JP5658655B2 - 人工呼吸器リーク補償 - Google Patents

人工呼吸器リーク補償 Download PDF

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JP5658655B2
JP5658655B2 JP2011503079A JP2011503079A JP5658655B2 JP 5658655 B2 JP5658655 B2 JP 5658655B2 JP 2011503079 A JP2011503079 A JP 2011503079A JP 2011503079 A JP2011503079 A JP 2011503079A JP 5658655 B2 JP5658655 B2 JP 5658655B2
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leak
pneumatic system
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ジアフアーリ,メフデイ・エム
ヒメネス,ローミア・エス
マツコイ,エドワード・アール
アビアーノ,ジエフリー・ケイ
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ネルコア・ピユーリタン・ベネツト・エル・エル・シー
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    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/021Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes operated by electrical means
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    • A61M16/026Control means therefor including calculation means, e.g. using a processor specially adapted for predicting, e.g. for determining an information representative of a flow limitation during a ventilation cycle by using a root square technique or a regression analysis
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    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
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    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0003Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
    • A61M2016/0015Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors
    • A61M2016/0018Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors electrical
    • A61M2016/0021Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure inhalation detectors electrical with a proportional output signal, e.g. from a thermistor
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    • A61M16/0003Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
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    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0003Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
    • A61M2016/003Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure with a flowmeter
    • A61M2016/0033Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure with a flowmeter electrical
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    • A61M2205/52General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers with memories providing a history of measured variating parameters of apparatus or patient
