JP5237548B2 - リチウム二次電池用負極基材 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用負極基材 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5237548B2 JP5237548B2 JP2006339254A JP2006339254A JP5237548B2 JP 5237548 B2 JP5237548 B2 JP 5237548B2 JP 2006339254 A JP2006339254 A JP 2006339254A JP 2006339254 A JP2006339254 A JP 2006339254A JP 5237548 B2 JP5237548 B2 JP 5237548B2
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- negative electrode
- metal oxide
- oxide film
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 89
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 67
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 67
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 100
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 100
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 77
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 71
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 68
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 65
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- CFJYNSNXFXLKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-menthane group Chemical group C1(CCC(CC1)C(C)C)C CFJYNSNXFXLKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007870 radical polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229940126062 Compound A Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heterophylliin A Natural products O1C2COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC2C(OC(=O)C=2C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=2)C(O)C1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 185
- -1 4-methoxynaphthyl Chemical group 0.000 description 85
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 52
- 229940048053 acrylate Drugs 0.000 description 32
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 28
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 17
- 229920003986 novolac Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 16
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 15
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 15
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 13
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 12
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 11
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 10
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 10
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 9
- ORILYTVJVMAKLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N adamantane Chemical compound C1C(C2)CC3CC1CC2C3 ORILYTVJVMAKLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 7
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 6
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- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- QWVGKYWNOKOFNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1O QWVGKYWNOKOFNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 6
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 6
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229940114077 acrylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 5
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
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- JESXATFQYMPTNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N mono-hydroxyphenyl-ethylene Natural products OC1=CC=CC=C1C=C JESXATFQYMPTNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 5
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
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- FRASJONUBLZVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dioxonaphthalene Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)C=CC(=O)C2=C1 FRASJONUBLZVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- YUTHQCGFZNYPIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCC1(C(O)=O)CCCCC1C(O)=O YUTHQCGFZNYPIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- OZLBDYMWFAHSOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyliodanium Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[I+]C1=CC=CC=C1 OZLBDYMWFAHSOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Description
本発明に係る負極基材10の模式図を図1に示す。図1に示される通り、本発明に係る負極基材10は、支持体11と、金属酸化物膜13で表層が被覆された有機膜12と、金属膜14とから構成される。より詳しくは、金属酸化物膜13で表層が被覆された有機膜12を備えた支持体11に対して、メッキ処理を施すことにより金属膜14を形成してなることを特徴とする。
本発明に係る負極基材10に用いられる支持体11は、その表面上に有機膜12を形成できるものであればよく、特に限定されない。例えば、電子部品用の基板等の従来公知のものが用いられる。具体的には、シリコンウエハ、有機系又は無機系の反射防止膜が設けられたシリコンウエハ、磁性膜が形成されたシリコンウエハ、銅、クロム、鉄、アルミニウム等の金属製の基板や、ガラス基板等が挙げられる。なお、これらの支持体は、銅、ニッケル、ステンレス、モリブデン、タングステン、チタン、及びタンタルから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を含む材料、金属箔、不織布、三次元構造を有する金属集電体等の集電体を兼ねてもよいし、これらの集電体上に形成されてもよい。
