JP5524085B2 - 非対称膜と嫌気性微生物を使用するシンガス転化システム - Google Patents
非対称膜と嫌気性微生物を使用するシンガス転化システム Download PDFInfo
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
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- C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
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Description
この出願は、2008年2月22日出願の、米国仮特許出願第12/036007号に基づく特権及び優先権を主張する。その出願全体は、参照によってここに組み込まれる。
例えば、これらの扱い難い構造物を分解して、エタノールに生物的転化するために発酵可能な糖類を生産するには、通常、化学的/酵素的加水分解と共に、前処理工程が必要となる。更に、従来の酵母菌は、C5糖類を発酵させてエタノールにすることができなく、亦、リグニン成分は係る微生物で完全に発酵できない。リグニンは、木質繊維素バイオマスの重量成分の25%〜30%、および化学エネルギー成分の35%〜45%を占めることが多い。これらすべての理由のために、木質繊維素バイオマスを、例えばエタノールへ転化するための前処理/加水分解/発酵工程に基づくプロセスは、本質的に困難で、多くの場合、非経済的な多重工程及び多重転化プロセスである。
代替となる技術経路は、木質繊維素のバイオマスをシンガス(合成ガスとしても知られ、主に、CO、H 2 、及びCO 2 、その他CH 4 、N 2 、NH 3 、H 2 Sなどの混合物、及びその他の微量ガス類)に転化し、次いでこのガスを嫌気性微生物で発酵させて、バイオ燃料、例えば、エタノール、n−ブタノール、或いは酢酸、酪酸などのような化学薬品を生産させることである。この経路は前処理/加水分解/発酵経路より本質的により効率的になりえるが、これは、ガス化工程が諸成分をすべて効率よく(例えば75%以上)でシンガスを転化することができ、ある種の嫌気性微生物は、シンガスを効率高く(例えば、理論値の90%以上)、エタノール、n−ブタノール或いは他の化学薬品に転化することができるからである。さらに、シンガスは、天然ガス、改質ガス、泥炭、石油コークス、石炭、固体廃棄物、および埋立地ガスのような他の多くの炭素質フィードストックから製造できるので、より普遍的な技術経路になる。
しかし、この技術工程は、シンガスの諸成分であるCOおよびH 2 が水性媒体に効率的にしかも経済的に溶解し、これらの成分を目的とする生成物に転化させる嫌気性微生物に輸送することが必要となる。しかも、非常に大量のこれらのガスが必要になる。例えば、CO或いはH 2 からエタノールへの理論式は次のとおりである:
6CO+3H 2 O→C 2 H 5 OH+4CO 2
6H 2 +2CO 2 →C 2 H 5 OH+3H 2 O
したがって、エタノール1モル当たり、COまたはH 2 のような比較的不溶ガス6モル
が水性媒体に移動しなければならないのである。酢酸およびn−ブタノールのような他の
生成物は同様に大きな計算量のガスを必要とする。
【先行技術文献】
【特許文献】
【特許文献1】 米国特許出願第2006/0096912号
【特許文献2】 米国特許第4442206号
【特許文献3】 米国特許第4181604号
【特許文献4】 米国特許第4746435号
【特許文献5】 米国特許第5116506号
【特許文献6】 米国特許第5173429号
【特許文献7】 米国特許第5753474号
【特許文献8】 米国特許第6136577号
【特許文献9】 米国特許第6387262号
【特許文献10】 米国特許第6558549号
【特許文献11】 米国特許第6908547号
【特許文献12】 米国特許第7118672号
【特許文献13】 米国特許第7169295号
【特許文献14】 米国特許第11441392号
【特許文献15】 米国特許第11514385号
【特許文献16】 米国特許第4440853号
【特許文献17】 米国特許第5821111号
【特許文献18】 米国特許第7189323号
【特許文献19】 米国特許第6340581号
【特許文献20】 米国特許第7285402号
【特許文献21】 米国特許第12258193号
【特許文献22】 米国特許出願第2006/0163157号
【特許文献23】 米国特許出願第2006/0037896号
【特許文献24】 米国特許出願第2006/0021936号
【特許文献25】 米国特許出願第2005/0054087号
【特許文献26】 米国特許出願第2007/0275447号
【特許文献27】 米国特許出願第2009/0215139号
【特許文献28】 米国特許出願第2008/0305539号
【特許文献29】 米国特許出願第2008/0305540号
【特許文献30】 米国特許出願第2009/0035848号
【特許文献31】 米国特許出願第2009/0286296号
【特許文献32】 米国特許出願第2009/0029434号
【特許文献33】 米国特許出願第2009/0215142号
【特許文献34】 米国特許出願第2009/0215153号