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Description

本明細書は、呼吸補助を提供するために使用される人工呼吸器装置に関する。現代の人工呼吸器技術は一般的に、患者の呼吸気を補助するために陽圧を採用している。たとえば、患者によって開始されるかまたは時間指定による始動を決定した後、人工呼吸器は、指定された所望の圧力またはフロー軌跡を辿るために、患者に接続された吸入エアウェーに特定のガス混合物を送り込み、患者の肺を満たさせるかまたは満たす補助をする。吸気の終末に近づくと、付加された支援が排除され、患者は受動的に息を吐き出すことができ、人工呼吸器は、呼気相の間指定されたエアウェー圧レベル(PEEP)を維持するために、システムを通るガスフローを制御する。その他のタイプの人工呼吸器は非始動型であって、患者の努力とは無関係に、指定された呼吸パターンを命じる。
現代の人工呼吸器は通常、様々な制御方式を採用するマイクロプロセッサまたはその他のコントローラを含む。これらの制御方式は、患者との間の呼吸ガスの流量を調整する空気圧システム(たとえば、弁)に命令するために使用される。圧力/フローセンサからのデータを使用する、閉ループ制御がしばしば採用される。
多くの治療設定は、人工呼吸器装置上の様々な箇所で発生するリークの可能性を伴う。これらのリークの規模は、可変要素の主に応じて、設定時に、および/または特定の設定において動的に変化する可能性がある。リークは、人工呼吸器の始動(吸気相への移行)および循環(呼気相への移行)を害し、そのため患者装置間の同期性の問題を引き起こし、意に反して患者の呼吸動作を増加させ、治療提供者にとって入手可能な助言的情報を劣化させ、および/またはそうでなければ所望の呼吸療法を危うくする可能性がある。
そのため、人工呼吸器構成要素におけるリークを補償するために、既存の制御システムに対する試みがなされてきた。いくつかの便益は実現されたものの、従来の補償機構は通常、簡素化された仮定または限定された情報に基づいており、このことは、特に全体的および瞬間的なリーク量でのシステムリークを正確かつ動的に捕らえる能力を制限する。
人工呼吸器の模式図である。 図1の人工呼吸器とともに採用されてもよい制御システムおよび方法を模式的に示す。 リーク状態無しおよび有りの圧力支援の下で人工呼吸器において観察された、例示的な患者の通常呼吸と、圧力/フロー波形の例とを示す。リーク状態下では、吸気フローは、リークフローを含む合計供給フローであり、呼気フローは、人工呼吸器によって測定される出力流量であって、リークを通じて排出される呼気フローは除外する。 リーク状態無しおよび有りの圧力支援の下で人工呼吸器において観察された、例示的な患者の通常呼吸と、圧力/フロー波形の例とを示す。リーク状態下では、吸気フローは、リークフローを含む合計供給流量であり、呼気フローは、人工呼吸器によって測定される出力フローであって、リークを通じて排出される呼気フローは除外する。 図1に示される患者インターフェースの例示的実施形態を示す。 図1に示される患者インターフェースの例示的実施形態を示す。 人工呼吸器構成要素におけるリークを補償する方法を含む、図1の人工呼吸器を制御する例示的方法を示す。
図1は、本説明による人工呼吸器20を示す。後に詳述されるように、本明細書に記載される様々な人工呼吸器システムおよび方法の実施形態には、改良型リーク予測および/または補償を提供する制御方式が備えられている。これらの制御方式は通常、リークしやすい構成要素の弾性特性および/またはサイズ変動量など、従来の人工呼吸器では考慮されない係数に基づくリークを手本にしている。本システムおよび方法は多種多様な人工呼吸器に適用可能であると理解されるべきであるが、本説明では特定の例示的実施形態に焦点を当てる。
ここで具体的に図1を参照すると、人工呼吸器20は、エアウェー26を通じて患者24との間で呼気ガスを循環させるための空気圧システム22を含み、これが物理的患者インターフェース28および呼吸回路30を通じて患者を空気圧システムに接続する。呼吸回路30は、患者との間でガスをやりとりするための、二肢型または単肢型回路であってもよい。図示されるように、患者インターフェースを呼吸回路に接続するために、Y字型取り付け具36が設けられてもよい。
本システムおよび方法は、顔面呼吸マスクを備えるものなど、非侵襲性設定において特に有利であることが証明されており、それはこれらの設定が通常はよりリークしやすいためである。しかしながら、リークは実際に様々な設定において発生し、本明細書では、患者インターフェースは侵襲性または非侵襲性、および患者回路から患者エアウェーへの呼吸ガスのフローを連絡させるのに適したいかなる構成であってもよいと、考える。適切な患者インターフェースの例は、鼻マスク、鼻/口マスク(図1に示される)、鼻プロング、全面マスク、気管チューブ、気管内チューブ、鼻枕、などを含む。
空気圧システム22は、様々な形式で構成されていてもよい。本例では、システム22は呼気肢34に接続された呼気モジュール40と、吸気肢32に接続された吸気モジュール42と、を含む。圧縮機44は、吸気肢32を経由して人工呼吸器にガス源を提供するために、吸気モジュール42に接続されている。