本発明に係る負極基材10における有機膜12は、有機化合物や有機樹脂により形成されるものであり、特に限定されない。好ましくは、親水性基を有する有機化合物や親水性基を有する有機樹脂により形成されるものである。有機膜12の表面上に親水性基が存在すると、この親水性基が後述する金属酸化物膜形成材料と相互作用する結果、有機膜12と強固に密着した金属酸化物膜13を形成できる。
本発明に係る負極基材10の形成に用いられるホトレジスト組成物としては、特に限定されず、従来公知のホトレジスト組成物が用いられる。好ましくは、親水性基を有するものである。親水性基を有するホトレジスト組成物から形成されるホトレジストパターン上であれば、上述したように、ホトレジストパターンと強固に密着し、高密度で機械的強度の高い金属酸化物膜13を形成できる。
ポジ型の化学増幅型ホトレジスト組成物としては、活性光線又は放射線照射により酸を発生する酸発生剤成分(以下、(A)成分という)、及び酸の作用によりアルカリ水溶液に対する溶解性が変化する樹脂成分(以下、(B)成分という)とを基本成分とするものが好ましく用いられる。(B)成分としては、アルカリ可溶性樹脂の水酸基が酸解離性溶解抑制基で保護されてアルカリ不溶性になっている樹脂が用いられる。このような(B)成分を、前記(A)成分と組み合わせて用いることにより、露光部分では酸が発生し、これが前記酸解離性溶解抑制基による保護を解離する。その結果、その露光部分がアルカリ可溶性となり、現像の際に露光部分だけが選択的に除去されて所定形状のホトレジストパターンが得られる。
(A)成分としては、活性光線又は放射線の照射により、直接もしくは間接的に酸を発生する物質である。
上記樹脂成分としては、酸の作用によりアルカリに対する溶解性が増大する、ノボラック樹脂(B1)、ポリヒドロキシスチレン樹脂(B2)、及びアクリル樹脂(B3)のうちの少なくとも一種を含む樹脂であるか、又は混合樹脂や共重合体であってもよい。
酸の作用によりアルカリに対する溶解性が増大するポリヒドロキシスチレン樹脂(B2)としては、下記の一般式(b4)で表される樹脂を使用することができる。
酸の作用によりアルカリに対する溶解性が増大するアクリル樹脂(B3)としては、下記一般式(b5)〜(b7)で表される樹脂を使用することができる。
さらに、本発明のポジ型ホトレジスト組成物には、アルカリ可溶性樹脂を適宜配合することができる。このような(C)成分としては、アルカリ可溶性のノボラック樹脂(C1)、ポリヒドロキシスチレン樹脂(C2)、アクリル樹脂(C3)、及びビニル樹脂(C4)の中から選ばれる少なくとも一種であることが好ましい。
前記アルカリ可溶性のノボラック樹脂(C1)としては、ポリスチレン換算質量平均分子量が1,000〜50,000であることが好ましい。
前記アルカリ可溶性のポリヒドロキシスチレン樹脂(C2)としては、質量平均分子量が1,000〜50,000であることが好ましい。
前記アルカリ可溶性のアクリル樹脂(C3)としては、質量平均分子量が50,000〜800,000であることが好ましい。
前記アルカリ可溶性のポリビニル樹脂(C4)としては、質量平均分子量が10,000〜200,000であることが好ましく、50,000〜100,000であることがより好ましい。
上記ポジ型ホトレジスト組成物は、その使用に当たっては上記各成分を溶剤に溶解した溶液の形で用いるのが好ましい。このような溶剤の例としては、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、メチルイソアミルケトン、2−ヘプタノン等のケトン類;エチレングリコール、エチレングリコールモノアセテート、ジエチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコールモノアセテート、プロピレングリコール、プロピレングリコールモノアセテート、ジプロピレングリコール、及びジプロピレングリコールモノアセテートのモノメチルエーテル、モノエチルエーテル、モノプロピルエーテル、モノブチルエーテル、又はモノフェニルエーテル等の多価アルコール類及びその誘導体;ジオキサンのような環式エーテル類;蟻酸エチル、乳酸メチル、乳酸エチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、ピルビン酸メチル、アセト酢酸メチル、アセト酢酸エチル、ピルビン酸エチル、エトキシ酢酸エチル、メトキシプロピオン酸メチル、エトキシプロピオン酸エチル、2−ヒドロキシプロピオン酸メチル、2−ヒドロキシプロピオン酸エチル、2−ヒドロキシ−2−メチルプロピオン酸エチル、2−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルブタン酸メチル、3−メトキシブチルアセテート、3−メチル−3−メトキシブチルアセテート等のエステル類;トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素類を挙げることができる。これらは単独で用いることもでき、また、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。
一方、ネガ型ホトレジスト組成物としては、活性光線又は放射線照射により酸を発生する酸発生剤成分(上記(A)成分と同様)、及び多官能エポキシ樹脂(以下、(D)成分という)を基本成分とするものが好ましく用いられる。(D)成分を酸発生剤と組み合わせて用いると、露光部分で発生した酸により、その部分がカチオン重合してアルカリ不溶性となり、現像の際に未露光部分だけが選択的に除去されて所定形状のホトレジストパターンが得られる。