【特許文献35】 米国特許出願第2009/0104676号
【特許文献36】 国際公開第WO02/08438号
【特許文献37】 国際公開第WO98/000558号
【特許文献38】 国際公開第WO98/154301号
【非特許文献】
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【発明の概要】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明のさらにより特定な形態は、シンガスを液体生成物に転化するためのバイオリアクターシステムを含む。このシステムは、酸素濃度100ppm未満のシンガスを送給するガス供給導管と、ガス供給導管と流動連結するガス分配チャンバーと、酸化還元電位が−200mVV未満の発酵液を供給するための液体供給導管と、を含む。ガス分配チャンバーに配置された複数の中空繊維膜は、液体供給導管と流動連結する第一ルーメン末端と、ルーメンから液体を放出するための第2ルーメン末端とを有する。中空繊維の外面は、ガス分配チャンバーと流動連結する。該中空繊維は、厚さ10μm未満の半透性スキン製であって、分子量カットオフ(MWCO)範囲が公称MWCOで10〜300キロダルトン(kDa)の内部スキンを備えた非対称膜を含む。このスキンは、その中の、シンガスからエタノールを生産する保持微生物のために、厚さ50〜500μmの範囲の厚さと、有効直径1μm〜100μmの生物細孔とを有する、多孔性のポリマーの内側にキャスト(流延)される。液体回収導管は、液体生成物を含む発酵液を回収するために、中空繊維膜の第2のルーメン末端と流体連結する。
適切なスキン層は、膜スキンを通して細胞が通り抜けるのを防ぐため、微生物細胞のサイズより小さい細孔サイズを有するが、膜の反対面は、細胞が膜壁の生物細孔を出入できる大きな開口部を有する。該スキン層の細孔サイズは通常、0.5μm未満、好ましくは0.25μm未満で、最も好ましくは公称MWCOが10〜300kDaの限外ろ過の範囲で、10〜100kDaの範囲にあるのがより好ましい。
ガス供給導管は、流量計31で記録される流量でシンガスを含む原料ガス流30をバイオリアクター33に送給する。バイオリアクター33は、管状膜要素32の外部を囲む容器35を含む。膜要素32は、膜要素の生物層内の微生物の成長および維持を促進するための生物細孔を含む。
Claims (13)
- CO或いはCO2とH2との混合物の少なくとも1つを含む原料ガスを嫌気性条件下で液体生成物に転化し、前記液体生成物を生成物含有液体に送給する、バイオリアクタープロセスであって、該プロセスは、
a)非対称親水性膜を提供する工程であって、この非対称親水性膜は、
前記原料ガスと接触するガス接触面と、
水、栄養素、および前記液体生成物を有する発酵液と接触する液体接触面と
内部に微生物を保持するための細孔の少なくとも一部の上に、少なくとも1μmの有効直径を有する複数の生物細孔を規定する生物層と、
前記ガス接触面を規定し、前記原料ガスに前記生物細孔の開口部を与える前記生物層の外面上の多孔性面と、
前記生物細孔の末端を閉塞し、生物層からの生成物含有液の流れを制御し、前記微生物に栄養素および水蒸気の送達を提供するとともにルーメンによって前記膜の液体接触面を規定する水和層と、
を有し、当該非対称親水性膜は、前記ガス接触面から前記液体接触面に、前記原料ガスおよび前記液体生成物を並列流で輸送するように配置されているものであり、前記発酵液を含有する液体は、前記微生物に水および栄養素を供給するための前記水和層から前記生物細孔への前記発酵液の流れに対して反対に流れるものである、前記非対称親水性膜を提供する工程と、
b)原料ガス供給導管によって原料ガスを供給する工程と、
c)前記原料ガス供給導管及び前記膜のガス接触面と流体連結し、前記生物層の外面に原料ガスを供給し、前記生物細孔中に保持されている微生物に原料ガスを直接供給する原料ガスチャンバーを提供する工程と、
d)前記膜の液体接触面と流体連結し、前記微生物に水と栄養素を供給する液体循環チャンバーを提供する工程と、
e)CO或いはCO2とH2との混合物の少なくとも1つを含む原料ガスを要求する、前記生物細孔中に保持される微生物を提供する工程と
f)前記バイオリアクタープロセスから液体生成物を輸送する液体回収導管を提供する工程と
g)前記膜の液体接触面上の発酵液よりも高い圧力に前記膜のガス接触面上の原料ガスを維持する工程と
を有するものである、プロセス。 - 請求項1記載のプロセスにおいて、前記非対称親水性膜は、
前記生物層を提供する多孔性ポリマー上の半透性スキンの形態の水和層であって、前記半透性スキンは10μm未満の厚さを有するものである水和層と、
前記膜のガス接触面を規定する多孔性ポリマーであって、前記多孔性ポリマーは少なくとも50μmの厚さを有し、前記膜のガス接触面を規定するものである多孔性ポリマーと
を有するものである、プロセス。 - 請求項2記載のプロセスにおいて、前記半透性スキンは、300kDa未満の公称MWCOと格付けされ、前記多孔性ポリマーは100μm以下の有効直径を有する生物細孔を規定するものである、プロセス。
- 請求項1記載のプロセスにおいて、前記微生物は、エタノール、n−ブタノール、ヘキサノール、酢酸および酪酸の少なくとも1つを含む液体生成物を生産するものである、プロセス。
- 請求項1記載のプロセスにおいて、