空気圧システムは、圧縮空気および/または酸素の供給源、混合モジュール、弁、センサ、配管、蓄圧器、フィルタ、などを含む、様々なその他の構成要素を含んでもよい。コントローラ50は、空気圧システム22、信号測定および取得システムに動作可能に接続され、操作者が人工呼吸器とやりとりできるようにするために、操作者インターフェース52が設けられてもよい(たとえば、人工呼吸器設定を変更するため、操作モードを変更するため、監視中のパラメータを見るため)。コントローラ50は、メモリ54、1つ以上のプロセッサ56、記憶装置58、および/または命令制御コンピュータ装置においてよく見られるタイプのその他の構成要素を含んでもよい。以下により詳細に記載されるように、コントローラ50は、人工呼吸器によって患者に提供される呼吸補助を制御するために、空気圧システム22に命令を発する。具体的な命令は、患者24、空気圧システム22およびセンサ、操作者インターフェース52、および/または人工呼吸器のその他の構成要素から受け取った入力に基づいてもよい。図示された例では、操作者インターフェースは、タッチセンサ式のディスプレイ59を含み、ディスプレイが入力および出力装置の両方を支援することを可能にしている。
図2は、人工呼吸器制御の例示的なシステムおよび方法を模式的に示す。図に示されるように、コントローラ50は、空気圧システム22を駆動し、それによって患者24との間で呼吸ガスを循環させるために、制御命令60を発する。図示される空気圧システム22と患者24との間の模式的な相互作用は、圧力および/またはフロー「信号」の観点から見ることができる。たとえば、信号62は、吸気肢32を通じて患者に供給される圧力の上昇である場合がある。制御命令60は、とりわけ操作者インターフェース52からの入力、および空気圧システム22から(たとえば圧力/フローセンサから)および患者24から検出された、フィードバックを含んでもよい、コントローラ50で受信した入力に基づく。
多くの場合、定められた呼吸療法セッション向けに、基準圧および/またはフロー軌跡を確立することが望ましいことがある。患者の肺に供給される呼吸ガスの量、および患者から排出されるガスの量が測定または判断され、測定または推測/予測されたリークは、正確な供給およびデータ報告および監視を確実にするために、考慮される。したがって、リーク予測が正確であるほど、事象検出(始動および循環相移行)と同様に、供給および排出される量の基準値計算が良好になる。
図2、図3A、および図3Bは、リークの影響および誤差を説明および理解するために使用されてもよい。上述のように、治療目的は、患者24の肺の中で所望の時間制御された圧力を生成することを含んでもよく、患者始動および患者循環モードでは、高いレベルの患者装置間の同期性を実現する場合がある。
図3Aは、リーク状態無しおよび有りの圧力支援モードの下での自発呼吸のフロー/圧力波形のいくつかの周期を示す。上述のように、病気またはその他の要因により、患者は正常な通常呼吸を行うのが困難な場合がある。
内在的な状態の特定の原因または性質に関係なく、人工呼吸器20は通常、吸気および呼気の間、呼吸補助を提供する。図3Bは、無リークならびにリーク状態が存在する圧力支援下のフロー波形の一例を示す。吸気中は、無リーク状態と比較して、同じ圧力レベルを達成するために(リークサイズおよび回路圧に応じて)より多くのフローが必要とされる。呼気中は、患者によって吐き出される量の一部がリークを通じて出て行き、人工呼吸器呼気フロー測定サブシステムによって見落とされる。多くの場合、制御システムの目的は、呼吸周期の吸気相の間、制御された圧力またはフロープロファイルまたは軌跡(たとえば、時間に応じた圧力またはフロー)を供給することである。言い換えると、図3Aに示される所望の通常呼吸を引き起こすかまたは補助することを目指して、空気圧システム22からの所望の時間変動圧力またはフロー出力62を達成するために、制御が実行される。
不適切なリーク評価は、特に大量供給中にコントローラ50から空気圧システム22に印加される制御信号のタイミングおよび振幅を損なう可能性がある。また、不正確なリーク補償またはその不在は、肺活量測定および患者データ監視および報告計算を台無しにする可能性がある。模式的リーク源Lで示されるように、空気圧システム22から患者インターフェース28に印加される圧力は、呼吸ガスの大気への漏洩を引き起こす場合がある。この大気への漏洩は、たとえば、吸気肢32もしくは呼気肢34、または呼吸回路30が患者インターフェース28もしくは空気圧システム22と結合する箇所の、いずれかの点において、発生する場合がある。
非侵襲性換気の場合、患者インターフェース(たとえば顔面呼吸マスク)と患者の顔の表面との間に画定された開口部を通じて、若干量の呼吸ガスが逃げることは普通である。顔面マスクにおいて、この開口部は、マスクの縁の周辺の様々な箇所に生じる可能性があり、マスクのサイズおよび変形性が、相当なリークの変動をもたらす可能性がある。一例として、図4Aおよび図4Bに示されるように、顔面呼吸マスクは、弾性特性を備える変形可能なプラスチック材料で形成されてもよい。様々な圧力下で、吸気および呼気の間、マスクは変形し、リークオリフィス61のサイズを変える場合がある。さらに、患者が動いて(たとえば、しゃべったり、または顔面筋を動かしたりして)、リークオリフィス61のサイズを変える場合がある。マスクの可塑性および患者の動きによって、一定サイズのリークオリフィスを想定したリーク補償方法は、不十分である場合がある。