多官能エポキシ樹脂(D)としては特に限定されないが、厚膜のパターンを形成するのに十分なエポキシ基を1分子中に有するエポキシ樹脂が好ましい。このような多官能エポキシ樹脂としては、多官能フェノール・ノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、多官能オルソクレゾールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、多官能トリフェニル型ノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、多官能ビスフェノールAノボラック型エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。これらのうち、多官能ビスフェノールAノボラック型エポキシ樹脂が好ましく用いられる。その官能性は5官能以上が好ましく、例えば、ジャパンエポキシレジン社製の「エピコート157S70」や、大日本インキ化学工業株式会社製の「エピクロンN−775」が市販品として入手でき、特に好ましく用いられる。
酸発生剤成分(A)は、上記ポジ型で用いられる酸発生剤と同様のものが用いられる。この酸発生剤成分(A)は、活性光線又は放射線照射によりカチオン成分を生じるものであり、そのカチオン成分が重合開始剤として作用する。
上記ネガ型ホトレジスト組成物は、上記ポジ型と同様に、従来公知の溶剤成分が用いられる。また、γ−ブチロラクトン、β−プロピオラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、δ−バレロラクトン、γ−カプロラクトン、ε−カプロラクトン等のラクトン系溶剤は、ホトレジストパターン形成時における加熱処理により、ラクトンが開環してポリマー中の官能基と反応する結果、ホトレジスト膜中に組み込まれる性質を有するため好ましく用いられる。グリコール酸アルキルエステル、乳酸アルキルエステル、2−ヒドロキシ酪酸アルキルエステル等のヒドロキシカルボン酸エステル系溶剤は、コーティング性及びレベリング性を向上させる性質を有するため好ましく用いられる。
本発明で用いられる化学増幅型ホトレジスト組成物は、例えば従来のポジ型レジスト組成物又はネガ型レジスト組成物を用いたレジストパターン形成方法を適用することができる。具体的には、上述の支持体11上に、溶液状に調製されたホトレジスト組成物をスピンナー等で塗布し、プレベークを行ってホトレジスト膜を形成する。あるいは、両面を保護膜で保護してドライフィルムとし、これを支持体11上に貼り付けてホトレジスト膜を形成してもよい。ドライフィルムとすれば、支持体11上への塗布、乾燥が省略でき、より簡便にホトレジストパターンを形成できる。
上記有機膜12の表層を被覆する金属酸化物膜13は、金属酸化物により形成されるものであればよく、特に限定されない。好ましくは、シリカ系被膜である。金属酸化物膜13は、後述する金属酸化物膜形成材料により形成される。
本発明の金属酸化物膜形成材料は、加水分解により水酸基を生成し得る金属化合物と、この金属化合物を溶解し且つこの金属化合物と反応する官能基を有さない溶剤とを含有することを特徴とする。
金属化合物は、上述した通り、加水分解により水酸基を生成し得る化合物である。この金属化合物を含有する金属酸化物膜形成材料を上記有機膜12上に塗布すると、又は必要により塗布後さらに水(好ましくは脱イオン水)を塗布すると、室温程度の低温であっても、金属化合物が大気中の水分や塗布した水と反応し、加水分解により水酸基を生成する。そして、生成した水酸基同士が脱水縮合し、複数の金属化合物分子同士が結合して、膜密度の高い撤密な金属酸化物膜13が形成される。さらに、上記有機膜12がカルボキシ基、水酸基等の反応基を有する場合には、有機膜12の反応基と、金属化合物から生成した水酸基とが反応(脱水縮合、吸着等)し、有機膜12の表面に強固に密着した金属酸化物膜13が形成される。
本発明の金属酸化物膜形成材料は、上記金属化合物を溶剤(S)に溶解したものである。溶剤(S)としては、金属化合物と反応する官能基を有さず、且つ使用する金属化合物を溶解できる溶剤(S1)であればよく、従来公知の有機溶剤が用いられる。金属化合物と反応する官能基としては、ビニル基等の炭素−炭素二重結合を有する基、水酸基、カルボキシ基、ハロゲン基等が挙げられる。このため、これらの官能基を有さない溶剤であれば、金属化合物は安定して存在できる。
上記金属酸化物膜形成材料は、金属化合物及び溶剤(S)の他に、任意成分を含有してもよい。任意成分としては、例えば有機化合物が挙げられる。有機化合物を含有する金属酸化物膜形成材料によれば、金属酸化物と有機化合物との複合化膜が形成できる。有機化合物は、上記溶剤(S)に溶解するものであれば、特に限定されない。ここでいう溶解とは、有機化合物単独で溶解する場合に限らず、4−フェニルアゾ安息香酸のように、金属アルコキシド類との複合化によりクロロホルム等の溶媒に溶解する場合も含まれる。なお、有機化合物の分子量については特に制限はない。