前記原料ガスは1000ppm未満の酸素濃度を有する合成ガスであり、
液体保持チャンバーは−200mV未満の範囲に酸化還元電位を有する液体を保持するものであり、
前記膜の生物細孔はエタノールを生産する微生物を保持するものであり、
前記液体回収導管はエタノール含有液体を前記液体チャンバーから回収するものである、プロセス。 - 請求項1記載のプロセスにおいて、前記非対称親水性膜は複数の中空繊維膜を有するものである、プロセス。
- 請求項6記載のプロセスにおいて、前記液体チャンバーは繊維の総ルーメン容積を含むものである、プロセス。
- 請求項7記載のプロセスにおいて、原料ガスは多数の非対称親水性膜を逐次通過するものであり、前記プロセスは、各非対称親水性膜当たり少なくとも1つの原料ガスチャンバーを含むものであり、CO2は、前記原料ガスが前記プロセスを通過するにつれて、当該ガスから除去されるものである、プロセス。
- 請求項7記載のプロセスにおいて、前記液体生成物は前記非対称親水性膜のルーメンを通過するものであり、且つ前記原料ガスは液体の流れに向流で、前記ルーメンを軸方向に前記非対称親水性膜を横切るものである、プロセス。
- 請求項1記載のプロセスにおいて、前記生物細孔中の微生物は、クロストリジウム・ラグスダレイ(Clostridium ragsdalei)、ブチリバクテリウム・メチロトロフィカム(Butyribacterium methylotrophicum)、クロストリジウム・リュングダーリイ(Clostridium Ljungdahli)、及びクロストリジウム・カルボキシジボランス(Clostridium carboxidivorans)の少なくとも1つの単培養或いは共培養を含むものである、プロセス。
- 請求項5記載のプロセスにおいて、100ppm未満の酸素濃度を有する原料ガスの連続流は、前記非対称親水性膜のガス接触面を横切るものである、プロセス。
- 請求項1記載のプロセスにおいて、前記膜の液体接触面上の液体の圧力は、前記膜のガス接触面上の圧力と比べて、液体水を前記生物細孔中に及び前記ガス接触面上に浸透させて、微生物および/または生物材料を前記生物細孔から洗い流すのに十分なだけ一時的に上昇されるものである、プロセス。
- 請求項1記載のプロセスにおいて、前記非対称親水性膜は前記外部ポリマー層の内部に向けられた半透性スキン製の内部スキンを有するものであり、前記半透性スキンは10μm未満の厚さと300kDa未満の公称MWCOとを有するものであり、前記ポリマー層は50〜500μmの厚さの多孔ポリマーを含むものである、プロセス。
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US20090215153A1 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
BRPI0907593A8 (pt) | 2018-10-23 |
AU2009215667A1 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
CA2715256A1 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
CN101952393B (zh) | 2014-06-04 |
US20120070888A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
US8329456B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 |
EP2245118B1 (en) | 2016-02-10 |
AU2009215667B2 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
CN101952393A (zh) | 2011-01-19 |
US8062873B2 (en) | 2011-11-22 |
EP2245118A4 (en) | 2013-12-04 |
EA201070986A1 (ru) | 2011-04-29 |
US8222026B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
EA017607B1 (ru) | 2013-01-30 |
BRPI0907593A2 (pt) | 2016-04-26 |
JP2011512795A (ja) | 2011-04-28 |
US8518691B2 (en) | 2013-08-27 |
US20090215142A1 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
KR20100132007A (ko) | 2010-12-16 |
US20090215163A1 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
EP2245118A1 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
WO2009105372A1 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
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