リークLの規模を正確に把握することは、大きな利点を提供する場合がある。コントローラ50が空気圧システム22に所望の時間に所望量の体積/圧力を患者に供給し、患者によって排出されたガス体積の正確な量を測定/予測するように命令するために、コントローラは、人工呼吸器の動作中にリークLがどれだけ大きいかを知っておく必要がある。人工呼吸器の動作中にリーク規模が動的に変化するということは、リークモデリングの問題にさらなる困難をもたらす。
(患者人工呼吸器間の)同期性の始動および循環もまた、次善のリーク予測によって台無しになる場合がある。患者による自発呼吸努力を支援する、患者始動型および患者循環型手法による装置において、患者がいつ吸気および排気することを望むかを正確に検出することが、重要であり得る。検出は一般的に、正確な圧力および/または肺気流(患者の肺に入るまたは出る流量)の変化を使用して、行われる。リーク源Lは、空気圧システム22のセンサへの信号に誤差を生じさせる、エアウェーでのリークを示す。この誤差は、吸気努力の開始を検出する人工呼吸器の能力を妨害する場合があり、これがひいては、患者の自発呼吸周期と同期するように空気圧システムを駆動するコントローラ50の能力を台無しにする。
改良型リーク予測は、インターフェースおよびエアウェー圧力変動の下でのリークの時間変動規模に影響する要因をより完全に把握する制御方式の提供を通じて、本例において達成されることができる。本例は、部分的に、硬質オリフィスを通る空気フローの式と共に利用される単一のパラメータ(オリフィス抵抗、リーク伝導率、またはリーク係数)からなる一定サイズのリークモデルを含んでもよく、すなわち、
Figure 0005658655
ここでΔPはリーク部位にわたっての圧力差である。これは固定サイズのリーク(すなわち、少なくとも一回の呼吸周期にわたっての、一定リーク抵抗または伝導率または係数)を前提としている。
瞬時リークのより正確な予測を提供するために、リーク検出システムおよび方法は、人工呼吸器の1つ以上の構成要素(たとえば、顔マスク、呼吸回路で使用される配管など)の弾性特性も考慮に入れてもよい。このより正確なリーク評価は、硬質オリフィス一定サイズリーク、ならびに圧力依存性可変サイズ弾性リーク源の両方が存在する時間変動エアウェー圧状態の下での、患者人工呼吸器間の同期性および有効性を強化する。
オリフィスにわたってフローを支配する空気圧の式によれば、流量は、面積と、オリフィスにわたる圧力差の平方根、ならびにガス特性の関数である。コントローラによって実行されるアルゴリズムの誘導のため、一定のガス特性が仮定され、硬質の固定サイズオリフィスを含むリーク源(合計面積=A=定数)と患者インターフェースを通る弾性開口部[合計面積=A(P)=印加される圧力の関数]との組合せも仮定される。したがって、
Figure 0005658655
この実現の目的のため、低圧力差で、弾性膜および薄板の最大中央たわみは、印加される圧力の準線形関数であると同時に、半径、厚み、応力、弾性のヤング率、ポアソン比など、その他の係数に依存している。したがって、
Figure 0005658655
ΔPは周囲(Pambient=0)に対してリーク源にわたっての圧力差なので、そうするとΔPを瞬間的に印加される圧力P(t)で置き換えて、式(1)を以下のように書き換えてみる(KおよびKは定数と仮定される):
Figure 0005658655
また、一呼吸周期での合計体積損失=Vleak=供給体積−排出体積、
Figure 0005658655
そうすると、受動呼気時の患者人工呼吸器システムのための動作の一般式は、以下のように記述することができる。
Figure 0005658655
最終呼気状態が存在するときに一定のエアウェー圧(安定したPEEP)が供給され、呼気相Qdelivered、一定のリークフロー(圧力変動がないため)、およびP=0(患者の呼吸努力がないため)の間、一定のバイアスフローが維持されると仮定すると、動作の式は微分され、以下のように書き換えることも可能である:
Figure 0005658655
exhdot=0の場合、式(8)は以下のように省略されることが可能である。
Figure 0005658655
その結果、
Figure 0005658655
あるいは、Qexhdot≠0である。この場合、受動呼気期間の間に適切な期間ΔTが取られ、一定の供給流を仮定すると、以下のような式が導かれることができる:
Figure 0005658655
および、
Figure 0005658655
したがって、KおよびKの値を求めるために、式(6)および式(10)および式(13)が使用されてもよい。これらの計算は、呼吸周期毎に繰り返されてもよく、パラメータ予測を最適化するため、ならびに予測された合計体積損失と完全呼吸周期にわたって実際に測定された体積損失との間の合計誤差を最小化するために、適正な時間ウィンドウ(すなわち呼気の間)および呼吸状態にわたって適用されてもよい。定数KおよびKは、変更を追跡するため、ならびに始動および循環感度などの、システムの様々なパラメータを更新するために、保存および比較されてもよい。
図5は、様々な呼吸療法のために人工呼吸器20および空気圧システム22によって提供される基準呼吸補助の精度およびタイミングを改善するために、コントローラ50によって実行されてもよい、例示的な制御方法を示す。この例では、呼吸周期毎にこの方法が周期的に繰り返される。別の例では、リーク予測の動的な更新が、患者の呼吸周期毎に1回より多く、または少なく、行われてもよい。