上記金属酸化物膜形成材料を用いて、上記有機膜12上に金属酸化物膜13を形成する。具体的には、金属酸化物膜形成材料を有機膜12の表面に塗布した後、この表面を有機溶媒で洗浄して乾燥する。即ち、金属酸化物膜形成材料を塗布した後、洗浄を行うことにより余分な金属化合物(例えば、支持体11上に付着した金属化合物)が除去される。そして、その後乾燥が完了するまでの間に、空気中の水分により金属化合物が徐々に加水分解して水酸基を生じ、この水酸基が脱水縮合することにより、有機膜12の表面に金属酸化物膜13が形成される。金属酸化物膜形成材料が有機物を含む場合には、有機物と金属酸化物との複合薄膜からなる金属酸化物膜13が形成される。
本発明に係る負極基材10における金属膜14は、メッキ処理により形成されるものが好ましいが、特に限定されるものではない。メッキ処理は従来公知のものが用いられ、上述の金属酸化物膜13を表層に有する有機膜12上に金属膜14を形成できるものであれば特に限定されない。また、金属膜14は、多段階メッキ処理により複数の層から構成されていてもよい。このような金属膜を形成する工程、即ちメッキ処理工程は、好ましくは、洗浄工程、触媒化処理工程に続いて、無電解ニッケルメッキ、又は無電解銅メッキ工程を行い、さらに無電解錫メッキ工程、又は電解錫メッキ工程を含む。
先ず、表層が金属酸化物膜13で被覆された有機膜12を備えた支持体11を、リン酸系溶液中に浸漬させて洗浄を行う。リン酸系溶液としては、リン酸ナトリウム等が用いられる。浸漬時間は、30〜180秒とすることが好ましく、45〜90秒とすることがより好ましい。
上記洗浄工程を経た支持体11を、所定濃度の塩化錫(SnCl2)水溶液中に所定時間浸漬させる。塩化錫の濃度は、0.01g/dm3〜0.10g/dm3が好ましく、0.03g/dm3〜0.07g/dm3がより好ましい。また、浸漬時間は15〜180秒とすることが好ましく、30〜60秒とすることがより好ましい。
上記触媒化工程を経た支持体11を、ニッケルメッキ浴中に浸漬させてニッケルメッキを行う。ニッケルメッキ浴としては、従来公知のものが用いられる。例えば、硫酸ニッケルを0.05M〜0.20M、次亜リン酸ナトリウムを0.10M〜0.30M、鉛イオンを0.05ppm〜0.30ppm、錯化剤を0.05M〜0.30M含有するニッケルメッキ浴が一例として挙げられる。錯化剤としては、カルボン酸類の錯化剤が好ましく用いられる。ニッケルメッキ浴の温度は、50℃〜70℃が好ましく、pHは4.0〜5.5が好ましい。pHの調整には水酸化ナトリウム、硫酸が用いられる。
上記触媒化工程を経た支持体11を、銅メッキ浴中に浸漬させて銅メッキを行う。銅メッキ浴としては、従来公知のものが用いられる。例えば、硫酸銅を0.02M〜0.10M、ホルマリンを0.10M〜0.40M、2,2’−ビピリジルを1.0ppm〜20.0ppm、界面活性剤(ポリエチレングリコール等)を50.0ppm〜500ppm、錯化剤を0.20M〜0.40M含有する銅メッキ浴が一例として挙げられる。錯化剤としては、エチレン−アミン系の錯化剤が好ましく用いられる。銅メッキ浴の温度は、50℃〜70℃が好ましく、pHは11.5〜12.5が好ましい。また、空気通気による攪拌を行うのが好ましい。pHの調整には水酸化カリウム、硫酸が用いられる。
上記無電解ニッケルメッキ、又は無電解銅メッキ工程を経た支持体11を、錫メッキ浴中に浸漬させて錫メッキを行うことにより、表層が金属酸化物膜13で被覆された有機膜12上に金属膜13が形成される。錫メッキ浴としては、従来公知のものが用いられる。例えば、塩化錫を0.02M〜0.20M、三塩化チタン等の還元剤を0.02M〜0.08M、クエン酸3ナトリウム、エチレンジアミン四酢酸2ナトリウム(EDTA−2Na)、ニトリロ三酢酸(NTA)等の錯化剤を0.10M〜0.50M含有する錫メッキ浴が一例として挙げられる。錫メッキ浴の温度は、45℃〜70℃が好ましく、pHは6.5〜8.5が好ましい。pHの調整には炭酸ナトリウム又はアンモニアと塩酸が用いられる。なお、錫メッキ処理は、窒素雰囲気下で行われるのが好ましい。
なお、上記無電解錫メッキの代わりに、電解錫メッキを行ってもよい。このような錫メッキ工程としては、上記無電解ニッケルメッキ、又は無電解銅メッキ工程を経た支持体11を、錫メッキ浴中に浸漬、通電させて電解錫メッキを行うことにより、表層が金属酸化物膜13で被覆された有機膜12上に金属膜13が形成される。電解錫メッキ浴としては、従来公知のものが用いられる。例えば、レイボルド株式会社の市販メッキ液、スタータークルモ錫メッキ浴が一例として挙げられる。錫メッキ浴の温度は、10℃〜28℃が好ましく、pHは1.0〜1.5とすることが好ましい。また、適用電流密度は0.5A/dm2〜6.0A/dm2が好ましい。
上記負極基材10は、二次電池用負極基材、特にリチウム二次電池用負極基材として好適に用いられる。リチウム二次電池は、電解液として有機溶媒及びリチウム塩を用い、負極と正極との間で行われるリチウムイオン(Li+)の移動による電荷の授受により、充放電がなされる二次電池であり、出力電圧が高く、エネルギー密度が高いという利点を有する。従来のリチウム二次電池では、通常、負極として炭素、正極として遷移金属酸化物リチウム化合物が用いられていたが、近年ではさらなる高出力、高エネルギー密度を求めて負極材料の検討が進められている。負極材料は、薄膜を形成することができ、且つリチウムを可逆的に吸蔵/放出できるものであることが必要であるところ、上記負極基材10はこれらの要求を満たすため、好適に用いられる。ここで、「吸蔵」とは、リチウムを可逆的に内包したり、リチウムと可逆的に合金、固溶体等を形成したり、リチウムと可逆的に化学結合したりすることである。
