように集塵装置を設定した。ショットピーニング装置はエア式の循環式とし、装置内に投射材を２０ｋｇ装入し、２４時間投射した後、投射材を回収し、最初の投入量である２０ｋｇと比べて減った重量の大小を投射材の寿命として評価した。すなわち、投入材の減量が大きくなる投射速度は投射材の寿命が短いということになる。なお、ターゲットは４時間投射するごとに取り替えた。 Next, as an example relating to the influence of the projection speed on the life of the projection material, the present invention example No. 5, Comparative Example No. 12 and Comparative Example No. The projection material used in No. 15 was projected on a target with a steel material gas-carburized with SCM420 at several levels of projection speed for 24 hours. The dust collector was set so that the projectile was repeatedly crushed by colliding with the target and the fine powder of about 25 μm or less was discharged out of the shot peening apparatus. The shot peening device is an air-type circulation type, and 20 kg of projection material is charged into the device, and after projecting for 24 hours, the projection material is collected and the amount of weight reduced compared to the initial input amount of 20 kg is reduced. It was evaluated as the lifetime of the projection material. In other words, the projection speed at which the weight loss of the input material becomes large means that the life of the projection material is short. The target was changed every 4 hours.
その結果を図１に示す。図１は、投射材の寿命に及ぼす投射材の速度の影響を示すもので、縦軸は５８ｍ／ｓの速度で投射した場合の投射材の減量を１としたときの減量の相対値を示している。この図１に示す通り、実施例Ｎｏ．５の投射材を４５ｍ／ｓ以下の投射速度とすることにより、大幅に投射材の減量を少なくすることが出来ることが分かる。 The result is shown in FIG. FIG. 1 shows the influence of the speed of the projection material on the lifetime of the projection material, and the vertical axis shows the relative value of the weight loss when the projection material weight loss is 1 when projected at a speed of 58 m / s. ing. As shown in FIG. It can be seen that by setting the projection material of 5 to a projection speed of 45 m / s or less, it is possible to greatly reduce the weight loss of the projection material.
以上のように、本発明により、被投射材の表面を過度に粗くすることなく、高い圧縮残留応力を付与し、さらに投射材の寿命が長く、かつコスト低減を図れるショットピーニング方法を提供するもので、特にこの方法によって高周波焼入れ処理、浸炭処理、窒化処理、浸炭窒化処理した金属製の被処理品をショットピーニング処理することを可能とし、工業上極めて優れた効果を奏するものである。 As described above, according to the present invention, there is provided a shot peening method capable of imparting high compressive residual stress without excessively roughening the surface of the projection material, further extending the lifetime of the projection material, and reducing the cost. In particular, this method makes it possible to perform shot peening treatment on a metal workpiece subjected to induction hardening, carburizing, nitriding, or carbonitriding, and has an excellent industrial effect.
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