512において、ルーチンは、リーク予測および補償の基準レベルを確立する。これは、コントローラ50に記憶された既定値であってもよく、呼気終末陽圧PEEP、設定された吸気圧または流量/体積目標、空気圧システム22によって供給される体積気流、および呼吸回路30のタイプなど、呼吸周期および人工呼吸器20の様々なパラメータを考慮して更新されてもよい。
ルーチンはその後、フィードバック制御(たとえば、図3に示される)が実行される514に進む。圧力、体積、および/またはフローの調整を含む、様々な制御方式が実行されてもよい。制御はまた、吸気の開始を示す呼吸回路中の圧力変化など、患者から受信した入力に基づいてもよい。操作者インターフェース52を通じて印加された入力もまた、使用される特定の制御方式を変更するために使用されてもよい。たとえば、人工呼吸器は、それぞれ異なる制御方法論を採用する、様々な異なる操作者選択可能なモードで動作するように構成されてもよい。
ルーチンは、リーク補償が行われる516に進む。様々なタイプのリーク補償が実行され得る。たとえば、518に示されるように、上述のように計算された値を使用する、硬質オリフィス補償が採用されてもよい。具体的には、孔またはその他のリーク源が、顔面マスク(図示せず)および/または吸気および呼気肢の吸排気口など、呼吸回路の弾性部に存在する場合がある。リーク係数/抵抗/伝導率が一定であると仮定して、そのようなオリフィスを通る体積気流を計算するために、式(1)が使用されてもよい。
人工呼吸器構成要素の弾性特性もまた、520に示されるように、リーク補償中に、たとえば上述のように計算された値を使用して、考慮されてもよい。特に、患者インターフェース28および/または呼吸回路30の弾性特性が確立されてもよく(たとえば、弾性係数、ポアソン比などの物質特性に基づいて導かれる)、図4Bに示されるように、オリフィス61の変形を考慮するために、式(6)、(10)、および/または(13)を参照して先に述べられたような計算に関連して、採用されてもよい。リーク予測の精度を改善するために、これらの例示的な計算を使用して、定数KおよびKの値が求められ、動的に更新されてもよい。代替的な実行では、方法は、リークしやすいオリフィスを有する人工呼吸器構成要素の弾性特性を考慮に入れるために、いずれかの適切な代替機構またはモデルを使用してもよい。
ルーチンはその後、616で計算される人工呼吸器のリークを補償するために、すなわち適切な制御命令を調整して適用可能な測定値を修正および/または補償するために、適切な基準制御命令および測定値が調整される、522に進む。多くの設定において、制御および補償を最適化するために、補償レベル(たとえば呼吸サイクルごとに一回)を定期的かつ動的に更新することが、望ましい。
多くの変形が可能なので、本明細書に開示された実施形態および方法実現は事実上例示的であって、これらの具体例は限定的な意味で見なされるべきではないことは、理解される。本開示の対象は、本明細書に開示された様々な構成および方法実現、ならびにその他の特徴、機能、および/または特性の、全ての新規および非自明の組合せならびにサブコンビネーションを含む。新規かつ非自明と見なされる特定の組合せおよびサブコンビネーションを具体的に指摘する請求項が、提示される場合がある。そのような請求項は、「1つの」要素または「第一の」要素またはその同等物を示してもよい。そのような請求項は、そのような要素を2つ以上必要としたり除外したりするものではなく、そのような要素の1つ以上の組み込みを含むと、理解されるべきである。開示された特徴、機能、要素、および/または特性のその他の組合せおよびサブコンビネーションは、現在の請求項の補正を通じて、または本願もしくは関連出願の新しい請求項の提示を通じて、請求される場合がある。もとの請求項の範囲より広くても、狭くても、等しくても、または異なっても、そのような請求項もまた、本開示の対象の範囲内に含まれると見なされる。

Claims (21)

  1. 人工呼吸器であって、
    呼吸ガスを提供および受容する空気圧システムと、
    空気圧システムと動作可能に接続されるコントローラと、を含み、
    コントローラが、患者との間の呼吸ガスの、空気圧システムによる循環を制御し、患者に供給される呼吸ガスの体積および圧力のうち少なくとも1つを調整するように操作可能であり、このような調整が、空気圧システムを患者に流体接続するために使用される構成要素の弾性特性に基づく、人工呼吸器。
  2. 構成要素が、物理的患者インターフェースである、請求項1に記載の人工呼吸器。
  3. 物理的患者インターフェースが顔面呼吸マスクである、請求項2に記載の人工呼吸器。
  4. 調整が、顔面呼吸マスクのオリフィスの弾性および硬質リーク特性に基づく、請求項3に記載の人工呼吸器。
  5. 調整が、リークの原因になる構成要素のオリフィスのサイズの変化に基づく、請求項1に記載の人工呼吸器。
  6. 調整が、構成要素を構成する材料の弾性係数に基づく、請求項1に記載の人工呼吸器。
  7. 操作者の入力を受け付けるように構成されている操作者インターフェースをさらに含み、調整がそのような操作者入力に依存している、請求項1に記載の人工呼吸器。
  8. コントローラが、操作者インターフェースでの操作者入力に基づいて構成要素の弾性特性を決定するように構成されている、請求項7に記載の人工呼吸器。
  9. 人工呼吸器であって、