多官能ビスフェノールAノボラック型エポキシ樹脂である「エピコート157S70(商品名:ジャパンエポキシレジン社製)」100質量部、ジフェニル〔4−(フェニルチオ)フェニル〕スルホニウムヘキサフルオロフォスフェートとチオジ−p−フェニレンビス(ジフェニルスルホニウム)ビス(ヘキサフルオロホスフェート)の混合物である「UVI−6992(商品名:ダウケミカル社製)」5質量部、1,5−ジヒドロキシナフタレン5質量部、及びγ−ブチロラクトン43質量部を混合してネガ型ホトレジスト組成物を調整した。
11 支持体
12 有機膜
13 金属酸化物膜
14 金属膜
Claims (12)
- 表層を膜厚0.1〜50nmの金属酸化物膜で被覆した有機膜を備えた支持体に金属膜を形成してなるリチウム二次電池用負極基材であって、
前記金属酸化物膜が、イソシアネート基及び/又はハロゲン原子を2個以上有し且つ加水分解により水酸基を生成し得るケイ素化合物と、このケイ素化合物を溶解し且つこのケイ素化合物と反応する官能基を有さない溶剤とを含有するシリカ系被膜形成材料を前記有機膜上に塗布し、有機溶媒で洗浄した後、乾燥させることにより形成されたシリカ系被膜であり、
前記金属膜が、無電解ニッケルメッキ処理又は無電解銅メッキ処理を行った後、さらに無電解錫メッキ処理又は電解錫メッキ処理を行うことにより形成されたものであり、最表面に錫メッキ膜を有することを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用負極基材。 - 前記有機膜が、ホトレジスト膜であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材。
- 前記有機膜が、パターン露光により所定形状にパターン化されたホトレジストパターンであることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材。
- 前記ホトレジスト膜が、活性光線又は放射線照射により酸を発生する酸発生剤成分、及び酸の作用によりアルカリに対する溶解性が増大する樹脂成分を含有するポジ型ホトレジスト組成物により形成されたものであることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材。
- 前記ホトレジスト膜が、ラジカル重合開始剤、及び多官能エポキシ樹脂を含有するネガ型ホトレジスト組成物により形成されたものであることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材と、電解質溶液と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出できる正極基材とを含むことを特徴とするリチウム二次電池。
- 請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材を形成するためのホトレジスト組成物であって、
活性光線又は放射線照射により酸を発生する化合物、及び酸の作用によりアルカリに対する溶解性が増大する樹脂成分を含有するポジ型ホトレジスト組成物であることを特徴とするホトレジスト組成物。 - 請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材を形成するためのホトレジスト組成物であって、
ラジカル重合開始剤、及び多官能エポキシ樹脂を含有するネガ型ホトレジスト組成物であることを特徴とするホトレジスト組成物。 - 請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極基材を形成するための金属酸化物膜形成材料であって、
イソシアネート基及び/又はハロゲン原子を2個以上有し且つ加水分解により水酸基を生成し得るケイ素化合物と、このケイ素化合物を溶解し且つこのケイ素化合物と反応する官能基を有さない溶剤とを含有することを特徴とする金属酸化物膜形成材料。 - 前記溶剤が、p−メンタンである請求項9又は10に記載の金属酸化物膜形成材料。
- リチウム二次電池用負極基材の製造方法であって、
(i)支持体上に、有機膜を形成する工程と、
(ii)前記有機膜上に、膜厚0.1〜50nmの金属酸化物膜を形成する工程と、
(iii)前記金属酸化物膜上に、メッキ処理により金属膜を形成するメッキ処理工程と、を含み、
前記金属酸化物膜を形成する工程では、イソシアネート基及び/又はハロゲン原子を2個以上有し且つ加水分解により水酸基を生成し得るケイ素化合物と、このケイ素化合物を溶解し且つこのケイ素化合物と反応する官能基を有さない溶剤とを含有するシリカ系被膜形成材料を前記有機膜上に塗布し、有機溶媒で洗浄した後、乾燥させることによりシリカ系被膜を形成し、
前記メッキ処理工程では、前記金属酸化物膜上に無電解ニッケルメッキ処理又は無電解銅メッキ処理を行った後、さらに無電解錫メッキ処理又は電解錫メッキ処理を行うことにより、最表面に錫メッキ膜を形成することを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用負極基材の製造方法。
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