    呼吸ガスを提供および受容する空気圧システムと、
    空気圧システムを患者と流体接続するための、物理的患者インターフェースおよび呼吸回路を含む、エアウェーであって、印加された圧力に応じて人工呼吸器の動作中にサイズを変化させかつリークの原因になるオリフィスを含む、エアウェーと、
    空気圧システムと動作可能に接続されるコントローラであって、空気圧システムから患者への呼吸ガスの供給を制御し、オリフィスの変化するサイズおよびエアウェーの弾性特性に基づいて、エアウェー漏洩のためのそのような供給を調整するように操作可能であるコントローラとを含む、人工呼吸器。
  10. コントローラが、人工呼吸器の動作中に、エアウェー漏洩のための調整の規模を呼吸周期ごとに一回更新するように構成されている、請求項9に記載の人工呼吸器。
  11. コントローラが、複数の呼吸周期のそれぞれの間に、調整の規模を更新するように構成されている、請求項10に記載の人工呼吸器。
  12. コントローラが、リークの原因になるオリフィスを含むエアウェーの一部の弾性特性に基づいて、調整の規模を呼吸周期ごとに一回更新するように構成されている、請求項10に記載の人工呼吸器。
  13. 物理的患者インターフェースが、リークの原因になるオリフィスを少なくとも部分的に画定する顔面呼吸マスクを含む、請求項9に記載の人工呼吸器。
  14. 空気圧システムと、空気圧システムを患者に流体接続するようになっているエアウェーと、コントローラとを含む人工呼吸器における、リーク補償方法であって、
    エアウェー中のリークの原因になるオリフィスのサイズに基づいて、リーク補償の基準レベルをコントローラによって提供するステップと、
    リフィスを包含するエアウェーの構成要素の弾性特性をコントローラによって決定するステップと、
    リフィスの変形を引き起こすのに十分な圧力に応じてリーク補償の基準レベルをコントローラによって調整するステップであって、調整の規模が構成要素の弾性特性に依存するステップとを含む、方法。
  15. 構成要素が物理的患者インターフェースである、請求項14に記載の方法。
  16. 物理的患者インターフェースが顔面人工呼吸器マスクである、請求項15に記載の方法。
  17. 構成要素が、患者と空気圧システムとの間を流体接続する呼吸回路である、請求項14に記載の方法。
  18. リーク補償の基準レベルを調整するステップが、複数の呼吸周期の間に実行される、請求項14に記載の方法。
  19. 調整の規模が、呼吸周期ごとに少なくとも一回更新される、請求項18に記載の方法。
  20. 人工呼吸器の操作者インターフェースで操作者入力を受け付けるステップと、構成要素の弾性特性を決定するステップでそのような操作者入力を使用するステップと、をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
  21. 人工呼吸器であって、
    呼吸ガスを提供および受容する空気圧システムと、
    空気圧システムを患者と流体接続するための、物理的患者インターフェースおよび呼吸回路を含むエアウェーと、
    空気圧システムと動作可能に接続されるコントローラと、を含み、
    コントローラが、患者との間の呼吸ガスの、空気圧システムによる循環を制御し、エアウェーにおけるリークを補償するために呼吸ガスフローの調整を呼吸周期ごとに一回行うように操作可能であり、そのようなリーク補償が、エアウェーの構成要素の硬質リーク特性に、およびエアウェーの構成要素の弾性リーク特性に依存している、人工呼吸器。
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US8434480B2 (en) 2013-05-07
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US9421338B2 (en) 2016-08-23
US8272379B2 (en) 2012-09-25
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WO2009123976A1 (en) 2009-10-08
US8272380B2 (en) 2012-09-25
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EP2259821B1 (en) 2012-05-23
US20090241951A1 (en) 2009-10-01
EP2259822A1 (en) 2010-12-15
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CA2719117C (en) 2015-11-24
US20090241955A1 (en) 2009-10-01
JP5995942B2 (ja) 2016-09-21
JP2011516159A (ja) 2011-05-26
CA2719117A1 (en) 2009-10-08
US20130186400A1 (en) 2013-07-25
EP2259821A1 (en) 2010-12-15
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US20090241962A1 (en) 2009-10-01
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